since的用法總結(jié)和歸納
since的用法總結(jié)和歸納
以下是小編為大家整理的since的用法總結(jié),希望能幫助大家更好地認(rèn)識since這個單詞,提高英語水平。
Since釋義:
prep.從…以來; 自從…之后; 自從
adv.以后,此后; 后來; (距今幾年)以前; (從那時候起幾年)以前
conj.自從…以來; 自從…的時候起; 既然; 因為
下面談?wù)剆ince作連詞引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的用法:
一、若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語動詞是持續(xù)性 動詞或表示狀態(tài) 的動詞的過去時 時,則從句表示的時間是“從那持續(xù)動作或狀態(tài)結(jié)束時算起”。如:
I haven’t heard any noise since I slept.
Sleep 為持續(xù)性動詞,sleep的動作結(jié)束時,即“醒來”時,這句應(yīng)譯為“我醒后還未聽到任何聲音”。
John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher約翰現(xiàn)在和父母一起住在紐約,他不當(dāng)教師已經(jīng)三年了。
本文開始出現(xiàn)的那個句子就可以譯為“自從我離開上海,就再也沒有收到他的信。”這種譯法常被人們誤用,我們不妨再多舉幾個例子看看:
How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?你離開(沒住在)上海多久了?
It is half a month since he was a League member.他退團(tuán)(不當(dāng)團(tuán)員)半個月了。
It’s been quite some time since I was last in London我離開倫敦已很長時間了。
比較:He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自從我病愈以來,他屢次給我寫信。(從句謂語為狀態(tài)動詞)
He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自從我生病以來,他就屢次給我寫信。(從句謂語為終止性動詞)
二、若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語動詞是終止性 的過去時 ,則從句表示的時間是“從動作開始的那一時刻起”。如:
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自從他來到我們學(xué)校,他學(xué)習(xí)就非常努力。
We have been missing them since they left here自從他們離開這里,我們就一直很想念他們。
這是最常見的一種用法,此處不再多述。
三、若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語為持續(xù)性 動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時 ,則表示動作和狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(說話時刻),其表示的時間的起點應(yīng)從動作發(fā)生之時算起。如:
I haven’t heard from him since he has lived there。
這里has lived表示動作的持續(xù)性,時間的起點應(yīng)從:“開始居住”時算起。因此此句可理解為“自從他(開始)住在那兒起,我就一直沒收到他的來信”。
Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自從我們自己有了汽車,我們每年都去野營。
試比較:1. Since I’ve been at this school, we have had three headmasters.自從我到這所學(xué)校,我們已換了三個校長了。
Since I was at this school, they have had three headmasters.自從我離開這所學(xué)校,他們已換了三個校長了。
2.He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自從我生病以來,他從未來看過我。
He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自從我病愈以來,他從未來看過我。
由此可見,since引導(dǎo)的從句持續(xù)動詞的一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的意思恰好相反。換言之,一般過去時持續(xù)動詞以肯定的語法形式反映著否定的邏輯內(nèi)容,而現(xiàn)在完成時的形式與內(nèi)容是一致的。
至于It is +一段時間+since…的句型與It has been +一段時間+since…意思相同。前者是規(guī)范說法,后者是口語說法。
應(yīng)注意的是,在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,since引導(dǎo)的從句絕對不能用否定式的謂語動詞來表示否定意義,下面兩句都錯了:
It’s two months since you didn’t come to see me.
It is a long time since he didn’t study English.
正確的說法為:
It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久沒學(xué)英語了。
You haven’t come to see me for two months. 你有兩個月沒來看我了。
1) since +過去一個時間點 (如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
2) since +從句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
3) since +一段時間+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
4) It is +一段時間+ since從句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
since是一個用法極活躍的詞, 除了用作連詞引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句外,還有其他用法,現(xiàn)就since的其他用法歸納如下:
一、用作介詞 , 意思是“從……以來, 自從”, 常與完成時連用。
I haven’t written home since Christmas.
自圣誕節(jié)以來, 我未曾寫信回家。
二、用作副詞 ,意思是“從那時以后(一直到現(xiàn)在)”, “其后(到現(xiàn)在之間)”; ever since從那以后一直 (更加強(qiáng)調(diào)since的用法)。
Things have not changed very much since.
從那時起, 情況并沒有太大的改變。
His first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since.
他的第一本書非常暢銷, 從那時起他就成了一位名作家。
He got a job with the firm in 1970 and has worked there ever since.
他從1970年開始在那家公司任職, 之后就一直在那里工作。
三、用作連詞
1. 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,相當(dāng)于now that,意思是“因為……,既然……, 鑒于……”。
Since the rain has stopped,let’s go for a walk.
既然雨停了,我們出去散散步吧。
Since we are young,we shouldn’t be too afraid of making mistakes.
因為我們還年輕,所以不應(yīng)該太害怕犯錯誤。
注意:since表示原因時, 語氣比because弱, 表示的原因是對方已知的,或是句中不很重要的部分, 是附帶的原因, 因此引導(dǎo)的從句不是信息的焦點, 不能回答why的提問, 也不能用在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中作為被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容。since引導(dǎo)的從句往往放在主句之前。
2. 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,此用法較復(fù)雜。
(1) 若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語動詞是終止性動詞(如go,come,leave, start, begin等)的過去時, 則從句表示的時間是“從該動作開始的那一時刻起”。這是最常見的一種用法。如:
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自從來到我們學(xué)校,他學(xué)習(xí)就非常努力。
Great changes have taken place in our school since you left.
自從你離開這里,我們學(xué)校發(fā)生了很大的變化。
(2) 若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語動詞是持續(xù)性動詞或表示狀態(tài)的靜態(tài)動詞(如live, stay, study, learn, smoke, be等)的過去時,則從句表示的時間是“從該動作或狀態(tài)的完成或結(jié)束時算起”。如:
I haven’t heard from him since he lived here.
這句話應(yīng)譯為:從他不住這兒起,我一直沒有收到他的信。
I haven’t eaten snakes since I was a student at school.
was表示狀態(tài),因此該句可理解為:I haven’t eaten snakes since I left school.
自從我畢業(yè)后就一直沒吃過蛇。
試比較:
He has written to me frequently since I was ill.
自從我病愈以來,他經(jīng)常給我寫信。(從句謂語為狀態(tài)動詞)
He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.
自從我生病以來,他經(jīng)常給我寫信。(從句謂語為終止性動詞)
(3) 若since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的謂語為持續(xù)性動詞或靜態(tài)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時,則表示動作和狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(說話時刻),其表示的時間的起點應(yīng)從動作發(fā)生之時算起。如:
He has written to me frequently since I have been ill.
這里have been ill表示狀態(tài)的持續(xù)性,時間的起點應(yīng)從:“開始生病”時算起。因此此句可理解為:“自從我生病以來,他經(jīng)常給我寫信。”
試比較:
I’ve written her 20 letters since I have been here.
自從我來到這,我已經(jīng)給她寫了20封信。(從開始算起)
I’ve written her 20 letters since I was here.
自從我離開這兒,我已經(jīng)給她寫了20封信。(從結(jié)束算起)
(4) It is + 段時間 + since... / It has been + 段時間 + since...表示“從……起已有多長時間了”。兩句型意思相同,前者是規(guī)范說法,后者是口語說法。
用法:since從句中常用一般過去時,若從句中是持續(xù)性動詞的一般過去時, 則表示該動作結(jié)束有多長時間了。如:
It is three years since he smoked.
他不吸煙已有3年了。
試比較:
It is three years since he began to smoke.
It is three years since he has smoked. 兩句均意為:他吸煙已有3年了。
注意:在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中, since引導(dǎo)的從句絕對不能用否定式的謂語動詞來表示否定意義, 試比較:
他好久沒學(xué)漢語了。
誤:It is a long time since be didn’t study Chinese.
正:It’s a long time since he studied Chinese.
(studied為持續(xù)性動詞,應(yīng)從其動作結(jié)束時算起)
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