臨床醫(yī)學英語

27.__________ are a class of viruses with double-strained DNA genomes that cause respiratory, intestinal and eye infections in humans.

　　A) Retroviruses B) Adenoviruses C) Lentiviruses D) Virions

　　28.Tremors, rigidity, __________, poor balance, and difficulty in walking are characteristic primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

　　A) bradycardia B) bradykinesia C) tachypnea D) tachyarrhythmia

　　29. __________ is a condition in which the placenta covers the cervix partially or completely, making vaginal delivery impossible.

　　A) Placenta previa B) Placental abruption

　　C) Placenta accreta D) Placental probe

　　30. A blood clot that breaks off and travels to another part of the body is called a/an __________.

　　A) thrombus B) thrombosis C) embolus D) bolus

　　31. Medical experts think __________ tends to carry cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver, where it is passed from the body.

　　A) VLDL B) HDL C) IDL D) LDL

　　32. Patients with inadequate oxygen delivery to their myocardium are admitted for the management

　　of __________ and myocardial infarction.

　　A) acidosis B) adenoma C) angina D) aphasia

　　33. Not breathing, which is also called __________, is the lack of spontaneous breathing. It requires

　　immediate medical attention.

　　A) acuity B) apnea C) asystole D) aspiration

　　34. A __________ refers to a group of organisms of the same species, having distinctive characteristics but not usually considered a separate breed or variety.

　　A) specter B) spectrum C) sphere D) strain

　　35. Tuberculosis was popularly known as __________ for a long time. Scientists know it as an infection caused by M. tuberculosis.

　　A) constipation B) consolidation C) consumption D) cardioversion

　　36. Doctors say that only 3% of infants with breech _____________who are delivered vaginally will have traumatic injury.

　　A) palpation B) presentation C) incubation D) induction

　　37. If tuberculosis __________ are not tested for drug susceptibility from the outset, resistance may be detected too late to permit a cure.

　　A) isolates B) germlines C) alleles D) swabs

　　38. Human influenza is transmitted by inhalation of infectious droplets and droplet nuclei, by direct contact, and perhaps, by indirect contact, with self-inoculation on the upper respiratory tract or conjunctival _______________.

　　A) mucous B) mucus C) mucosa D) serosa

　　39. Almost all patients have clinically apparent pneumonia; radiographic changes include diffuse, multifocal, or patchy infiltrates; interstitial infiltrates; and segmental or lobular consolidation with air _____________.

　　A) bronchospasm B) bronchography C) bronchograms D) bronchostaxis

　　40. The ultimate aim in preventing disease onset will require a major multidisciplinary effort to identify the genes that ____________type 1 diabetes and to identify the interacting environment factors that trigger the disease.

　　A) destine to B) susceptible to C) predispose to D) liable to

　　Part III Reading Comprehension ( 50 points )

　　Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C, and D. read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the answer sheet by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.

　　Passage 1

　　Asthma is manifested by widespread narrowing of the airways that changes in severity, either spontaneously, or as a result of treatment. The reversible airway obstruction is caused by smooth muscle contraction and mucosal edema. Secretion clearance is diminished and production may be increased. Bronchial hyperreactivity is not unique to asthma, however. A small number of healthy subjects, and as many as 50% of patients with allergic rhinitis, manifest abnormal airway reactivity to bronchial challenge. The etiology of bronchial hyper-reactivity is unknown. Possible mechanisms include an increased responsiveness of the smooth muscle itself, an abnormality in the autonomic nervous system control of the smooth muscle or an increase in the accessibility of the stimulus to the target cells. An increase in airway wall thickness and smooth muscle mass probably contributes to the reactive state. Irritant receptors located in the airways, nose, larynx, and lungs respond to mechanical and chemical irritants, inhalation of dust, and drugs such as histamine. When stimulated, these receptors cause reflex bronchoconstriction through vagal efferent pathways.

　　Several interrelated physiologic abnormalities occur in patients with significant bronchoconstriction. Airway resistance increases five to six times above normal and specific conductance is therefore decreased. Expiratory time is prolonged and the forced vital capacity is low, averaging approximately 50% of predicted normal. The forced expired volume in one second (FEV1) is diminished, averaging 30% ～ 35% of predicted normal while maximum midexpiratory flow rate (MMEFR) and the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) usually are only 15% ～ 20% of normal. Hyperinflation is manifested by an increase in the residual volume and functional residual capacity (FRC) but diminished vital capacity and elastic recoil. Total lung capacity may be normal or only slightly increased. Pathophysiologic changes include ventilation-perfusion mismatching which results in hypoxemia. Increased airway resistance leads to progressive alveolar hypoventilation and hypercapnia, while the increased work of breathing results in lactic acidemia. The combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis may be life threatening.

　　41. ________ can cause asthma, a widespread narrowing of the airways that changes in severity.

　　A) Aging B) Treatment C) Sputum D) Immunoglobulin

　　42. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the above passage?

　　A) In asthma, secretion clearance is decreased.

　　B) In asthma, airway obstruction is reversible.

　　C) Bronchial hyperreactivity is unique to asthma.

　　D) The etiology of bronchial hyperreactivity is unknown.

　　43. Possible mechanism of bronchial hyperreactivity includes ______.

　　A) an increased responsiveness of the smooth muscle itself.

　　B) inhalation of mechanical and chemical irritants.

　　C) autonomic nervous system control of the smooth muscle.

　　D) irritant receptors located in the airways.

　　44. In asthma, the forced vital capacity averages approximately ______ of predicted normal.

　　A) 15% B) 20% C) 50% D) 75%

　　45. Which of the following statements concerning asthma is TRUE according to the above passage?

　　A) Pathophysiologic changes include ventilation-perfusion mismatching which results in hyperxemia.

　　B) Total lung capacity may be normal or only slightly decreased.

　　C) The increased work of breathing results in hypercapnia.

　　D) The combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis may be fatal.