介紹藝術(shù)的英語文章閱讀
介紹藝術(shù)的英語文章閱讀
藝術(shù)是一個開放的、流動的體系,藝術(shù)的含義是變化的,沒有固定不變的藝術(shù)規(guī)則。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編帶來的介紹藝術(shù)的英語文章閱讀，歡迎閱讀!
介紹藝術(shù)的英語文章閱讀篇一
Noninvasive Technique Gauges Art Canvas Health
非破壞性的技術(shù)檢驗藝術(shù)作品畫布健康狀況
Iconic works of art get exhibited worldwide. But as those paintings age, they can become too fragile to withstand travel around the globe. The paint can be visually examined to gauge its integrity. But the only way to check the canvas had been to remove a piece destructively.
標(biāo)志性的藝術(shù)作品在世界各地展出。但是隨著這些畫年歲的增長，它們可能經(jīng)不起世界各地的旅行了?？梢酝ㄟ^觀察檢驗畫作的完整性。但是檢驗畫布的方法只能是破壞性的扯下一塊。
So a team of researchers in Europe devised a new method for diagnosing the health of old paintings similar to testing blood sugar without using a needle.
因此，一個歐洲的研究團隊發(fā)明了一種新方法，這種新方法可以檢查古畫的健康狀況，類似于無針監(jiān)測血糖。
The scientists took samples from nearly 200 old canvases or canvas linings from the 19th and 20th centuries. They shined infrared light on the fabric to assess the type of fibers and their relative fragility. With those results as a reference, the scientists then scanned 12 paintings by Salvador Dalí.
科學(xué)家從19和20世紀將近200塊古畫布或者帆布襯里取樣。他們用紅外線照射這些布料，從而評估不同的纖維以及它們的脆弱程度。用這些結(jié)果作為參考，科學(xué)家接著掃描了薩爾瓦多達利的十二幅作品。
Luckily, all 12 are still in stable traveling condition. But they found that the oldest Dalís are starting to weaken. The research is in the journal Analytical Methods.
幸運的是，這十二幅作品還都適合旅行展出。但是他們發(fā)現(xiàn)達利最老的作品有些開始變差了。這項研究發(fā)表在《分析方法》雜志上
The scientists stress that the technique has only been validated for 19th- and 20th-century canvases with no synthetic fibers. But Dalí would have appreciated this marriage of science and art. After all, one of his works is called Homage to Crick and Watson.
科學(xué)家強調(diào)，這項技術(shù)只適合分析沒有合成纖維的19到20世紀的作品。但是達利應(yīng)該會對這次科學(xué)和藝術(shù)的結(jié)合很高興。畢竟，他的一幅作品叫做參拜克里克和沃森。
—Cynthia Graber
介紹藝術(shù)的英語文章閱讀篇二
十大杰出藝術(shù)作品不為人知的另一面
The statue of Liberty, Leaning Tower of Pisa, Eiffel Tower, Munch's The Scream, and Sphinx of Egypt are all well-known works of art. However, they have some really intriguing facts that have slipped under the radar of pop culture. Whether they're things that disappeared years ago or things that have been hiding in plain sight the whole time, there are plenty of things that we never hear about great works of art.
自由女神像、比薩斜塔、埃菲爾鐵塔、蒙克的《吶喊》，和埃及的獅身人面像，都是著名的藝術(shù)杰作。然而，它們都有一些超脫于流行文化嗅覺范疇之外引人入勝的真相。無論是已消失多年，還是自始至終隱匿于普通視線之外，有許多關(guān)于偉大藝術(shù)作品的事，我們聞所未聞。
10.The Eiffel Tower's Secret Room
10.埃菲爾鐵塔的神秘房間
The Eiffel Tower has a secret apartment hidden within its highest level. The apartment is owned by Gustave Eiffel—the engineer who designed the tower. In 1890, the year after the Eiffel Tower was opened, French writer Henri Girard, stated that Gustave Eiffel was an "object of general envy" among the citizens of Paris.
埃菲爾鐵塔有個秘密的公寓藏匿于塔的最高一層。這個房間屬于設(shè)計該塔的工程師古斯塔夫·埃菲爾所有。1890年，埃菲爾鐵塔開放之后，法國作家亨利·吉拉德(Henri Girard)曾說過，古斯塔夫·埃菲爾是巴黎市民"普遍羨慕的對象"。
This envy, according to Girard, was inspired not by the fame that Gustave gained as the creator of the tower, or the fortune the tower generated, but from the apartment he owned at the tower's top. This apartment, which only Eiffel had access to, played host to many important visitors; prominent among them was Thomas Edison. Eiffel reportedly received several substantial offers for a single night in the apartment.The apartment, which had remained closed for several years, was recently opened to the public. Today, it contains mannequins of Eiffel and Edison. The lifelike wax models depicted the scene where Eiffel and his daughter Claire welcomed Edison. Also engraved on the Eiffel Tower are the names of the 72 scientists and engineers that designed it.
據(jù)吉拉德所言，這種羨慕不僅源于古斯塔夫作為塔的締造者所獲得的名譽或財富，也源于他在塔頂所擁有的公寓。這間公寓只有埃菲爾能進入，已接待過很多貴賓，其中就包括托馬斯·愛迪生。據(jù)報道，埃菲爾曾一個晚上就在公寓里接受過好幾個重要邀約。這間公寓在關(guān)閉了幾年后，于近期向公眾開放了。如今，里面有埃菲爾和愛迪生的模型。這些逼真的蠟像模型勾勒出埃菲爾和他女兒克萊爾迎接愛迪生的場景。埃菲爾鐵塔上還刻有72名設(shè)計它的科學(xué)家及工程師的名字。
9.The Inspiration Behind The Scream
9.《吶喊》背后的靈感
Edvard Munch's The Scream is one of the most iconic paintings of the 20th century—so iconic it was elaborately stolen more than once. According to Munch, The Scream was inspired the day he was walking with his friends and saw that "the sky turned as red as blood," before feeling incredibly tired and hearing an "enormous infinite scream of nature." For years Munch's inspiration was thought to be imagined until it was recently discovered that the sky that day probably actually was red that day as a result of the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia.
愛德華·蒙克的《吶喊》是20世紀最具標(biāo)志性的畫作之一，它被精心策劃地盜竊犯盜走過不止一次。據(jù)蒙克所說，一天他和他的朋友走在路上，當(dāng)看到"天空變得血紅"時他感到難以置信的疲倦，同時聽到一聲"來自大自然界的巨大尖叫聲"。多年來，蒙克的靈感被認為是想象出來的，直到最近才被揭秘，1883年印度尼西亞的喀拉喀托火山爆發(fā)，那一日的天空可能的確是紅色的。
The volcano's impact was felt as far as New York where the sky was reported to be "crimsoned." This same impact was felt in Munch's town two days later with the town newspaper stating that "People believed it was a fire: but it was actually a red refraction in the hazy atmosphere after sunset."While the terrifying scream in Munch's painting was imagined, the sky was probably not.
火山的沖擊力波及到了紐約，據(jù)報道紐約的天是"深紅色的"。兩天后，蒙克所在的小鎮(zhèn)感覺到了同樣的沖擊力，鎮(zhèn)上的報紙稱，"人們以為那是一團火：但實際上那是日落后在朦朧的空氣中反射出的紅色。"也許孟克的畫里那可怕的尖叫聲是想象出來的，而天空應(yīng)該不是想象出來的吧。
8.The Leaning Tower Of Pisa's Unknown Architect
8.比薩斜塔的匿名建筑師
Also known as Torre Pendente di Pisa, the Leaning Tower of Pisa doubles as both a monument and a mystery. While the reason for its rather distinctive leaning is well-known (it has a weak foundation), no one knows who designed it.
比薩斜塔在意大利語里也叫做Torre Pendente di Pisa,既是一座紀念碑也是一個奇跡。盡管，它與眾不同的傾斜原因盡人皆知(它的地基不牢)，而它的設(shè)計者卻名不見經(jīng)傳。
The Tower was originally meant to be a stand-alone bell tower (or campanile) for the city of Pisa's cathedral. Such towers were common in 10th-century Italy as they were believed to symbolize how powerful and wealthy the town was. The leaning tower of Pisa, however, was built to attract people to the cathedral in Pisa.The major reason why no one knows who designed the tower is because the tower took almost 200 years to complete. Historians used to think the tower was designed by Bonanno Pisano, but this is disputed. An architect named Diotisalvi is seen as the more likely person to have designed the tower because he designed the city's baptistery and the San Nicola Bell Tower.
最初，塔是為比薩市的天主教堂而建造的一個獨立鐘樓(亦稱獨立鐘塔)。這種塔在10世紀的意大利很普遍，它們被認為是所在鎮(zhèn)子的權(quán)力與財富的象征。然而，建造比薩斜塔是為了吸引人們來到天主教堂。無人知曉塔的設(shè)計者，主要是因為塔的建造完成幾乎花費了二百年。歷史學(xué)家們曾認為，塔是由博南諾·皮薩諾設(shè)計的，但這一觀點是有爭議的。因設(shè)計了城市的洗禮堂和圣尼古拉鐘樓，一位名為迪奧提莎維的人被認為最有可能是比薩斜塔的設(shè)計者。
7.The Chain At The Foot Of The Statue Of Liberty
7.自由女神像腳下的鎖鏈
In 2011, when asked what the Statue of Liberty symbolized, former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin said, "It is, of course, the symbol for Americans to be reminded of other countries because this was gifted us, of course, by the French—other countries warning us to never make the mistakes that some of them had made." Unfortunately, Sarah Palin was totally wrong, as she stated the exact opposite of what Lady Liberty represents. And just like Palin, many people do not know of the statue's connection to slavery.
2011年，當(dāng)被問及自由女神像象征什么，阿拉斯加州前州長莎拉·帕丁說，"她當(dāng)然是作為美國人的象征而被別國的人們所記起，她當(dāng)然象征著拜法國人的賜予——警醒著我們永遠不要重蹈他們的覆轍。不幸的是，莎拉·帕丁完全錯了，她所說的與自由女神所代表的真正含義恰恰相反。和帕丁一樣，許多人并不知道這座雕像與奴隸制的關(guān)聯(lián)。
Edouard de Laboulaye, a famous French politician and abolitionist, is the man behind the Statue of Liberty. He was a firm backer of President Lincoln, who was fighting for the abolition of slavery. The statue was not a gift to warn the United States as Palin had stated. Instead, it was a gift to honor and celebrate freedom, democracy, and the end of all forms of servitude. That is why Lady Liberty has a broken chain at her foot. The chain is usually invisible to tourists because it is beneath her robe by the side of her left foot and can only be seen from the top.
著名的法國政治家和廢奴主義者愛德華·德·拉布萊伊才是站在自由女神像背后的人。他是為廢奴而斗爭的林肯總統(tǒng)的鐵杠支持者。這座雕像不像帕丁所說的是警醒美國的禮物，相反地，它是慶祝自由、民主和所有奴役的終結(jié)，并以之為榮的禮物。這便是自由女神的腳下有條斷鏈的原因。由于斷鏈位于女神的左腳邊，被袍子覆蓋著，所以通常情況下游客是看不見的，只有從頂端才能發(fā)現(xiàn)。
6.The Sphinx's Missing Beard
6.獅身人面像遺失的胡須
The Sphinx was not originally constructed with a beard. Instead, it was attached long after it was constructed. It was added probably to relate the Sphinx with Horemakhet—one of the Egyptian gods. It may also have been intended for the Sphinx take after the Egyptian pharaohs, who often wore artificial beards as a symbol of authority, and to associate them with the god Osiris.
獅身人面像在最初建造時并沒有胡須，而是建好后粘上去的，有可能是為了把獅身人面像與埃及神之一赫魯埃姆阿克特神聯(lián)系起來，也可能是想讓獅身人面像仿效經(jīng)常戴著象征權(quán)威的假胡子的埃及法老，并將他們與奧西里斯(古埃及神話中的地獄判官)聯(lián)系起來。
One-thirtieth of the beard is currently in the British museum. It was presented to the museum by the Italian Egyptologist Giovanni Caviglia, who excavated parts of the Sphinx in 1817, when it was almost completely covered in sand. Several other parts of the Sphinx's beard were also found between 1925 and 1926 when sand was excavated from the Sphinx again.
胡須的三十分之一目前陳列在大英博物館。它是意大利的埃及古物學(xué)家喬瓦尼·卡維利亞提供給博物館的，他于1817年將完全掩埋在沙子里的獅身人面像部分挖掘出來。獅身人面像胡須的其他部分也在1925年到1926年間被找到，當(dāng)時沙子已再次覆蓋了獅身人面像。
5.Da Vinci's Hidden Music
5.達芬奇的音樂密碼
In 2007, Giovanni Maria Pala, an Italian computer technician and musician, stated that he haduncovered musical notes in Da Vinci's famous painting The Last Supper. According to Pala, ifone draws the five lines of the musical staff across the painting; the hands of Jesus Christ, thehands of his apostles, and the loaves of bread on the table would depict a musical note whichwould make sense when read from right to left.
2007年，喬萬尼·瑪利亞·帕拉，一位意大利計算機工程師和音樂家，聲稱他已找到了達芬奇那幅著名畫作《最后的晚餐》的音符。據(jù)帕拉說，如果在畫里畫上五條樂譜，那么，耶穌的手、使徒們的手、和桌上的幾片面包就能勾勒出一個從右往左讀時有意義的樂譜。
Da Vinci was known to be a music enthusiast who incorporated musical riddles in his writingswhich must be read from right to left. Alessandro Vezzosi, the director of a dedicated Da Vincimuseum in Tuscany believed Pala's proposition is "plausible." Vezzosi also stated that DaVinci played the lyre and sketched several musical instruments."There's always a risk of seeingsomething that is not there, but it's certain that the spaces (in the painting) are dividedharmonically," he said. "Where you have harmonic proportions, you can find music."
人們知道達芬奇是個音樂愛好者，他在作品中寫入了從右往左讀的音樂密碼。位于托斯卡納的達芬奇博物館館長韋佐西認為，帕拉的觀點是"可信的"。他還談到，達芬奇會彈里爾琴，并素描過幾種樂器。"看到并不存在的東西通常是有風(fēng)險的，但(畫作里的)空間的確是協(xié)調(diào)分割的"，他說，"哪里有協(xié)調(diào)的比例，哪里就能發(fā)現(xiàn)音樂。"
4.The Golden Gate Bridge Color Crisis
4.金門大橋的顏色危機
The Golden Gate Bridge holds the record as the most photographed bridge in the world.Interestingly, the US Navy never wanted the bridge to be built because they feared that if thebridge was bombed and destroyed, it would trap their ships docked in the San Francisco Bay.The Navy later gave their consent to the construction of the bridge. However, they did not likethe color that the bridge was going to be painted. They, along with the Army, wanted thebridge to be painted in black and yellow stripes so that it would be visible in the fog.
金門大橋保持著世界上最上鏡的記錄。有趣的是，美國海軍從不愿建這座橋，因為他們擔(dān)心，如果橋被炸毀，將使他們的船卡在舊金山灣的碼頭。后來，海軍對于橋的修建意見達成了一致。然而，他們不喜歡將要給橋粉刷的顏色。他們聯(lián)合軍隊，希望橋被粉刷成在霧中也能見的黑黃色的線條。
However, the bridge's architect, Irving Morrow, had a different plan. When the steel to be usedfor the bridge arrived in San Francisco, it was already painted with a base coat to prepare thesteel for more paint. Back then, most bridges were coated in grey, brown, and black, butMorrow had it painted in "international orange," similar to the color of the base coat. Not only isinternational orange visible in fogs, it also complements and contrasts with the blues of the skyand the bay.
然而，橋的建造師歐文·莫洛另有想法。當(dāng)建橋用的鋼運抵舊金山時，為了進一步粉刷已經(jīng)被涂了一層底漆。那時，大多橋梁都被粉刷為灰色、棕色和黑色，但莫洛將這座橋涂成了與底漆類似的"國際標(biāo)準橘色"，不僅在霧中可見，它還與天空和海灣形成對比而更具魅力。
3.The Madame X Scandal
3.X夫人的丑聞
The Portrait of Madame X is a prominent painting by a young American immigrant andcelebrity named John Singer Sargent of Virginie Avegno Gautreau. Sargent had hoped thatMadame X would make his reputation. The portrait did make him famous, or infamous,because of its supposed indecency.
《X夫人的畫像》是由年輕移民名流約翰·辛格·薩金特以維吉妮·阿維尼·高雷為模特創(chuàng)造的一幅名畫。薩金特期待這幅畫能令他名聲大噪。由于被認為是下流的，這副畫像的確使他名聲鵲起，亦或臭名昭著。
After it was exhibited at the Salon, the portrait was highly criticized and mocked. The majorreason behind the criticism was the right strap in the portrait. The strap in the early portraitcan be seen falling off her right shoulder, revealing a little more of the model's skin. Thescandal that followed was so intense that Sargent had to move to Britain.The Gautreau familywas ashamed of the scandal and pleaded with Sargent to withdraw the painting. Sargent, inan effort to pacify the critics and public, repainted the strap into what we see in the portraittoday.
畫作在展出之后，遭到了嚴厲的批判和嘲諷。批評的主要原因是畫像上右邊的肩帶。最初的畫像上，肩帶從模特的右肩滑落，香肩半露。隨之而來的流言蜚語不得不令薩金特移居到英國。高雷家族因這一丑聞而倍感羞愧，并請求薩金特收回畫作。薩金特為努力平息批評和撫慰公眾，把肩帶修改在今天我們所看到的位置上。
2.Mount Rushmore Time Capsule
2.拉什莫爾山的時間膠囊
While it is well-known that Mount Rushmore is incomplete, few people know about its timecapsule. While building Rushmore, its chief architect Gutzon Borglum wanted to create a largehall which would serve as a grand room where all of the important documents in Americanhistory would be kept. He thought adding important documents and charters like theDeclaration of Independence and the Constitution would make the already outstandingmonument more significant. Unfortunately, he was hindered by a lack of money and space untilhe died in 1941, leaving the work incomplete.
拉什莫爾山的不完整眾所周知，但極少人知道它的時間膠囊。在建造拉什莫爾時，它的總建造師博格勒姆想要蓋一座大禮堂作為一個大會客廳，用來放置所有美國歷史上重要的文件。他認為，如果放置一些重要的文件和憲章，如《獨立宣言》和《憲法》，能夠使本已解除的紀念碑變得更加意義非凡。不幸的是，資金缺乏和空間有限阻止了他的想法，直到1941年他去世，留下了這未完成的作品。
In 1998, the Constitution, 16 porcelain enamel panels containing the text from the Declarationof Independence and the Bill of Rights along with a memoir of Borglum, and the stories aboutthe presidents sculpted into the mountain were placed in a titanium vault and sealed inside theunfinished hall. These documents are to be left sealed and untouched for thousands of years.
1998年，《憲法》、包含著《獨立宣言》、《人權(quán)法案》內(nèi)容的16塊搪瓷板，連同博格勒姆的回憶錄和山上有雕像的那四位總統(tǒng)們的軼事，都被放入一個鈦保險庫里，封入為其建好的大禮堂中。這些文件將被原封不動地封存數(shù)千年。
1.Michelangelo's Last Judgment
1.米開朗基羅的《最后的審判》
Not long before he died, Pope Clement VII contracted Michelangelo to create a painting of theLast Judgment on the walls of the Sistine Chapel. The drawing is supposed to represent the lastday, also called the "Judgment Day," when Jesus Christ would return to the world. The artwork,however, generated some controversy after Michelangelo drew several of the characters naked,showing their private parts, including that of Jesus Christ and his mother Mary.
教皇克萊蒙特七世在去世前不久曾與米開朗基羅訂立合約，讓他在西斯廷教堂的墻壁上創(chuàng)作一幅畫《最后的審判》。這幅畫要表現(xiàn)最后一天，也叫做"審判日"，即耶穌重返世界的日子。然而，當(dāng)米開朗基羅令包括耶穌及其母親瑪麗在內(nèi)的幾個人物以裸體呈現(xiàn)，展露出他們的私處后，該作品帶來了一些爭議。
This didn't go down well with a cardinal who began the "Fig Leaf Campaign" with the aim ofhaving the drawing totally removed or heavily censored. The Pope's Master of Ceremony, Biagioda Cesena, also joined in, calling for the censoring or total removal of the drawing, whichaccording to him, was better suited to be displayed in a public bath or bar instead of a church.This angered Michelangelo who then used Cesena's face for the face of Minos—the god of theunderworld. He also added the ears of a donkey to it to denote Cesena's "foolishness."Thenude images remained in the church till A.D. 1564 when the Council of Trent decided that theyshould be covered by braghes (literally meaning "pants"), such as fig leaves or draped fabrics.During restoration works in 1993, about half of the braghes put over the characters' privateparts were removed and it was seen that Michelangelo had actually painted Minos with a snakecoiled round his waist biting him in the groin.
這幅作品在一位發(fā)起"無花果葉運動"的紅衣主教那里并不受歡迎，他的目的是將畫作進行去除或刪減。教廷大司儀切塞納也加入其中，呼吁對畫作進行刪除或完全去除。他認為這幅畫更適合展示在公共浴室或酒吧里，而不是教堂。這激怒了米開朗基羅，他用切塞納的臉替換了冥王米諾斯，并且在切塞納的頭上畫了一幅驢的耳朵，以示他的"愚蠢"。直到公元1564年特倫特會議召開前，畫作上的裸體一直存在。特倫特決定，裸體應(yīng)被braghes(即"褲子")蓋上，如無花果葉或布料。在1993年修復(fù)過程中，約有一半覆蓋人物私處的braghes被移除，可以看得出，米開朗基羅實際上是畫了一條蛇盤踞在米諾斯的腰上并咬他的大腿根兒。
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有關(guān)藝術(shù)的英文名言警句
sunshine can burn you, food can poison you, words can condemn you, pictures can insult you; music cannot punish ---- only bless. (arthur schnabel, austrian pianist)
陽光可能炙烤你，食品可能毒害你，言語可能詛咒你，圖畫可能侮辱你——音樂不會處罰你只會祝福你。(奧地利鋼琴家 施納貝爾 a)
the art of giving presents is to give something which others cannot buy for themselves. (alan alexander milne, british humorist)
送禮的藝術(shù)在于送別人不能給自己買的東西。(英國幽默作家 米爾恩 a a)
the decline of literature indicates the decline of a nation; the two keep in their downwad tendency. (johann wolfgang von goethe german poet)
文學(xué)的衰落表明一個民族的衰落。這兩者走下坡路的時候是齊頭并進的。(德國詩人 歌德 j w)
the lanscope belongs to the man who looks at it. (ralph waldo emerson, american thinker)
風(fēng)景屬于看風(fēng)景的人。(美國思想家 愛默生 r w)
the love of beauty is an essential part of all healthy human nature.(john ruskin, american writer and critic)
愛美是健康人性的重要組成部分。(美國作家、批評家 羅斯金 j)
the poet's voice need not merely be the record of man, it can be one of the props , the pillars to help him endure and prevail. (william fulkner, american writer)
詩人的聲音不應(yīng)只是人類的記錄，而應(yīng)是使人類永存并得到勝利的支柱和棟梁。(美國作家?？思{.w.)
the value of culture is its effect on character. it avails nothing unless it ennobles and strengthens that. its use is for life. its aim is not beauty but goodness. (somerset maugham, british noverlist and dramatist)
文化的價值在于它對人類品性的影響。除非文化能使品性變?yōu)楦呱?、有力。文化的作用在于裨益人生，它的目?biāo)不是美，而是善。(英國小說家和戲劇家 毛姆 s)
there are painters who transform the sun to a yellow spot, but there are others who with the help of their art and their intelligence, transform a yellow spot into the sun. (picasso, spanish painter)
有些畫家把太陽畫成一個黃斑，但有些畫家借助于他們的技巧和智慧把黃斑畫成太陽。(西班牙畫家 畢加索)
when a dog bites a man that is not news, but when a man bites a dog that is news. (charls a.dana, american journalist)
狗咬人不是新聞，人咬狗才是新聞。(美國記者 達納 c a)
when one loves one's art no service seems too hard. (o.henry, american novelist)
一旦 熱愛藝術(shù)，什么奉獻也不難。(美國小說家 歐·享利)
words have a magical power. they can bring either the greatest happiness or deepest despair; can transfer knowledge from teacher to students words enable the orator to sway his audience and dictate its decisions. words are capable of arousing the strongest emotions and prompting all man's actions. do not ridicule the use of words in psychotherapy. (sigmund freud, german psychiatrist)
言辭具有不可思議的力量。他們能帶來最大的幸福，也能帶來最深的失望;能把知識從教師傳給學(xué)生;言辭能使演說者左右他的聽眾，，并強行代替他們作出決定。言辭能激起最大強烈的情感，促進人的一切行動。不要嘲笑言辭在心理治療當(dāng)中的的用途。(德國精神分析學(xué)家 弗洛伊德 s)
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