商務(wù)英語論文范文

　　Chapter Four The reasons of the different culture

　　Since there are so many cultural differences, then conflict is inevitable.A cultural diversity have many reasons, in a word, eastern and Western cultures have different cultures, historical background, it will inevitably bring some thinking, behavior, and many other differences, even conflicts. Many factors influence the differences of cultures.

　　4.1 Value Differences

　　Every culture has own unique value systems, this culture think that is good, another culture might consider bad, but it does not mean that this values are advanced, and the other values are behind. For example, parents in western countries tend to cultivate children to be independent. They encourage their children to deal with their personal things by themselves. Parents in eastern countries, however, always spoil their children. They always help their children finish some things which the children have the ability to cope with by themselves.

　　4.2 Political Differences

　　Political differences mean that policies and regulations of the political system standardize the behavior of the people’s role so that people under different political system have different political concepts. Take America and France for example: the power of American president is strictly limited by the Constitution and the other two authorities---Congress and Supreme Court. While France has to expand their president’s power due to their own conditions.

　　4.3 Economic Differences

　　Economic difference is a reflection of the cultural differences due to economic factors. For example, people in the western developed countries have the rich life, and receive the high education so that they pay more attention to the quality of life, and they have good safety awareness. But in the Third World, especially the developing countries, people are more concerned with the problem of food and clothing. So this is reflected in cultural differences

　　Chapter Five Negotiation Skills: correctly to deal with the cultural differences

　　As we all know, different countries have different cultures. According to the culture of different countries adopt different strategies in the international business negotiations, in order to ensure that negotiations can be expected to achieve, decision-making must based on cultural differences, learn some international business etiquette and practices, respect each other's cultural practices, so negotiations will be guarantee successfully.

　　Negotiational tactic is objective. Unless we understand it, we can apply it. Specifically speaking, take Chinese negotiators for example, we must achieve the following several points: First, understanding English has always being identified as a key successful factor for Chinese Business. Second, Chinese businessmen have to know the culture differences between the East and the West so that they not only can know their own negotiation’s mentality but also their rival’s mentality. In addition，Chinese businessmen should respect other parties’ customs, in equal and friendly foundation. Third, both parts should attempt to conciliate the bilateral cultural difference. Studying and respecting the foundation of adversary’s cultural difference requires both sides to exchang ideas, to stand in adversary’s angle and standpoint to think question.

　　Chapter Six How to negotiation and to deal with cultural differences in negotiation

　　6.1 1.Pre-negotiation

　　The pre-negotiation stage begins form the first contact between the two sides whose interest in doing business with each other，we should keep an open mind to recognize and accept the difference, because information gathering will to some extent determine the success and failure of the negotiation.

　　6.2 .Face-to-Face Negotiation

　　In this stage, I think negotiators should adopt some proper communication skills to reach an agreement. And we know conflict tend to be more difficult and complex when involved negotiators with cultural differences. But conflict is unavoidable during the process of negotiation. To make things worse, poor communication may kill deals. So we should try our best to overcome the cultural differences on negotiation, and utilize some effective communication to gain the common interest. In view of its significance in negotiation, communication is at the heart of the negotiating process.

　　6.3 Post-negotiation

　　Finally the business negotiation is brought to the end stage. The contract is being drawn up and to be signed. However, writing and wording of the contract in itself is a kind of negotiating process. For word meaning and business value might differ due to the cultural factors involved in the business negotiation, form of agreement is preferred differently from culture to culture.

　　6.4 Cultivation of Cross-cultural Awareness

　　Without both parties effort negotiations can not be achieved, so we should cultivate cross-cultural awareness to avoid some unnecessary matters.

　　First of all, a negotiator needs to have a reflection upon his own cultural system. He needs to be aware of his own values, beliefs and social norms. He also needs to be culturally sensitive and always bear in mind that a foreign negotiator is different from natives not only in physical features, but also in motivations, beliefs and values.

　　Then, show respect for the other party. Show respect for the other party will smooth the situation and speed the negotiation process. Anyhow, the result of the establishment of cultural fellowship does not mean overcoming a culture but means a third culture created by the former two (Li and Zhang, 2004).

　　Finally, accept other’s culture. For example, we usually believe in this saying “you will be treated how you treat others”. But in the cross-cultural setting, it’s not this way. What you want to be treated is not an American want to be. Therefore, we should believe that “how they treat other is what we will do” (Acuff, 1995). Try to behave like others do may bring you inconvenience, but just try it and it’s sure that the other part will encourage and appreciate your action.

　　Conclusion

　　“Social Customs varies in different countries”. In a word, cross- cultural communication will meet the problem of culture differences surely. In turn, culture differences also influence all aspects of international business communication. To avoid or to resolve the culture differences is a huge task in international business negotiation. In order to step into the international market successfully, we must have the awareness of culture differences, acknowledge culture differences and understand different cultures. Try to know yourself and know them. What’s more, we should respect different behavior of businessmen under different culture background, and then we could reduce unnecessary conflicts resulting from not respecting the opponents. It is beneficial for both to form an atmosphere of mutual trust and cooperation, reduce culture differences and turn disadvantages into advantages and benefits. Thus, we could avoid conflicts and obstacles, then to promote communication and harmony in international business negotiation.