納什的離世引發(fā)對(duì)人生的重新思考選擇

　　下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理的納什的離世引發(fā)對(duì)人生的重新思考選擇，歡迎大家閱讀!

　　Most academics spend their lifetime craving to leave one lasting contribution to their field. By the age of 30, John Nash, who died at 86 in a weekend road accident along with his wife Alicia, had made discoveries that would revolutionise two disciplines and secure him both the Nobel Prize in economics and its equivalent for mathematics, the Abel Prize.

　　His doctoral thesis at Princeton, a slender 32-page document completed when he was just 21, placed game theory, the study of strategic interactions pioneered by mathematician John von Neumann, at the heart of economics.

　　多數(shù)學(xué)者的畢生愿望，就是在他們所在的領(lǐng)域留下一份有持久價(jià)值的貢獻(xiàn)。約翰•納什(John Nash) 30歲以前的學(xué)術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)徹底改變了兩個(gè)學(xué)科，并讓他贏得了諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)(Nobel Prize in Economics)以及數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域一項(xiàng)與諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)比肩的大獎(jiǎng)——阿貝爾獎(jiǎng)(Abel Prize)。上周末，納什與妻子阿莉西亞(Alicia)一同遭遇車禍去世，享年86歲。

　　年僅21歲時(shí)，納什就在普林斯頓大學(xué)(Princeton University)完成了他的博士論文。這篇薄薄的、只有28頁的博士論文，使博弈論成為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的核心理論。博弈論最早由數(shù)學(xué)家約翰•馮諾伊曼(John von Neumann)提出，研究對(duì)象是策略間的互動(dòng)。

　　After Nash, economists stopped thinking exclusively about unrealistic models of perfectly competitive markets and began focusing on cases in which each agent has to consider the actions of rivals.

　　The concept of the “Nash equilibrium”, which he invented, changed the way we look at the choice by companies to advertise or by governments to stock a nuclear arsenal. While both decisions can appear wasteful, individuals still take them in response to what they think their opponents will do.

　　在納什之后，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家不再一門心思考慮不切實(shí)際的完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)模型，而是開始關(guān)注那些每個(gè)主體都需考慮對(duì)手行動(dòng)的案例。

　　他創(chuàng)造的“納什均衡”(Nash equilibrium)概念，改變了我們對(duì)企業(yè)做廣告或政府儲(chǔ)備核武的看法。雖然這兩項(xiàng)決定看上去可能都會(huì)造成浪費(fèi)，但個(gè)體依然選擇這么做，為的是應(yīng)對(duì)他們腦海中對(duì)手將采取的行動(dòng)。

　　“John Nash’s definition of the Nash equilibrium was for the social sciences what the discovery of the DNA structure by James Watson and Francis Crick was for biology,” said Roger Myerson, a fellow Nobel laureate in economics. “It was one of the most important contributions in the history of economic thought.”

　　“約翰•納什的‘納什均衡’理論對(duì)于社會(huì)科學(xué)的意義，堪比詹姆斯•沃森(James Watson)和弗朗西斯•克里克(Francis Crick)發(fā)現(xiàn)的脫氧核糖核酸(DNA)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于生物學(xué)的意義，”同為諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)得主的羅杰•邁爾森(Roger Myerson)說。“它是經(jīng)濟(jì)思想史上最重要的貢獻(xiàn)之一。”

　　Born on June 13 1928 in Bluefield, West Virginia, after receiving his doctorate Nash joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he proceeded to solve problems in the field of partial differential equations that had confounded mathematicians for years.

　　“I recall a seminar where he proved one of his outstanding results,” said Joseph Kohn, a maths professor at Princeton who knew Nash for more than 60 years. “Even the most distinguished professors of the department could not believe what they saw.”

　　納什1928年6月13日生于美國(guó)西弗吉尼亞州布盧菲爾特(Bluefield)，獲得博士學(xué)位后，他加入麻省理工學(xué)院(MIT)，繼續(xù)解決困擾數(shù)學(xué)家多年的偏微分方程領(lǐng)域的問題。

　　“我記得在一次研討會(huì)上，他證明了他的一項(xiàng)卓越研究成果，”與納什相識(shí)60多年的普林斯頓大學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)系教授約瑟夫•科恩(Joseph Kohn)表示，“就連這個(gè)系中最杰出的教授，也被他們所看到的東西驚呆了。”

　　At MIT Nash met Alicia, from El Salvador, who would soon become his wife. She would also be the rock of his existence when, in 1959, Nash was stricken by schizophrenia, which would plague him for more than 20 years. As paranoia and delusional episodes intensified, he underwent repeated spells of hospital stays. He had to stop working and engaged in seemingly random actions, including a trip to Europe where he tried to relinquish his US citizenship.

　　His wife divorced him in 1963 but then chose to let him live in her house near Princeton as a lodger (they remarried). Nash became a familiar figure across the Princeton campus, wandering around and leaving mysterious formulas on classroom blackboards.

　　在麻省理工學(xué)院，納什遇見了來自薩爾瓦多的阿莉西亞，后者很快成為了納什的妻子，并在隨后的歲月里成為他生命的堅(jiān)實(shí)依靠。1959年，納什患上了精神分裂癥，在隨后20多年時(shí)間里飽受該病困擾。隨著偏執(zhí)和妄想癥狀加重，納什多次住院治療。他不得不停止工作，行為處事也看似都是隨性而為，包括去了趟歐洲——在那次旅行中他試圖放棄美國(guó)國(guó)籍。

　　1963年，阿莉西亞同納什離婚，但她還是決定讓納什以房客的身份住在她位于普林斯頓附近的房子里(他們兩人后來復(fù)婚)。人們經(jīng)常能在普林斯頓大學(xué)校園里看到納什的身影，他到處閑逛，在教室黑板上留下神秘的公式。

　　The genius turned into the “Phantom of Fine Hall”, as he became known.

　　Just like when a mathematical intuition mysteriously materialises, Nash’s brain suddenly began to heal. “I seem to be thinking rationally again in the style that is characteristic of scientists,” he wrote in an autobiographical account for the Nobel Foundation when he won the award alongside John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten in 1994.

　　Just as startlingly, academic recognition was followed by Hollywood glory. A biography by author Sylvia Nasar provided the basis for the plot of A Beautiful Mind, a blockbuster featuring Russell Crowe as Nash, which scooped four Academy Awards.

　　這位天才變成了“數(shù)學(xué)系大樓的幽靈”(Phantom of Fine Hall)，逐漸為眾人所知。

　　就像一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)直覺不可思議地變成現(xiàn)實(shí)一樣，納什的大腦突然間開始康復(fù)。當(dāng)他與約翰•豪爾沙尼(John Harsanyi)和賴因哈德•澤爾騰(Reinhard Selten)一道獲得1994年諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)時(shí)，他在提交給諾貝爾基金會(huì)(Nobel Foundation)的自傳性陳述中寫道：“我似乎能夠再次以科學(xué)家特有的風(fēng)格進(jìn)行理性思考了。”

　　同樣令人稱奇的是，在得到學(xué)術(shù)認(rèn)可之后，納什又被罩上了好萊塢光環(huán)。西爾維婭•納薩爾(Sylvia Nasar)撰寫的納什傳記，為好萊塢大片《美麗心靈》(A Beautiful Mind)提供了情節(jié)素材。該片一舉奪得四項(xiàng)奧斯卡大獎(jiǎng)(Academy Awards)，羅素•克勞(Russell Crowe)在片中出演納什。

　　“He was initially sceptical about the movie,” says Eric Maskin, another Nobel laureate and a friend of the Nashes. “But he then realised that even though the movie was mostly fiction, it brought issues which he cared about such as game theory and schizophrenia into the public domain.”

　　The prodigy who had earlier abounded in intellectual arrogance learnt to deal graciously with his newfound fame. Prof Maskin remembers how a decade ago, Nash was about to give a highly technical talk to a packed auditorium. “Aren’t you pleased with all this public?” he was asked. “They did not come here to see me,” Nash said. “They came here to see Russell Crowe.” Ferdinando Giugliano

　　“起初，他對(duì)該片持懷疑態(tài)度，”納什夫婦的朋友、另一位諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主埃里克•馬斯金(Eric Maskin)說，“但后來他意識(shí)到，雖然該片大部分是虛構(gòu)的，但它將他所關(guān)心的問題，如博弈論和精神分裂癥，帶入了公共領(lǐng)域。”

　　這位早年“恃才傲物”的天才學(xué)會(huì)了客氣地對(duì)待自己新得到的聲譽(yù)。馬斯金教授還記得10年前納什在一個(gè)擠滿聽眾的禮堂做一場(chǎng)極具理論性的演講前的情形。當(dāng)被問到“看到眼前的這些公眾，難道你不高興嗎?”時(shí)，納什答道：“他們不是來看我的，他們是來看羅素•克勞的。”