etc英文寫作使用方法
etc英文寫作使用方法
etc可以用于口頭嗎，它在英文寫作的使用方法是什么?下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的etc英文寫作使用方法，供大家參閱!
英語(yǔ)寫作中I.e.和E.g.還有etc.的用法和區(qū)別
Should You Use "I.e." or "E.g."?
"I.e." and "e.g." are two of those tricky abbreviations that people often seem to confuse. Here's the quick and dirty tip: use "i.e." to introduce a further clarification and "e.g." to offer examples. In the sentence "I like to eat boardwalk food, i.e., funnel cake and french fries," the use of "i.e." indicates those are the only boardwalk foods I enjoy. On the other hand, if I were to say, "I like to eat boardwalk food, e.g., funnel cake and french fries," you would know those were just examples--I may also like snow cones and corn dogs.
i.e. 是拉丁文 id est 的縮寫，它的意思就是“那就是說(shuō)，換句話說(shuō)”，等同于“that is，in other words” ，目的是用來(lái)進(jìn)一步解釋前面所說(shuō)的觀點(diǎn)。
e.g. 是拉丁文 exempli gratia 的縮寫，它的意思是“舉個(gè)例子，比如”，等同與“for example”,目的就是用幾個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明前面的觀點(diǎn)。
etc.就比較好理解了，它是 etcetera 的縮寫，意思是“等等”，相當(dāng)于“and so on”。
e.g. 和 etc. 不能出現(xiàn)在同一句話中，因?yàn)?e.g. 是表示泛泛的舉幾個(gè)例子，并沒(méi)有囊括所有的實(shí)例，其中就已經(jīng)包含“等等”，如果再加一個(gè) etc. 就畫蛇添足了，例如下面這句話就是錯(cuò)的：Writing instructors focus on a number of complex skills that require extensive practice (e.g., organization, clear expression, logical thinking, etc.)
注意，用 i.e. 和 e.g. 還有 etc. 的時(shí)候，不要把“小點(diǎn)”給丟了。
英文論文中i.e.,e.g.,etc.的簡(jiǎn)要小結(jié)
i.e. =即 females, i.e. girls and women
e.g.=“for example”, You must avoid sweet foods, e.g. cake, chocolate, sugar, and icecream.
etc.=“and so on” We'd better buy sugar, tea, etc.
e.g. 和 etc. 不能出現(xiàn)在同一句話中，
et al. 斜體放在多個(gè)作者后 zhang et al. 1998
記清楚上面逗號(hào)的位置
附：
在英語(yǔ)閱讀中，讀者常常碰到諸如etc.，e.g.，i.e.等一些拉丁語(yǔ)縮略式(abbreviation)，英語(yǔ)寫作中也經(jīng)常用到這些縮略式。本文擬就常見的幾個(gè)拉丁語(yǔ)縮略式的讀法、來(lái)源、意思和用法等進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)并舉例說(shuō)明，希望對(duì)讀者能有所裨益。
1.
A.M.: A.M.也作a.m.，am?？s自ante meridiem，意為before midday(noon)或time between midnight and noon，副詞或名詞，譯為"午前"或"上午"等。
A.M.一般用在表示鐘點(diǎn)的數(shù)字后面。如果AM和am之后需用句號(hào)，則直接置于其后，而A.M.和a.m.后不再加用句號(hào)。其他標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)可直接使用。 例如： I got
up at 6 a.m. (我是早上六點(diǎn)鐘起床的。) from 2 to 4 a.m. (從凌晨?jī)牲c(diǎn)到四點(diǎn)。) 12:00 AM (正午十二點(diǎn) ) at 10 am (在上午十點(diǎn) )
2. P.M.: P.M.也作PM，p.m.，pm?？s自post meridiem，意為after midday(noon)或time between noon and
midnight，副詞或名詞，譯為"下午"或"午后"。半夜十二點(diǎn)也標(biāo)作p.m.。 P.M.用法和上面的A.M.相同。 例如： She works from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. (她從上午十一點(diǎn)工作到下午四點(diǎn)。) 12 p.m. (半夜十二點(diǎn) )，at 3 pm (在下午三點(diǎn) )。
3. A.D.: A.D.也作AD?？s自Anno Domini，意為(in the year)since the birth of Christ，副詞，譯為"公元"。
A.D.在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中通常用在表示公元1000后以前的年代數(shù)字之前。在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中A.D.常放在年代數(shù)字之后。例如： in AD 55 (英)在公元55年in
55 AD (美)在公元55年。另外，與此相對(duì)的一個(gè)縮略，B.C.(也作BC)源于英語(yǔ)本身，意為before (the birth of)
Christ，副詞，譯為"公元前"。B.C.用在一切表示公元前年代(包括世紀(jì))的數(shù)字之后。A.D.和B.C.之后標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的用法與A.M.相同。 例如： Rome was begun in the year 753 B.C. 羅馬始建于公元前753年。
4. e.g.:
e.g.也作eg，縮自exempli gratia，副詞，意為for example，譯為"例如"。
e.g.之后接所舉例子，它可置于句首或名子中間。當(dāng)用在名子中間時(shí)，它前面一般都有逗號(hào)。e.g.和后面例子之間常無(wú)其他標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。如果是幾例并舉(不論是詞、短語(yǔ)或句子哪種形式)，那么各例之間用逗號(hào)隔開，最后的兩個(gè)例項(xiàng)之間也可用連詞and或or連接，例如：You must avoid sweet foods, e.g. cake, chocolate, sugar, and icecream.
(你一定要避免吃甜食，如蛋糕、巧克力、糖和冰淇淋。)
5. i.e.: i.e.也作ie，縮id
est，副詞，意為that is(to say)或in other words，譯為"那就是"或"即"。
i.e.通常表示其后面的部分是對(duì)前面部分的解釋或說(shuō)明。i.e.之前一般用逗號(hào)。 例如： females, i.e. girls and women (女子，即女孩和婦女)
6. etc.: etc.也作&c，縮自et
cetera(偶作etcetera)。etc.在英語(yǔ)中仍讀作，副詞，意為and the rest或and so forth或and so
on，譯為"等等"或"及其他"。 etc.用在并列的幾個(gè)事或物之后，表示舉例未盡。它不宜用于人，說(shuō)人是宜用英語(yǔ)單詞and others。etc.用在句中或句末，其前面一般為逗號(hào)，不再用and等連詞。當(dāng)它出現(xiàn)在句子中間時(shí)，其后需加上逗號(hào);在句末時(shí)，其后的句號(hào)則省去不用。其他句末標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如感嘆號(hào)"!"、疑問(wèn)號(hào)"?"等等，則直接用在etc.之后。etc.有時(shí)可重復(fù)連用。
例如： We'd better buy sugar, tea, etc. (我們最好買點(diǎn)糖茶之類的東西。)
總的來(lái)說(shuō)，這縮寫只在專業(yè)的書面語(yǔ)中使用，口語(yǔ)中是從來(lái)不用的
英語(yǔ)六級(jí)寫作etc
Due Attention Should Be Given To the Study of Chinese
Do you remember these famous litterateurs: Lu Xun, Zhu Ziqing, Laoshe or Bing Xin? How familiar these names are! Unfortunately, countless students pay no attention to the study of Chinese. Nowadays, Internet, English and game occupy students’ time and attention. For the majority of students, the study of Chinese has become a remote memory. Why such a phenomenon emerges? Educators attribute it to the ignorance of university administration. Chinese is an essential course for college students in China. However, for a long time there has been a neglect in the study of Chinese. Taking a look around, every teacher encourages students to spend all time on learning English. On the contrary, none of them promotes students to learn Chinese. In the wake of this situation, students will make growing Chinese mistakes in spelling, reading and speaking. Maybe someday, Chinese would fade from historical stage.
In my opinion, some drastic measures should be taken. First of all, we can raise students’ awareness that the study of Chinese is indispensable to us. In addition, teachers can offer more courses related to Chinese or Chinese culture. Finally, we can promote CCT(college Chinese testing) . In a word, due attention should be given to the study of Chinese.
Recently it often hits headlines of newspapers that some prestigious universities like Tongji exclude Chinese from the subjects to be tested in their practice of independent admission. This has aroused heated
discussion among the public -- Is Chinese not so important as English? What if we neglect the study of our mother tongue?
First of all, globalization counts much for this phenomenon. In modern society, information in most media, be it the Internet or newspaper, is conveyed in English. As a saying goes, one can go to every corner of the world without any difficulty in communicating with local people. Unfortunately, while we emphasize the importance of English, we underrate the value of Chinese though China has been developing at an amazing speed.
But neglecting the study of Chinese is extremely harmful if the situation is left unfettered. The major harm is that China’s traditional value is likely to get lost because language and ideas are interlocked in most cases. For example, when interviewed, most youngsters show that they are quite unfamiliar with some famous figures and their sayings. To sum up, many reasons are responsible for the phenomenon and it will do us harm if we leave the situation as it is. Faced with the problem, we are expected to take effective measures. For one thing, the
government should work out rules to ensure the time for the study of Chinese in school. Only in this way, can we find a cure for the problem.
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