什么是英語的完成時(shí)簡(jiǎn)介怎么用
什么是英語的完成時(shí)簡(jiǎn)介怎么用
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)歷來是語法中的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。漢語中的時(shí)態(tài)體系和英語中的完全不同,英語謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)體態(tài)方面的變化形式較多。什么是英語的完成時(shí)呢?下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理的什么是英語的完成時(shí),歡迎閱讀。
什么是英語的完成時(shí)
英語的完成時(shí)有兩種情況:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)
英語的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1.基本概念
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常是指過去某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,或過去某一動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至可能仍要繼續(xù)下去 。其主要特征為:①?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作是過去發(fā)生的;②強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果。
2. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)
?、倏隙ň洌褐髡Z+have/has+動(dòng)詞過去分詞+賓語(其中have/has為助動(dòng)詞,have的主語為I, you, they, we, has的主語為he,she,it,等單數(shù)名詞或代詞)
②否定句:主語+have/has not+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+賓語(縮寫形式分別為haven’t和hasn’t) ③一般疑問句:Have/Has+主語+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+賓語
?、芴厥庖蓡柧洌禾厥庖蓡栐~或詞組+一般疑問句(have/has+主語+過去分詞+其他)
3. 基本用法
①表示過去發(fā)生或已完成的某個(gè)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這個(gè)影響或結(jié)果,常同already, just, yet等狀語連用
I have just turned off the light. 我剛剛把燈關(guān)上。(結(jié)果是燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了)
She has lost her bike. 她把自行車丟了。(影響是他現(xiàn)在沒有自行車騎了)
The rain has stopped now. 雨已經(jīng)停了。(結(jié)果是我們可以出門了)
I have already read the book. 我已讀過這本書了。(結(jié)果是已知道這本書的內(nèi)容)
She has had a good education. 她受到過良好的教育。(影響是她文化水平高,有修養(yǎng)) ② 表示開始于過去、持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),并可能繼續(xù)下去,常同包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語連用,如:today, now, this week, this morning, these days, this afternoon, recently, so far等;也同“for+時(shí)間段”或 “since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”的狀語連用
We have had much snow this winter. 今年冬天多雪。
She has taught in the school for ten years. 她在這所學(xué)校教書已經(jīng)10年了。
I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. 我從早飯起就一直沒有吃東西。
We have been busy this morning. 今天上午我們一直很忙。
I have known her since we were children. 我從小就認(rèn)識(shí)她。
I haven't seen John today. 我今天沒有見到約翰。
It has rained a lot these days. 這些天多雨。
?、?表示從過去某一時(shí)間到說話時(shí)這段時(shí)間中反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或多次動(dòng)作的總和,常同頻度副詞always, often, seldom, never等連用
He has done a lot of work in the past two years. 在過去兩年中他做了許多工作。
I have learned about two hundred English words this morning. 本月我學(xué)了大約200個(gè)英語單詞。
I have been to the Great Wall twice. 我曾經(jīng)去過長(zhǎng)城兩次
It has rained every day this week. 這個(gè)星期天天下雨。
She has always walked to school. 她一直步行去學(xué)校。
I have never seen such a beautiful bird. 我從沒見過這么美麗的鳥。
I have often met the old man on my way to work. 我在上班的路上常常遇見那位老人。
4. be的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)
?、?可表示一種狀態(tài),表示從過去已經(jīng)開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,要與表示一段的時(shí)間狀語連用。 There has been a factory near No. 14 Middle School for several years.
十四中學(xué)附近有家工廠,已經(jīng)有幾年了.
?、?可表示某人剛剛?cè)ネ车兀裎礆w。
Where has your mother gone, little John? 約翰,你媽媽到哪里去了?
③ 后加地點(diǎn), 表示某人曾經(jīng)到過某地.
Have you ever been to West Hill Farm?
你曾經(jīng)到過西山農(nóng)場(chǎng)嗎?
5. 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的使用規(guī)則
?、?延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞如be,have,know,live, work,study,learn,teach,speak,talk,draw, wait,wear,walk,sleep等等,在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)中,這些動(dòng)詞并無嚴(yán)格限制,基本可以任意使用, 如:Uncle Wang has worked in this factory for ten years.王伯伯在這家工廠工作十年了。
非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞如come,go,arrive, reach,see,hear,close,leave,begin,start,lose,buy,fall,join,die等,這些動(dòng)詞可用于完成時(shí)態(tài),說明某個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果還存在,但不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,如The play has begun.戲開演了。(戲正在演著) (此句表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確)The play has begun for half an hour.戲開演半小時(shí)了。(此句表達(dá)不夠準(zhǔn)確)。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成句中,動(dòng)詞要在一定程度上進(jìn)行必要的變化。
② 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示狀態(tài)有三種方法:
A. 用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來替換非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。句中的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),時(shí)間狀語為“for +時(shí)間段”或“since +時(shí)間點(diǎn)(過去某一時(shí)刻或非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)從句)”
They have been here for five years.他們來這里已經(jīng)五年了。(這里come這一非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞改成了be。)
(常見非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換如下:come→be,come to→be in /at, go out→be out,leave→be away,begin / start→be on,buy→have,borrow→keep, join→be a member of /be a...member, die→be dead,put on→wear,catch a cold→ have a cold,get to know→know,become a teacher→be a teacher,fall asleep→be asleep,go to sleep→sleep等。)
B. 用“非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)+一段時(shí)間+ago”這一句型(即用一般過去時(shí))。例 They came here five years ago.他們是五年前來這里的。
C. 用“It is(has been)+時(shí)間段+since從句(從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的過去式)”這一句型。
It is five years since they came here.自從他們來到這里已經(jīng)有五年了。
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別
?、?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果,而一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系,只是說明某個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過去。
I have washed the car. 我洗過了車。(看上去很漂亮)
I washed the car a moment ago. 我剛才洗過車了。
She has watered the flowers. 她已經(jīng)澆了花。(不需要再澆了)
She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天澆的花。
?、?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能延續(xù)下去,而一般過去時(shí)則單純表示過去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)的經(jīng)歷。
He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已經(jīng)兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了兩個(gè)小時(shí),然后就回家了。 I have reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我已經(jīng)復(fù)習(xí)了兩課。(說話時(shí)還在上午) I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我復(fù)習(xí)了兩課。(說話時(shí)已是下午或晚上) ③ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有很大不同。一般過去時(shí)總是與具體的表示過去某一時(shí)間的副詞連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞則相應(yīng)復(fù)雜的多(可參見上文)。
7. 規(guī)則動(dòng)詞與不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞形式
?、?規(guī)則動(dòng)詞:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點(diǎn)變化規(guī)則:
A、一般動(dòng)詞,在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
B、以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,只在詞尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,
C、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,將 "y" 變?yōu)?"i" ,再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried
D、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母,先雙寫該輔音字母,再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
過去完成時(shí)
一、過去完成時(shí)的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
概念:過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作,即“過去的過去( past-in-the-past )”。
那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
構(gòu)成:過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞 had + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成,其中 had 通用于各種人稱。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 :00 this morning.
二、過去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù)
1. 由時(shí)間狀語來判定
一般說來,各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有: ( 1 ) by + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。
如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. ( 2 ) by the end of + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。
如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 ) before + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。
如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由“過去的過去”來判定。
過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:
( 1 )賓語從句中 當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí),且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。如: She said that she had seen the film before.
( 2 )狀語從句中 在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的,要用過去完成時(shí),動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。如:
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意: before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如:
Where did you study before you came here?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
( 3 )表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本„,未能„"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
三、過去完成時(shí)的主要用法
1. 過去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束,即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。如:
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒來時(shí),雨已經(jīng)停了。(主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”)
2. 過去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài),表示的是“過去的過去”,只有和過去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才使用它。如:
He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 )
3. 過去完成時(shí)需要與一個(gè)表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用,它不能離開過去時(shí)間而獨(dú)立存在。此時(shí)多與 already , yet , still , just , before , never 等時(shí)間副詞及 by , before , until 等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。
如:
Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
4. 過去完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開始,一直延續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間,而且動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束,仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。
如: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. ( had worked 已有了 20 年,還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能)
四、過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響,與現(xiàn)在有關(guān),其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”;過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài),它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去,更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”,只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí),才用到它。試比較:
I have learned 1000 English words so far.
到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語單詞。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.
到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語單詞。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對(duì)不起,讓你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
沒什么,我只等了幾分鐘。(“等”的動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)
— John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。
— Where had he been?
他去哪兒了?(答語中使用過去完成時(shí)是指約翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方,即“過去的過去”)
五、過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別
雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1. 時(shí)間狀語不同:過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”;而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。試比較:
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在沒有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語作標(biāo)志時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷:先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí),后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時(shí)。如:
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用 and 或 but 連接時(shí),按時(shí)間順序,只需用一般過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí);另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后,因此也可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)。如:
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
I (had) called her before I left the office.
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