在英語中什么是同位語結(jié)構(gòu)是怎樣的
在英語中什么是同位語結(jié)構(gòu)是怎樣的
英語同位語有多種表現(xiàn)形式,體現(xiàn)出多種語義關(guān)系和多種語用功能。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理的在英語中什么是同位語,歡迎閱讀。
在英語中什么是同位語
一個名詞(或其它形式)對另一個名詞或代詞進(jìn)行解釋或補充說明,這個名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語。同位語與被它限定的詞的格式要一致,并常常緊挨在一起。
1.由兩個或兩個以上同一層次的語言單位組成的結(jié)構(gòu),其中前項與后項所指相同,句法功能也相同,后項是前項的同位語。
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
我們的新老師史密斯先生對我們很好。
Mr. Smith是主詞our new teacher的同位語,指同一人。
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.
昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友湯姆。
a friend of my brother's是受詞Tom的同位語,指同一人。
2.如同位語與其同位成分關(guān)系緊密時不用逗點隔開;如同位語對其同位成分只作補充解釋時可用逗點隔開。
He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.
他本人對我講,他的兄長約翰是一位世界聞名的醫(yī)生。
brother和John都是單一的字作同位語,與其同位成分之間不用逗點隔開。 Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James.
昨天我與我的英語老師詹姆斯先生談過了。
同位語Mr. James補充解釋my English teacher,同位語與其同位成分之間可用逗點隔開。
3.同位語除表示其同位成分的全部意義外,還可以表示部分意義。
We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.
我們中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。
He is interested in sports, especially ball games.
他喜歡運動,特別是球類運動。
同位從句一般跟在某些名詞如answer(答案),hope(希望),fact(事實),belief (信仰),news(消息),idea(主意;觀念),promise(承諾),information(信息),conclusion(結(jié)論),order(命令), suggestion(建議),problem(問題),thought (想法)等后面。例如: He always works hard even if he knows the fact that he is not in good health. His failure was due to the fact that he had not practised for a long time. I had no idea that you were here. She told us her hope that she would become a pianist. He made a promise that he would never come late. 注意: that 既可引導(dǎo)同位語從句又可引導(dǎo)定語從句,其區(qū)別在于:同位語從句由連接詞that引導(dǎo),連接詞that本身無意義,在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分,不可省略,不可以用其他詞替代;定語從句由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo),關(guān)系代詞that在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分,作賓語時可省略,由when, why, where引導(dǎo)的 同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別在于: 同位語從句由連接副詞只起連接作用,沒有指代作用; 定語從句由關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo),關(guān)系副詞具有指代先行詞的作用,常用一個介詞加關(guān)系代詞替換。例如:I will never forget the day when we first met. (同位語從句, when為連接詞) That is the special day (which/that) I will never forget. (定語從句,which/that為關(guān)系副詞) This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago. (同位語從句, where為連接詞) This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago. (定語從句,where為關(guān)系副詞) 注:each有同位語,every沒有例:they each went there yesterday
同位語結(jié)構(gòu)
一、什么叫同位語
同位語的定義:由兩個或兩個以上同一層次的語言單位組成的結(jié)構(gòu),其中前項與后項所指相同,句法功能也相同,后項是前項的同位語。如:
Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for an interview. 勞拉·邁爾,BBC的記者,要求采訪。
Influenza, a common disease, has no cure. 流行性感冒是一種常見病,無特效藥。 Mary, one of the most intelligent girls I know, is planning to attend the university. 瑪麗是我所認(rèn)識的最聰敏的姑娘之一,她正準(zhǔn)備上大學(xué)。
以上所舉的同位語例子都是同位語的基本形式,一般不會出錯。但有有幾種同位語,或由于身本結(jié)構(gòu)特殊,或由于它修飾的成分結(jié)構(gòu)比較特殊,往往會引起誤解?,F(xiàn)小結(jié)并舉例說明如下,希望引起同學(xué)們的注意。
二、特殊同位語歸納
1. 代詞we, us, you等后接同位語
Are you two reading? 你們二人在看書嗎?
They three joined the school team. 他們3人參加了校隊
She has great concern for us students. 她對我們學(xué)生很關(guān)心。
He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你們男孩子安靜些。
We girls often go to the movies together. 我們女孩子經(jīng)常一起去看電影。
2. 不定式用作同位語
Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下達(dá)了發(fā)起總攻的命令。(to start the general attack與the order同位)
He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一條街走,我在那里接他上了車。(to walk along…與the instruction同位)
3. -ing分詞用作同位語
He’s getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一個開卡車的差事。(driving a track與a job同位)
She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一個熨衣服的職位。(ironing shirts與a place同位)
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一個計劃是夜襲,被拒絕了。(attacking at night與the first plan同位)
4. 形容詞用作同位語
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的交易會,是有史以來規(guī)模最大的,正在廣州舉行。
He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他讀了很多書,古今中外都有。
People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都來到街頭觀看游行。
【注】這類同位語與定語比較接近,可轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句。如:
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
5. none of us之類的結(jié)構(gòu)用作同位語
We none of us said anything. 我們誰也沒說話。
We have none of us large appetites. 我們誰飯量都不大。
They neither of them wanted to go. 他們兩人都不想去。
They’ve neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence. 他們兩人誰也沒能贏得她的信任。
【注】注意,同位語并不影響其后句子謂語的“數(shù)”,如:
學(xué)生每人都有一本詞典。
正:The students each have a dictionary.
誤:The students each has a dictionary.
請比較下面一句(謂語用了單數(shù),因為each為句子主語):
正:Each of the students has a dictionary.
6. 從句用作同位語(即同位語從句)
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。
I received a message that she would be late. 我得到的信息說她可能晚到。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不實。 The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不動腦筋做此工作的想法是錯誤的。
同位語從句
先行詞
1.定語從句的先行詞是名詞或代詞;而同位語從句的先行詞只能是名詞,而且僅限于idea,plan, fact,theory,promise,hope,news,doubt,truth,information,suggestion,question, thought,belief,conclusion等少數(shù)名詞。
例如:
①The boy who is playing football is my classmate.
??②Those who work hard will succeed.
??③The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
??④The fact that you are talking about is important.
??在①句中,劃線部分是定語從句,其先行詞是名詞 boy,它不能用作同位語從句的先行詞。
??在②句中,劃線部分也是定語從句,其先行詞是代詞those,代詞不能用作同位語從句的先行詞。
??在③句中,劃線部分是同位語從句,其先行詞是名詞fact,它同樣可以用作定語從句的先行詞,④句便是一例。
??由以上分析可見,同位語從句的先行詞一定可以用作定語從句的先行詞,但定語從句的先行詞不一定能用作同位語從句的先行詞。
??2.when,where,why引導(dǎo)的定語從句的先行詞一定分別是表示時間、地點和原因的名詞,而三者引導(dǎo)的同位語從句的先行詞則肯定不是表示時間、地點和原因的名詞。 例如:
?、買 still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
??②I have no idea when she will be back.
??在①句中,劃線部分是when引導(dǎo)的定語從句,其先行詞day是表示時間的名詞; 在②句中,劃線部分是when引導(dǎo)的同位語從句,其先行詞idea則不是表示時間的名詞。
引導(dǎo)詞
?定語從句和同位語從句共同的引導(dǎo)詞有四個:that,when,where,why。下面把四個引導(dǎo)詞分成兩類說明它們在兩種從句中的不同用法。
1.引導(dǎo)詞that
??引導(dǎo)定語從句的that叫做關(guān)系代詞,它除了起連接作用,還在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定成分,并且在意義上代表先行詞;引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that叫做從屬連詞,它只起連接作用。 例如:
?、賂he news that you told me yesterday was really exciting.
??②We heard the news that our team had won.
??在①句中,劃線部分是定語從句,that在從句中作賓語,在意義上指代先行詞news。在②句中,劃線部分是同位語從句,that沒有任何意義,只起連接作用。
2.引導(dǎo)詞when,where,why
??引導(dǎo)定語從句時,它們叫做關(guān)系副詞,在從句中充當(dāng)狀語,可以轉(zhuǎn)換成"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"的形式;引導(dǎo)同位語從句時,它們叫做連接副詞,在從句中充當(dāng)狀語,但不能轉(zhuǎn)換成"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"的形式。
例如:
?、買 will never forget the day when I joined the army.
??②We have no idea when she was born.
??在①句中,劃線部分是定語從句,when在從句中作狀語,它可以轉(zhuǎn)換成on which的形式;
在②句中,劃線部分是同位語從句, when在從句中充當(dāng)狀語,但不能轉(zhuǎn)換成"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"的形式。
??③This is the house where I lived two years ago.
??④He put forward to the question where the meeting would be held.
??在③句中,劃線部分是定語從句,where在從句中作狀語,它可以轉(zhuǎn)換成in which的形式;
在④句中,劃線部分是同位語從句, where在從句中充當(dāng)狀語,但不能轉(zhuǎn)換成"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"的形式。
??⑤This is the reason why she will not attend the meeting.
??⑥The teacher had no idea why Jack was absent.
??在⑤句中,劃線部分是定語從句,why在從句中作狀語,它可以轉(zhuǎn)換成for which的形式;在⑥句 中,劃線部分是同位語從句,why在從句中充當(dāng)狀語,但不能轉(zhuǎn)換成"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"的形式。
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4.翻譯英語句子方法