常考初三的英語語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
初三的英語學(xué)習(xí)是單詞和語法的綜合,你必須要把單詞和語法一起拿下,考試的時(shí)候才能獲得一個(gè)好分?jǐn)?shù)。下面小編為大家?guī)沓?汲跞挠⒄Z語法知識(shí)點(diǎn),希望大家喜歡!
初三英語語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞
主動(dòng)語態(tài)比被動(dòng)語態(tài)直接而有力,多用主動(dòng)語態(tài),可以使文章充滿朝氣,呈現(xiàn)活力。在下列兩組句子中, (b)比(a)有力:
(1) a.My first visit to New Zealand will always be remembered by me.
b. I will always remember my first visit to New Zealand.
(2) a.The crowing of cocks could be heard at dawn.
b. The cocks' crow came with dawn.
雖然如此,在某些情況下,非用被動(dòng)語態(tài)不可。前此已提過這事,這里不再重述。這里只有指出其中一點(diǎn),就是有些動(dòng)詞,如 "base, schedule, expect, suppose" 等,通常以被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式出現(xiàn)。
例如:
(1)This survey was based on facts.
(2)The last train is scheduled to leave at 9pm.
(3)You are expected to come on time.
(4)All are supposed to work hard.
除了上述這些動(dòng)詞之外,還有十種,幾乎都以被動(dòng)式出現(xiàn)。
(一)有關(guān)“疾病”的動(dòng)詞,如:
(1)Helen's left lung is infected.
(2)He is confined to the house by illness.
(3)The old man was seized with sudden chest pains.
(二)有關(guān)“疲乏”的動(dòng)詞,如:
(4) I am completely exhausted after the game.
(5)Tom was done up after the race.
(三)有關(guān)“喜樂”的動(dòng)詞,如:
(6)The children were fascinated by the toys.
(7)We were delighted to hear the good news.
(8) I am very pleased to see you here.
(四)有關(guān)“延遲”或“障礙”的動(dòng)詞,如:
(9)The workers were held up by the heavy rain.
(10)The road was blocked by ice.
(11)The train was delayed by 30 minutes.
(五)有關(guān)“慣性動(dòng)作”的動(dòng)詞,如:
(12)Tom is addicted to smoking.
(13)Foreign workers are quite used to hard work.
(六)有關(guān)“煩惱”或“焦急”的動(dòng)詞,如:
(14)Who was upset by John?
(15)Mother was annoyed to know this.
(七)有關(guān)“驚奇”或“震驚”的動(dòng)詞,如:
(16) I was surprised to see him here.
(17)All were shocked to hear the bad news.
(八)有關(guān)“包圍”的動(dòng)詞,如:
(18)The troops were surrounded.
(19)Troy was besieged.
(九)有關(guān)“沾污”或“污化”的動(dòng)詞,如:
(20)Judy's reputation is tarnished.
(21)The water was contaminated with oil.
(十)有關(guān)“害怕”或“混亂”的動(dòng)詞,如:
(22)All were frightened out of their wits.
(23)He was puzzled about what to do next.
要注意的一點(diǎn)是,上面這十類動(dòng)詞有些已漸漸失去了動(dòng)詞力量,轉(zhuǎn)化為慣用語。
初三英語??嫉恼Z法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
所謂垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)(The Dangling Construction)就是一個(gè)句子成分,如分詞短語,不定式動(dòng)詞短語等,找不到被修飾的主語或被修飾的對(duì)象不合邏輯。垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)是種錯(cuò)誤的句法,應(yīng)該避免。
下面是三種常見的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)及其改正方法:
⒈垂懸分詞或分詞短語,如:
① Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.
這句子里的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(present participial phrase)修飾主語“several boars”是錯(cuò)的;改正方法有二:
(a)確定是邏輯主語,使句子變成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”
(b)把現(xiàn)在分詞短語擴(kuò)大為副詞分句(也稱狀語從句):“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”
⒉垂懸副詞短語,如:
② After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
這句的副詞短語(adverb phrase)和主語“the fish”有什么邏輯關(guān)系呢?真正的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才對(duì)。改正方法和例①同:
(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.
(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
⒊垂懸不定式動(dòng)詞短語,如:
③ To write well, a lot of practice is needed.
④ To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.
這兩個(gè)句子的不定式動(dòng)詞短語(infinitive phrases)并不能修飾“practice”和“a sense of belonging”,真正的主語必須是“ 人”,如:
(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.
(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.
上述三類垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一類發(fā)生的頻率最高,必須注意。但是在下列三種情況下,分詞短語是對(duì)的,它們并非垂懸結(jié)構(gòu):
第一,獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(The Absolute Construction,見3月7日《中英合談》)中的分詞短語有自己的主語,所以不是垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
① Such being the case, we can go home now./……it is not wrong to call it a day.
第二,當(dāng)分詞含有介詞或連詞性質(zhì)時(shí),它不需要邏輯主語,所以沒有垂懸問題存在。例如:
② Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued.
③ Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.
第三,當(dāng)分詞短語是用來表示說話者的態(tài)度或意見時(shí),也不需要邏輯主語,因此也不存在著垂懸問題。例如:
④ Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible.
⑤ Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea.
初三英語語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)歸納
下面這則廣告中的形容詞“irresistable”里的后綴( suffix)不對(duì),應(yīng)該把“-able”改為“-ible”:
“We offer: competitive monthly salary, weekly incentives, attractive transport allowance, incentive trips and irresistable performance bonus.”
到底是“-able”,還是“-ible”?這兩者有何不同?
現(xiàn)在先從形容詞的其他后綴談起。
形容詞后綴分兩大類。一類是加到名詞上的;另一類是加到動(dòng)詞上的。
㈠加到名詞上的主要有:① -y,如:bloody, dirty, healthy, juicy, muddy; ② -ly,如:costly, friendly, lovely, orderly, timely;③ -ful,如:careful, faithful, helpful, peaceful, useful;④ -less,如:careless, harmless, noiseless, senseless, useless;⑤ -ous/-ious,如:dangerous; courageous, envious, mysterious;⑥ -al/-tal/-ial/-tial,如:accidental, horizontal, colonial, influential;⑦ -ic/-etic/-atic,如:artistic, sympathetic, systematic;⑧ -ish,如:childish, foolish, selfish;⑨ -like,如: life-like, business-like, war-like;⑩ -ed/-en,如:skilled, horned, golden, wooden.
㈡加到動(dòng)詞上的有:① -ent/-ant,如:dependent, different, observant, pleasant;② -able/-ible,如: agreeable, comfortable, defensible, sensible;③ -ive/-tive/-ative/-itive,如:active, attentive, imaginative, sensitive;④ -ed/-en,如:advanced, noted, stolen, swollen;⑤ -ing,如:annoying, disgusting, entertaining.
-able/ible 出現(xiàn)在第二類后綴中,“-able”后綴的形容詞屬英語體系的字:“-ible”后綴的形容詞則來自拉丁體系。前者數(shù)量大,后者數(shù)量少,主要的是下面這些,可以特別留意:
accessible, apprehensible, audible, compatible, contemptible, convertible, corrigible, destructible, digestible, divisible, defensible, edible, eligible, exhaustible, fallible, feasible, flexible, forcible, horrible, illegible, intelligible, negligible, perceptible, possible, responsible, resistible, sensible, suspectible, tangible, terrible, visible.
現(xiàn)在順便把名詞、動(dòng)詞和副詞主要后綴提出,作為參考:
⑴名詞后綴
-ment, -t, -ture, -ion/-ition, -al, -ance, -ent, -er, -ant 等。這些名詞后綴都要加到適當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞上,如:arrangement, restraint, fixture, celebration, extension, competition, renewal, assistance, resident, exporter, attendant.
-ness, -y/-ty/-ity, -th, -ce/-cy 等,可以加到適當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~上如:darkness, kindness, honesty, loyalty, simplicity, truth, warmth, importance, absence, ungency, efficiency.
⑵動(dòng)詞后綴:
加到名詞上的有 -en, -ise/-ize, -fy, -ate,如:frighten, apologise, beautify, motivate.
加到形容詞上的有 -ise/-ize, -en,如:modernise, realise, brighten, weaken.
⑶副詞后綴:
-ly,可以加到形容詞和某些名詞上,如:beautifully, clearly, leisurely, weekly.
每個(gè)后綴都有一定的意思,但不能脫離詞根獨(dú)立生存,這點(diǎn)要特別注意,以免犯錯(cuò)。
常考初三的英語語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)相關(guān)文章:
★ 九年級(jí)英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納總結(jié)
★ 初中九年級(jí)英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
★ 九年級(jí)上冊(cè)英語語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)