高考英語概要寫作范文怎么寫
高考英語概要寫作范文怎么寫
高考時(shí)期，遇到概要的英語寫作，我們有什么技巧可以解決?下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理了高考英語概要寫作范文，供大家參閱!
高考英語概要寫作范文
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit (好處) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫學(xué)家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.
高考英語概要寫作方法
Part I. 什么是摘要?
A summary is a short account giving the main points of something longer or detailed.
概括部分包含幾種能力。第一要看清楚文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)法反映出原文中作者的觀點(diǎn)。第二要具有意義篩選的能力，學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關(guān)與不相關(guān)、原因和結(jié)果等復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系。第三要有用英文解釋英文的能力，用自己簡單的語言解釋比較復(fù)雜的語言文字，不能抄襲原文。
對于成績較差的同學(xué)來說，可能對概括感到無從下手。
讀寫任務(wù)的寫作內(nèi)容一般分為兩個(gè)部分，即寫作內(nèi)容1為概括短文要點(diǎn)，還有寫作內(nèi)容2 則是就某個(gè)主題發(fā)表看法。然而，絕大部分的考生會(huì)忽略了寫作內(nèi)容2對寫作內(nèi)容1的導(dǎo)航作用，而一頭扎進(jìn)了閱讀材料直接去閱讀文章得出要點(diǎn)。事實(shí)上， 所謂“讀寫任務(wù)”其實(shí)是“讀”和“寫”的有機(jī)結(jié)合，“讀”的材料是為了后面的“寫”提供情景，同樣， “寫”也是對“讀”的材料的思考和延伸。故希望大家在概括文章時(shí)，可考慮命題人提供的寫作內(nèi)容2的導(dǎo)航作用，因?yàn)樗軌驇椭蠹腋斓靥岣卟蹲轿恼乱c(diǎn)的速度與準(zhǔn)確性。
一、概括的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：拋棄次要，瞄準(zhǔn)寫作目的。
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的概括采用浮凸式的表達(dá)方式，第一句話是主題句，清楚明白地告訴了讀者文章的寫作目的，這句話的質(zhì)量決定了概括的成敗。后面的句子對主題句進(jìn)行解釋和支撐，凡是意義在主題之外的要毫不吝嗇地予以刪除。
二、概括的寫作步驟：
1. 確定主題句。確定閱讀文章的主題句，一般在段首。沒有主題句的需要自己組合。
2. 尋找關(guān)鍵詞。分析主題句意義，確定關(guān)鍵詞，關(guān)鍵詞一般體現(xiàn)為名詞、形容詞，關(guān)鍵詞的數(shù)目決定了概括的信息濃度。
3. 重構(gòu)主題句。概括的主題句邏輯上要統(tǒng)攝后面所有的支撐句?？梢詮淖髡叩膶懽髂康哪嫱?，反映寫作目的主題句是高度抽象的，它基本決定了概括的質(zhì)量。
4. 重組支撐句。支撐句的意義在邏輯上受制于主題句，可以是補(bǔ)充過程或者提供證據(jù)。
口訣：簡括為：縮長見短，省卻細(xì)膩。(括：概括性。見：間接引語。短：短的連詞。細(xì)膩：細(xì)節(jié)和例子)
三、概括的形式：“主題句+支撐句” 即“主題+主題的什么”。
附：2007年廣東高考概括部分評(píng)分細(xì)則：
1.完全糊涂地照抄原文，連人稱都不改的，得0分;
2.機(jī)械死板地照抄原文，只改人稱的，得1分;
3.稍微靈活地抄原文，改主語，賓語、原文詞序的，得2分;
4.創(chuàng)造性地抄，改主語，賓語、原文詞序還有句子結(jié)構(gòu)的，最多得3分。
5.結(jié)構(gòu)、用詞，詞性變化比較好的4至5分。
高考英語概要寫作技巧
Part II. 寫概括的具體方法
Ⅰ.The Steps of Writing a Summary
A.定時(shí)態(tài)：如果閱讀材料是過去時(shí)，那么基本時(shí)態(tài)用過去時(shí);如果是現(xiàn)在的，那么基本時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在時(shí);不過，模板的開頭語一般為現(xiàn)在時(shí)如The passage
tells us that----- - --.
B.定人稱：一般情況下采用第三人稱來寫作。(特殊如書信的，可能會(huì)使用第一、二人稱;)
C.定技巧：結(jié)合相關(guān)技巧，重新組句。
1)Use words of similar meanings同義替換法
I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.
I didn’t catch any fish_________ I was not patient.
2)Adopt the opposite way when saying a sentence正話反說法
You will fail. = You will ____________.
3)Change the part of speech詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法
Patience is very important. Patience is of _____________________ .
4)Change the structure of a sentence句式變化法
語態(tài)變換：Parents should give children more praise.
→Children should ________ more praise.
簡單句變復(fù)合句：
Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.
Children should be encouraged more, _______ will help them learn faster..
5)Use the shortest possible transitions連詞銜接法
注意使用一些短而精的連詞，如but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。
We should encourage children. We should not scold them.
We should encourage children__________ scolding them.
6) Change the order of the words.詞序改變法
D. 下列是常規(guī)的實(shí)用技巧。
Skill1: Omit (省略) the details
Skill2: Omit the repetitions
Skill3: Omit the examples
Skill4: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具體的) words )
Skill5: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech
寫摘要時(shí)可以采用下列幾種小技巧：
1) 刪除細(xì)節(jié)。只保留主要觀點(diǎn)。
2) 避免重復(fù)。在原文中，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)主題，可能會(huì)重復(fù)論證說明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應(yīng)該刪除那些突出強(qiáng)調(diào)的重述句。
3) 刪除具體例子。不過，閱讀材料本身是由幾個(gè)具體例子構(gòu)成的，如閱讀材料是談西方種種節(jié)日的，如刪除具體例子，則概括很難達(dá)到30個(gè)詞，那就選擇一至兩個(gè)例子(即一兩個(gè)主要節(jié)日)。注：原文中可能包括5個(gè)或更多的例子，你只需從中篩選一至二個(gè)例子。
4) 使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞，比如：
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括為：“She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
5) 把文章的對話或直接引語(的要點(diǎn))改成間接引語敘述。
6) 把長段的描述變成短小、簡單的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個(gè)句子，那么你只要把它們變成一兩句即可。
7) 壓縮長的句子。如下列兩例：
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
可以概括為： “He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”
可以概括為：“He was in financial difficulties.”
8) 你還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句。
II.練習(xí)篇---- 學(xué)以致用。(Task1: Please follow the example to choose the proper skill from the above ones.)
1,Then, you can think of a way to make both sides happy. Here are some tips
1)Make time to talk. You could talk about your school life and your plans for the future.
2)..Keep a diary. It can help you understand more about yourself and your feelings.
3). Show your parents you are growing up. Wash your own clothes and help around the house.
Which skill: ___________________________________________________
Summary:___________________________________________________________
2. Sometimes, kids don’t think their parents are fair to them. When you want to dress in a modern way, your mum doesn’t like you to wear a mini-skirt. When you are making phone calls to friends, they ask whether you’re
speaking to a boy or a girl.
Which skill: ___________________________________________________
Summary: ______________________________________________________________
3. Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly, “You use too much salt on your food, Paul. It’s not at all good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned, “Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful…like eating wood or sand…just imagine bread without salt in it!”
Which skill:___________________________________________________
Summary:______________________________________________________
4. She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation.
Which skill: _____________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________
Ⅲ.Task2: find out how to summarize the whole passage
段意合并法 (說明文、應(yīng)用文)
第一步, 通讀全文, 領(lǐng)略大意;
第二步,小結(jié)每一段的大意;
第三步, 根據(jù)每一段的大意以及作者的側(cè)重點(diǎn), 綜合歸納全文的大意.
對于說明性或描述性短文，可以用概括性文字說明某一現(xiàn)象。比如，可以概括如下 “This article points out the common phenomenon…”
要素串聯(lián)法(記敘文)
記敘文主要是記敘所發(fā)生的事情和經(jīng)歷。常見的形式有：故事、日記、新聞報(bào)道、游記等。記敘文通常要交待清楚五要素的內(nèi)容，即where, when, what, who, how, 給讀者一個(gè)內(nèi)容完整、細(xì)節(jié)清晰的故事。事情的敘述通常按時(shí)間的順序敘述，讓讀者易于把握所敘述內(nèi)容之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)聯(lián)，我們必須抓住記敘文的寫作特點(diǎn)或思路，從而更好地理解文章主題，概括出比較中肯的短文中心大意。
主題概括法(議論文)
第一、找出關(guān)鍵詞和全文或段落的主題句。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地說，主題詞通常是名詞、動(dòng)詞或形容詞。
第二、根據(jù)原文的詞句(一般指關(guān)鍵詞和全文或段落的主題句), 進(jìn)行改寫: 或用相應(yīng)的同義詞，或進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換(如主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)句等等). 千萬不要原封不動(dòng)地抄寫原文的詞句.
第三、用連詞連接各部分，使它連貫;
第四、整合中心要點(diǎn)，使用形容詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞短語合并、簡化句子，使之符合概括短文內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)的詞數(shù)(30個(gè)詞左右)。
議論文通常用來講明道理、議論是非、提出觀點(diǎn)和看法。作者先正面或反面提出論點(diǎn)，然后用事實(shí)論證論點(diǎn)，最后以重申論點(diǎn)或提出建議的方式得出結(jié)論。議論文的主題句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。
盡可能客觀簡要地轉(zhuǎn)述閱讀材料的觀點(diǎn)?？梢圆捎萌缦路椒ǜ爬ǎ篢he writer of this article thinks that… 或者你認(rèn)為本材料的觀點(diǎn)代表了一些人的思想，就可以說Some people think… 還可以從中立的角度或用“無人稱”的方式來說The article gives the view that…
Exercise: Match the main idea with the proper skill.
5. It must have been about two in the morning when I returned home. I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but she was fast asleep, so I got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, “I don’t think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.” I looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when I saw a policeman. I immediately regretted answering in the way I did, but I said, “ I enjoy cleaning windows at night.”
“So do I,” answered the policeman in the same tone. “Excuse my interrupting you. I hate to interrupt a man when he’s busy working, but would you mind coming with me to the station?”
“Well, I’d prefer to stay here,” I said. “ You see, I’ve forgotten my key.”
“Your what?” he called.
“My key,” I shouted.
Fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards me
Which skill: ____________________________
點(diǎn)撥：
這是一篇記敘文，請從原文中劃出時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事情的經(jīng)過和結(jié)果。
填充下面所給的summary, 注意如何借用詞法，語法簡化句子。
Summary:
On arriving home __________ in the morning, the writer failed to wake up __________ by ringing the doorbell. He tried to _______________, but was found by _____________. Soon his shouting woke his wife.
6. Advertising can be a service to customers. This is true when advertisements give reliable information about the goods advertised. Such information is needed if the customer is to make a sensible choice when he buys something. It is useful in that it lets him know of the kinds of goods in the shops. Printed advertisements do this job best. Customers can collect them and compare them. They can be taken along to the shops and their statements can be checked against and actual goods in the shops.
Some advertisements are not very useful to the customers. Instead of helping the customer to satisfy his real needs, they set out to make him want things. They set out to make us believe that what they advertise will make us cleverer, prettier, more handsome, if only we use it. The voice on TV says, “ Getaway people use XYZ petrol.” The screen shows a picture of petrol pump for a fast expensive car owned by a boy with a pretty girlfriend. They drive off to the wonderful country or a lovely beach. Some people may feel that clever, successful people use XYZ petrol. Some might choose that petrol every time they fill up their cars.
Skill: _______________________
Summary:
7..Students should think now about what extracurricular (課外的) activities they'd like to participate in. Participating in extracurricular activities may help you deepen your physical, creative, social, political, and career interests by bringing you into communication with other like-minded people you didn’t previously know.
You can join groups as a way to get support from other students. A club or group can also be a great way to meet people who are different from you. Lots of youth programs bring people together with those who are different as a way to break down the barriers between people.
Participating in extracurricular activities helps you in other ways, too. It looks good on college and job applications and shows admissions officers and employers you're well-rounded and responsible. Specific activities help with specific goals.
The most basic reason for joining a club or team is that it gives you something better to do than staring at the wall, wandering the hall, or sleeping all afternoon. People who are participating are less likely to pick up bad habits, like smoking or drinking.
Skill: ______________________________________
Summary:
?、?積累模板Some Summary Models for You
要注意歸納和積累summary中常用的句式或模板。
A.如議論文的概要通?？梢匀绱碎_頭：
The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.
The essay/passage/author argues in support of …, stating that …
The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come first
or are the best in any field but the others whose effort push them to success.
The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.
The essay/passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home.
The essay/passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.
B.而記敘文的概要?jiǎng)t可以從以下模板中選擇：
The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.
The author tells us a story about a ________.
The passage is a story about ________.
According to the passage, the hero in the story ________.
C.通用型模板：
According to the passage, we know…
This article is mainly about…
The writer states that…
As can be learn this passage, - - -
The passage says that…
In this passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of
另外，更具體一點(diǎn)：
(1) 記敘文概要模板
a.點(diǎn)明寫作目的類：
The writer tells us…(主題)by showing us an example of…, who/which…(故事情節(jié)).
b.作者經(jīng)歷類：
In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his
experience of doing sth, which……
c. 他人經(jīng)歷類：
This passage is mainly about sb’s experience of doing sth…..
(2) 議論文概要模板
The article gives the view that…
should/shouldn’t…(主題).
…..(補(bǔ)充論據(jù)).
The passage highlights(強(qiáng)調(diào)) the importance of sth…..
The author argues that…
(3) 說明文概要模板
a. 現(xiàn)象揭示類：
This article points out the common phenomenon ----(主題), which….(補(bǔ)充解釋).
b. 利弊對比類：
The article compares the disadvantages/ benefits of A and B. A…while B…
The passage discusses the impact(影響)of sth. On the positive side…, but it may also….
c. 研究顯示類：
The study reveals(揭露) that…
The purpose of the report is to show that…
附：練習(xí)參考答案：
I. “定技巧：結(jié)合相關(guān)技巧，重新組句。”練習(xí)
1) because 2) not succeed
3) of great importance 4) be given; which 5) instead of
II. 練習(xí)篇---- 學(xué)以致用。
1.Skill1: Omit the details
There are some tips for children to follow so that they can get on well with their parents.
2. Skill2: Omit the examples.
It is quite natural that we children look at the same problem differently from our parents.
3. Skill4: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech.
Kate suggested that Paul should eat less salt. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.
4. Skill3: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific (具體的) words.
She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation.
5. Summary: On arriving home at about two in the morning, the writer failed to wake up his wife by the doorbell. He tried to climb towards the bedroom window, but was found by a policeman. Soon his shouting woke his wife.(40 words)
6. Skill: ①段意合并法 (topic sentences or key words，if no topic sentences)
Summary: Advertising can be useful when it provides customers with reliable information，while some advertisements are not the case as they are produced only to persuade customers to buy what they don’t need.(31 words)
7. 主題概括法(適合于議論文)
Summary: The author (The passage) discussed the benefit of extracurricular activities including being a way to improve students’ health, widen their social circle and introduce them to new ideas and people. (30 words)
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