臨床醫(yī)學(xué)英語

　　In 1960 the proportion of people in Europe aged 60 or over was 14%; by 1980 it had risen to 17%, and by 2025 it is expected to be 25%. Meanwhile, fewer and fewer family members are available to care for the elderly. The best solution to this problem would be to create conditions allowing the elderly to remain healthy so that they could look after themselves.

　　At Present, the highest proportions of elderly people in Europe are in Germany and Greece; 25 years later, this distinction will be shared by Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The fastest projected rate of population growth for elderly people, however, will be Russia where the number of those aged 60 or over will have risen from 35 million in 1980 to 72 million in 2025.

　　Problems brought by success ：These developments, which reflect a general increase in life expectancy since the Second World War, produce new challenges that we must address if crucial problems are to be avoided.

　　The number of people aged 80 or more is rising particularly rapidly. These People consume a greater proportion of health care and social services than any other age group. Because women live longer than men on average, the socioeconomic and health problems of elderly people are largely borne by women. As more women enter the job market, there are fewer of them available to care for elderly people than formerly. This factor, together with increased migration by young people, is weakening family and community support and protection for the elderly.

　　Why is the life expectancy of men less than that of women? Why do some people lose their ability to function while others remain active and productive? What changes should be made in life-styles and behaviors to maintain our vital potential and autonomy? Most such queries are still unanswered, but it is now wide1y accepted that progress can be made only through the search for healthy aging, which was first discussed in 1990 by WHO's Regional Committee for Europe.

　　Old age is not a disease and cannot be prevented! The occurrence of chronic, degenerative diseases in old people can, however, be diminished, though not by means of curative medicine alone: middle-aged people should be the main target for health promotion, with a view to preventing disability in old age. It should also be noted that there are differences between European countries in life expectancy and morbidity and disability rates.

　　It is to be expected that the health and functional ability of people aged under 75 will improve and that they will look for better opportunities to remain active in society. At the same time, governments are likely to be seeking a balance between early retirement (to ease the job market) and late retirement (to reduce the cost of pensions). Meanwhile, a large increase in the proportion of people aged 85 or over can be expected to create a growing demand for personal care and help with the tasks of daily life.

　　Who will 1ook after the very old? In most European countries it seems probable that community-based care, and home care in particular, will provide the best solution to the problem of looking after the elderly. But as relatives and neighbors are likely to become decreasingly available as carers, it is important to consider who might replace them. Of course, institutional care will remain necessary for some people, among them those who are severely disabled or live alone.

　　A balance has to be struck between the provision of community services for home care and the provision of institutional care. Rehabilitative facilities will have to be increasingly relied on to develop and maintain the functional ability of elderly people so that they can live as independently as possible. Changes in attitudes will have to be encouraged among health and allied professionals and the general public. Human and financial resources should be redistributed and people should become more closely involved in the development of medical ethics and play an active part in the choice of care and the protection of their own health.

　　61. According to the author, the key to solving the problem of taking care of the elderly is______.

　　A) to provide good conditions so as to help them remain healthy and look after themselves

　　B) to set up more hospitals and recovery centers

　　C) to forbid their children going abroad

　　D) to create more opportunities for them to work and exercise

　　62. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a problem of aging?

　　A) Increased migration by young people.

　　B) More women's entry into the job market.

　　C) Growing demands for personal care and help.

　　D) Increasing chronic and degenerative diseases in old people.

　　63. For the purpose of preventing disability in old age, on what should emphasis be laid for health promotion?

　　A) Curative medicine B) Community support

　　C) Elderly people D) The middle-aged people

　　64. According to the passage, what factor is mainly responsible for the rapid growing of the number of old people aged 80 or more in many countries?

　　A) The longer lives of women.

　　B) The impact of the Second World War.

　　C) The contribution of WHO.

　　D) Medical professionals.

　　65. In discussing "who wi11 1ook after the very old?", ______.

　　A) the author questions whether to care for the elderly is worthwhile

　　B) the author stresses that relatives and neighbors should take on the task to look after the elderly

　　C) the author points out that the elderly like living alone and not being disturbed

　　D) the author makes several suggestions as to how to take care of the very old people .

　　Part III Translation ( 20 points)

　　Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

　　1. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, a retrovirus of the lentivirus family that was unknown until the early 1980’s, but since that time has been spread around the world to infect millions of persons. The result of HIV infection is relentless destruction of the immune system. All HIV infected persons are at risk for illness and death from opportunistic infectious and neoplastic complications as a result of the inevitable manifestations of AIDS. Retroviruses are unable to replicate outside of living host cells because they contain only RNA and do not contain DNA. The variant of HIV that is the cause for almost all infections is known as HIV-1.

　　2. At least 225,000 people in the U.S will die suddenly this year from coronary heart disease before they reach a hospital. In addition, an estimated 370,000 to 750,000 patients will have a cardiac arrest and undergo attempted resuscitation during hospitalization. The causes of cardiac arrest are numerous; by far the most common in adults is ischemic cardiovascular disease. The arrest is usually associated with the lethal arrhythmia of ventricular fibrillation triggered by an acutely ischemic or infracted myocardium or by a primary electrical disturbance. The precipitants of a life-threatening arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation are poorly understood.

　　Answer Sheet

　　Part III Translation ( 20 points)

　　分?jǐn)?shù)閱卷人

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　　參考答案：

　　Key

　　Part I Vocabulary ( 30% )

　　Section A

　　1-5 ABABC 6-10 DDBDC 11-15 BDCAC 16-20 BCADB

　　Section B

　　21-25 DCACB 26-30 CBBAC 31-35 BCBDC 36-40 BACCC

　　Part II Reading Comprehension ( 50% )

　　Passage 1 41----45 BCACD

　　Passage 2 46----50 BDCCB

　　Passage 3 51----55 BCBAC

　　Passage 4 56----60 DCDDD

　　Passage 5 61----65 ADDAD

　　Part III Translation ( 20% )

　　1. 艾滋病是由人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)引起的。HIV是一種逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶病毒，慢病毒屬，直到20世紀(jì)80年代早期才被發(fā)現(xiàn)。但此后，該病毒在世界上廣為傳播，數(shù)以百萬計的人感染了這種病毒。感染上這種病毒的結(jié)果就是對免疫系統(tǒng)的無情摧毀。所有HIV感染者由于艾滋病必然的臨床表現(xiàn)而出現(xiàn)炎癥并發(fā)癥和腫瘤并發(fā)癥面臨疾病和死亡的危險。逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶病毒在宿主細(xì)胞外不能復(fù)制，因為它們只含有核糖核酸，而沒有脫氧核糖核酸。這種稱為HIV-1變種的HIV病毒幾乎是所有感染的原因。

　　2. 美國今年至少會有225,000人在送達(dá)醫(yī)院前死于突發(fā)性冠狀動脈心臟病。此外，據(jù)估計，還有370,000 - 750,000患者會因發(fā)生心跳驟停，而在醫(yī)院里接受嘗試性復(fù)蘇術(shù)。心跳驟停的原因很多，目前為止在成人中最常見的原因是缺血性心血管疾病。心跳停止通常與致命的心室纖顫性心律失常相關(guān)，而心室纖顫是由急性心肌缺血或心肌梗塞或原發(fā)性心肌電活動紊亂引發(fā)的。心律不齊可能危及生命，而突發(fā)的原因(如心室纖顫)尚不明了。