英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中的常見(jiàn)誤區(qū)與克服方法(2)
二:省略:省略是英語(yǔ)中的又一種常見(jiàn)的有效避免重復(fù)的重要手段,其種類繁多,用法靈活,概括起來(lái)主要包括以下幾個(gè)類型:
一)句法省略:英語(yǔ)中的由when、while、whenever、till、until、once等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、if、unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句、although、though、no matter wh及wh+ever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中都有大量的省略句。只要主從復(fù)合句中主語(yǔ)是一致的或從句為it is necessary, it is possible,且從句中的謂語(yǔ)部分含有be動(dòng)詞,我們就能將從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)部分的be動(dòng)詞予以省略。如:
1.When (he was) at college , he often went to the library.
2. While (you are) crossing the street , look out for cars.
3. You can turn to him for help when (it is) necessary .
4. Don`t leave unless\until (you are) told to .
5. Even if all professors in universities and research institutes could devote all their time to the study of nature, their contribution, although important , would still be quite small.
6. …each contribution----no matter how small ----can help make a difference.
二)上下文省略:這是英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)和書(shū)面語(yǔ)中都非常普遍而又極其重要的省略原則,根據(jù)上下文,在意義清楚不至于產(chǎn)生歧義或誤解的前提下,我們通常將下文中重復(fù)的部分予于省略。如:
1.It is hotter in Nanjing than in Shanghai.(從句中主系表全部省略,只保留地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。)
英語(yǔ)中的比較狀語(yǔ)從句中經(jīng)常使用省略結(jié)構(gòu)。
2. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (省略了后兩句中的are。)
3.They will go to Africa for their holidays, but I don`t know when .(從句內(nèi)容全部省略。)
由wh+引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句,在上下文意義明確的情況下,通常將從句的內(nèi)容全部省略,只保留連接詞wh+。
4. I didn`t expect to see you in this state, any more than you me.( 省略了didn`t expect)
5. I will do all I can to help you. (省略了do)
6. When I arrived at the station, I looked around but saw nobody. (根據(jù)上下文,將looked around用作不及物的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,避免了重復(fù)使用the station。)
有效避免重復(fù),力求語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練是語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的一條基本原則,它普遍適用于口語(yǔ)和書(shū)面語(yǔ)的各種文體。其手段靈活多樣,本文只是略舉幾例加以說(shuō)明,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能涵蓋所有內(nèi)容,語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者只有在具體的語(yǔ)言使用過(guò)程中通過(guò)不斷的學(xué)習(xí)、反思、總結(jié)、運(yùn)用,才可能真正掌握并熟練運(yùn)用這些原則與技巧,最終提高自己的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)水平和語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。