劍橋雅思真題英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力
下載劍橋雅思的真題聽(tīng)力材料，為雅思做準(zhǔn)備。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的下載劍橋雅思真題英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力，供大家參閱!
下載劍橋雅思真題英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力1
As we saw in the last lecture,
在上一堂課我們已經(jīng)看到了，
a major cause of climate change is the rapid rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the last century.
導(dǎo)致氣候變化的一個(gè)主要原因就是自上個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，大氣中二氧化碳含量迅速增加。
If we could reduce the amount of CO2, perhaps the rate of climate change could also be slowed down.
如果我們能減少CO2的含量，也許氣候變化的速度就也能有所減緩。
One potential method involves enhancing the role of the soil that plants grow in, with regard to absorbing CO2.
一個(gè)可能的措施是加強(qiáng)培育植物的土壤在吸收二氧化碳方面的作用。
Rattan Lal, a soil scientist from Ohio State University, in the USA,
來(lái)自美國(guó)俄亥俄州立大學(xué)的土壤學(xué)家Rattan Lal聲稱，
claims that the world's agricultural soils could potentially absorb 13 per cent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
全世界的農(nóng)業(yè)土壤可能一共能夠吸收大氣中百分之十三的二氧化碳，
the equivalent of the amount released in the last 30 years.
這一數(shù)字相當(dāng)于過(guò)去三十年里釋放的二氧化碳總量。
And research is going on into how this might be achieved.
研究還在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，以探究怎樣才能做到這一點(diǎn)。
Lal first came to the idea that soil might be valuable in this way not through an interest in climate change,
Lal最初產(chǎn)生土壤也許在方面非常重要這個(gè)想法，并不是通過(guò)對(duì)氣候變化的興趣，
but rather out of concern for the land itself and the people dependent on it.
而是出于對(duì)土壤本身以及靠它生存的人們的關(guān)心。
Carbon-rich soil is dark, crumbly and fertile, and retains some water.
碳質(zhì)豐富的土壤顏色很深，易碎且肥沃，而且還能留住一些水分。
But erosion can occur if soil is dry, which is a likely effect if it contains inadequate amounts of carbon.
但是如果土壤中所含碳質(zhì)不足，可能就會(huì)很干，而這也許會(huì)導(dǎo)致侵蝕。
Erosion is of course bad for people trying to grow crops or breed animals on that terrain.
對(duì)想要在那塊地上種植莊稼或者放牧動(dòng)物的人來(lái)說(shuō)，土壤侵蝕當(dāng)然是件壞事。
In the 1970s and 80s, LaI was studying soils in Africa so devoid of organic matter
二十世紀(jì)七八十年代時(shí)，Lal正在非洲研究土壤，那里的土壤有機(jī)物質(zhì)十分匱乏，
that the ground had become extremely hard, like cement.
以至于地面變得極其堅(jiān)硬，就像水泥一樣。
There he met a pioneer in the study of global warming,
他在那兒遇見(jiàn)了一位研究全球變暖的先驅(qū)，
who suggested that carbon from the soil had moved into the atmosphere.
這位研究人員提出，土壤中的碳質(zhì)都揮發(fā)進(jìn)大氣里了。
This is now looking increasingly likely.
現(xiàn)在看來(lái)這一說(shuō)法越來(lái)越可信。
Let me explain. For millions of years, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have been regulated,
我來(lái)解釋一下，數(shù)百萬(wàn)年以來(lái)，大氣中的二氧化碳水平都被控制著，
in part, by a natural partnership between plants and microbes — tiny organisms in the soil.
部分是由植物和土壤中的微小生物——細(xì)菌之間的天然合作關(guān)系控制的。
Plans absorb CO2 from the air and transform it into sugars and other carbon-based substances.
植物從空氣中吸收CO2，并把它轉(zhuǎn)化成糖分和其他碳基物質(zhì)。
While a proportion of these carbon products remain in the plant,
這些碳產(chǎn)品中一部分會(huì)留在植物中，
some transfer from the roots to fungi and soil microbes, which store the carbon in the soil.
另一些會(huì)從植物根部轉(zhuǎn)移到真菌和土壤細(xì)菌中，它們會(huì)將碳保留在土壤里。
The invention of agriculture some 10,000 years ago
大約一萬(wàn)年前，農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)明
disrupted these ancient soil-building processes and led to the loss of carbon from the soil.
打亂了這些古老的土壤構(gòu)成程序，導(dǎo)致了碳質(zhì)從泥土中流失。
When humans started draining the natural topsoil,
當(dāng)人類耗盡自然表層土并開(kāi)始為了耕種而犁田時(shí)，
and ploughing it up for planting, they exposed the buried carbon to oxygen.
他們就把土壤中掩藏的碳質(zhì)暴露在了氧氣中。
This created carbon dioxide and released it into the air.
這一行為制造了二氧化碳并將其釋放進(jìn)了空氣中。
And in some places, grazing by domesticated animals has removed all vegetation, releasing carbon into the air.
在某些地方，家養(yǎng)牲畜將地表所有的植被都啃噬殆盡了，碳質(zhì)也因此進(jìn)入了空氣里。
Tons of carbon have been stripped from the world's soils — where it's needed — and pumped into the atmosphere.
大量的碳都被從地球土壤中剝離了出來(lái)，灌進(jìn)了大氣中，但是土壤才是需要碳質(zhì)的地方。
So what can be done?
那么我們能做些什么呢?
Researchers are now coming up with evidence
研究人員現(xiàn)在正在拿出證據(jù)證明，
that even modest changes to farming can significantly help to reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.
即使是耕種方法中的微小變化，也能在很大程度上幫助減少大氣中的碳含量。
Some growers have already started using an approach known as regenerative agriculture.
一些農(nóng)民已經(jīng)開(kāi)始使用一種叫做再生農(nóng)業(yè)的方法。
This aims to boost the fertility of soil and keep it moist through established practices.
這種方法目的在于通過(guò)既有的慣常做法，增加土壤的肥力，保持土壤濕度。
These include keeping fields planted all year round, and increasing the variety of plants being grown.
包括保證土地上全年都有植物生長(zhǎng)，并且增加種植的植物的多樣性。
Strategies like these can significantly increase the amount of carbon stored in the soil,
像這樣的策略能夠大量增加土壤中保留的碳含量，
so agricultural researchers are now building a case for their use in combating climate change.
所以農(nóng)業(yè)研究人員現(xiàn)在正在建立一個(gè)他們能用來(lái)對(duì)抗氣候變化的案例。
下載劍橋雅思真題英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力2
One American investigation into the potential for storing CO2 on agricultural lands is takingplace in California.
美國(guó)的一個(gè)關(guān)于在農(nóng)業(yè)土地上儲(chǔ)存二氧化碳的可能性的研究正在加利福尼亞州進(jìn)行。
Soil scientist Whendee Silver of the University of California, Berkeley,
來(lái)自伯克利市加州大學(xué)的土壤學(xué)家Whendee Silver，
is conducting a first-of-its-kind study on large cattle farm in the state.
正在對(duì)該州的大型養(yǎng)牛場(chǎng)進(jìn)行首次這類研究。
She and her students are testing the effects on carbon storage of the compost that is createdfrom waste
她和她的學(xué)生正在測(cè)試由廢物制造的堆肥中儲(chǔ)存的碳的作用，這些廢物既來(lái)自農(nóng)業(yè)廢料，
both agricultural, including manure and cornstalks, and waste produced in gardens, such asleaves, branches, and lawn trimmings.
包括糞肥和玉米桿，也來(lái)自花園中產(chǎn)生的廢物，比如落葉、樹(shù)枝和修剪草坪產(chǎn)生的廢料。
In Australia, soil ecologist Christine Jones is testing another promising soil-enrichmentstrategy.
在澳大利亞，土壤生態(tài)學(xué)家Christine Jones正在測(cè)試另一種可能的土壤增肥策略。
Jones and 12 farmers are working to build up soil carbon by cultivating grasses that stay greenall year round.
Jones和12位農(nóng)民正在一起通過(guò)培育全年常綠的草來(lái)增加土壤中的碳質(zhì)。
Like composting, the approach has already been proved experimentally;
和堆肥一樣，這種方法在試驗(yàn)階段也已經(jīng)被證明有效，
Jones now hopes to show that it can be applied on working farms and that the result in carboncapture can be accurately measured.
Jones現(xiàn)在希望證明這種方法能夠應(yīng)用在運(yùn)營(yíng)中的農(nóng)場(chǎng)里，以及獲取的碳的結(jié)果是能夠精確計(jì)算的。
It's hoped in the future that projects such as these
我們希望將來(lái)像這樣的項(xiàng)目，
will demonstrate the role that farmers and other land managers can play in reducing theharmful effects of greenhouse gases.
會(huì)證明農(nóng)民和其他土地管理者在減少溫室氣體的有害影響中能夠發(fā)揮的作用。
For example, in countries like the United States, where most farming operations use largeapplications of fertiliser,
比如，在像美國(guó)這樣的，大部分農(nóng)業(yè)操作過(guò)程中都會(huì)使用大量肥料的國(guó)家，
changing such long-standing habits will require a change of system.
改變這種存在已久的習(xí)慣將需要一種系統(tǒng)的變化。
Rattan Lal argues that farmers should receive payment not just for the corn or beef theyproduce
Rattan Lal認(rèn)為農(nóng)民應(yīng)該不僅從他們生產(chǎn)的玉米和牛肉中獲利，
but also for the carbon they can store in their soil.
還應(yīng)該為他們?cè)谕恋刂心軌騼?chǔ)存的碳質(zhì)獲得報(bào)酬。
Another study being carried out...
另一項(xiàng)研究在...
下載劍橋雅思真題英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力3
You only had women performers in your study.
你在研究時(shí)只選擇了女性作為研究對(duì)象，
Was that because male musicians are less worried about fashion?
這是因?yàn)槟行砸魳?lè)家對(duì)時(shí)尚關(guān)心較少嗎?
I think a lot of the men are very much influenced by fashion,
我覺(jué)得很多男性都深受時(shí)尚的影響，
but in social terms the choices they have are more limited
但是從社會(huì)層面來(lái)看，他們?cè)诜b方面的選擇更加有限，
they'd really upset audiences if they strayed away from quite narrow boundaries.
如果他們偏離了這本就狹窄的范圍，會(huì)煩擾觀眾的。
Hmm. Now, popular music has quite different expectations.
嗯，流行音樂(lè)對(duì)于服裝方面的要求相當(dāng)不同。
Did you read Mike Frost's article about the dress of women performers in popular music?
你讀過(guò)Mike Frost關(guān)于流行女音樂(lè)家的穿著的文章嗎?
No.
沒(méi)有。
He points out that a lot of female singers and musicians in popular music tend to dress down in performances,
他指出很多流行音樂(lè)領(lǐng)域的女歌手和女音樂(lè)家往往在演出時(shí)穿得比較樸素，
and wear less feminine clothes, like jeans instead of skirts,
她們會(huì)穿不那么女性化的服裝，比如相對(duì)于短裙，她們更愿意穿牛仔褲，
and he suggests this is because otherwise they'd just be discounted as trivial.
他提出這是因?yàn)槿绻贿@么穿的話，她們就會(huì)被當(dāng)成無(wú)足輕重的人物被忽視。
But you could argue they're just wearing what's practical...
但是我們也可以認(rèn)為她們只是穿著比較實(shí)用的衣服......
I mean, a pop-music concert is usually a pretty energetic affair.
我的意思是，開(kāi)一場(chǎng)流行音樂(lè)演唱會(huì)通常都需要很多精力。
Yes, he doesn't make that point, but I think you're probably right.
是啊，雖然他沒(méi)有這么說(shuō)，但是我覺(jué)得你可能是對(duì)的。
I was interested by the effect of the audience at a musical performance when it came to the choice of dress.
她們服裝方面的選擇在觀看音樂(lè)表演的觀眾中起到的效果令我很感興趣。
The subjects I interviewed felt this was really important.
我采訪的這些研究對(duì)象都覺(jué)得這一點(diǎn)非常重要。
It's all to do with what we understand by performance as a public event.
這和我們對(duì)演出作為一種公開(kāi)活動(dòng)的理解有關(guān)系。
They believed the audience had certain expectations
她們認(rèn)為觀眾有某種期待，
and it was up to them as performers to fulfil these expectations to show a kind of esteem.
而這些期待需要她們作為表演者來(lái)滿足，以表現(xiàn)出一種對(duì)觀眾的尊重。
They weren't afraid of looking as if they'd made an effort to look good.
她們并不擔(dān)心自己看上去會(huì)像努力打扮過(guò)了一樣。
Mmm. I think in the past the audience would have had those expectations of one another too,
我認(rèn)為在過(guò)去，觀眾之間也互相存在期待，
but that's not really the case now, not in the UK anyway.
不過(guò)現(xiàn)在不是這樣了，反正英國(guó)不是這樣。
No.
是的。
And I also got interested in what sports scientists are doing too, with regard to clothing.
另外，我對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)科學(xué)家在服裝方面的研究也產(chǎn)生了興趣。
Musicians are quite vulnerable physically, aren't they,
音樂(lè)家的身體相當(dāng)脆弱，不是嗎?
because the movements they carry out are very intensive and repetitive,
因?yàn)樗麄冏龀龅膭?dòng)作都很密集，而且時(shí)常重復(fù)，
so I'd imaging some features of sports clothing could safeguard the players from the potentially dangerous effects of this sort of thing.
所以我猜運(yùn)動(dòng)類服裝具有的一些性能能夠保護(hù)演奏者在進(jìn)行這種動(dòng)作的時(shí)候不會(huì)受到潛在危險(xiǎn)的影響。
Yes, but musicians don't really consider it.
是的，但是音樂(lè)家不太考慮這方面的問(wèn)題。
They avoid clothing that obviously restricts their movements, but that's as far as they go.
她們只會(huì)避免穿著明顯限制她們動(dòng)作的服裝，但是也就這樣了。
Anyway, coming back to your own research, do you have any idea where you're going from here?
不管怎樣，我們繼續(xù)回到你自己的研究上來(lái)，你有沒(méi)有想過(guò)這項(xiàng)研究接下來(lái)要怎么進(jìn)行?
I was thinking of doing a study using an audience, including...
我想的是用一名觀眾做一項(xiàng)研究，包括......
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