2020年中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解如何復(fù)習(xí)
許多考生在做閱讀理解時(shí)，很容易斷章取義，對(duì)整體文章的目的，意圖，觀點(diǎn)及立場(chǎng)把握得不是很準(zhǔn)確，小編整理了2020年中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解如何復(fù)習(xí)，希望能幫助到您。
2020年中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解如何復(fù)習(xí)
閱讀能力的提高非一朝之功，需要一個(gè)過(guò)程，應(yīng)該持之以恒，進(jìn)行有計(jì)劃、有目的的閱讀實(shí)踐，提高閱讀能力。閱讀理解題型通?？梢苑譃樗姆N：細(xì)節(jié)理解、詞義(組)猜測(cè)、推理判斷、主旨(段落)大意及標(biāo)題歸納，下面讓我們一起來(lái)看看這幾類題型。
一.細(xì)節(jié)理解題
常見(jiàn)設(shè)題方式：
How many/How much/
What/Who/When/Where/How…?
What does the writer think of…?
Which of the following statements is true/false?
Which of the following is/isn’t mentioned?
Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?
題型特點(diǎn)：
細(xì)節(jié)題占閱讀理解的比例很大，閱讀時(shí)要特別注意以下幾點(diǎn)
1.閱讀時(shí)，必須以原文提供的事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)和邏輯關(guān)系為依據(jù)，切忌把自己的觀點(diǎn)和看法與原文或作者的觀點(diǎn)、看法混為一談。
2.文章中的數(shù)字、日期、時(shí)間都是設(shè)題的重點(diǎn)，此類題目很少是文章中表層出現(xiàn)的數(shù)字或日期，通常需要做簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算。
解題方法：
1.跳讀查找法
這個(gè)方法的要點(diǎn)在于先看題干，帶著問(wèn)題讀文章。以what, who, where, when, why, how提問(wèn)的問(wèn)題，可以從文章中直接找到答案。做這類題時(shí)可以邊讀邊做記號(hào)，能加強(qiáng)閱讀的針對(duì)性，提高做題的準(zhǔn)確率，節(jié)省寶貴的時(shí)間，另外，運(yùn)用跳讀查找法解題時(shí)，要特別注意試題以及選項(xiàng)與原文之間的適當(dāng)變換。中考中很少有直接用原文中的句子進(jìn)行考查和測(cè)試的，通常要進(jìn)行一定的處理，而這種“處理”主要就是進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)換，其中包括同義變換、概念解析、歸納事實(shí)等。
例：Iceland lies in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is the second largest island in Europe. The country has a total area of 103,000 square kilometers and a coastline of about 6,600 km. The island is 300 km wide from north to south, and 500 km across from west to east.
1.In Iceland, the distance from north to south is _________that from west to east.
A much longer than B shorter than
C. the same as D. a little longer than
2.排除法
排序題也屬于細(xì)節(jié)理解題的一種題型，它通常出現(xiàn)在說(shuō)明文中。這類文章有明顯的信息詞，如first, to begin with, after that, afterwards, later, next, second, third, then, finally等。按照信息詞的提示閱讀，可以加快理解的進(jìn)程。在做細(xì)節(jié)排序題時(shí)，首先要確定首或尾的答案，通常四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中會(huì)有兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的順序類似，正確答案往往在這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇，找到兩者的不同之處，回到原文，進(jìn)行核對(duì)，一旦確定，后面的排序就不用再比較了。
例題：
Chinese team first lands>A 12-man Chinese team landed>The team built a station there to study the changes of the weather, get ice samples (標(biāo)本) from 150 meters to200 meters below, and do other studies. So far, the team has got nearly 100-meter long ice samples from a placeabout 300 meters under the icecap peak.
It is the first time that people have been able to get samples from the icecap peak in Antarctica and it is veryimportant for people to study the weather changes and environmental changes in this area(地區(qū)).
The Chinese scientists have also built a weather study system (系統(tǒng)) at the peak. The system can send outinformation about temperature, how strong the wind is, and many other things about the weather.
Q:Put the following in the right order(順序)according to the passage.
a. They built a station to study the changes of weather
b.A Chinese team landedon Antarctic icecap peak
c. The Chinese scientists built a weather study system
d. They gotice samples from the icecap peak.
A. b→a→d→c
B. b→a→c→d
C.c→b→a→d
D. b→c→d→a
3.簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算法
數(shù)字計(jì)算題也是細(xì)節(jié)理解題的一種，要求對(duì)文章中提到的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的加減乘除運(yùn)算，以便得出符合題目要求的數(shù)據(jù)。解答這類題目時(shí)，首先要弄清題干的要求是什么，然后找到與它相關(guān)的數(shù)字，再對(duì)它們進(jìn)行分析、整合，最后計(jì)算出正確答案。
例：The destruction of the world’s rain forests has drawn more and more people’s attention. Unluckily, rain forests are disappearing(消失) at a rate of 80 acres per minute! As part of a class project, Myers’ students bought three acres of rain forest in Central America. They paid $25 per acre. The students hope that the land they bought will be protected and not destroyed. The students became so interested in rain forests that they decided to get a closer look at a real rain forest.
53. How much did Myers’ students pay for the rain forest they bought?
A. $25 B. $75 C. $80 D. $2000
二.推理判斷題
題型特點(diǎn)：
這種題型要求考生盡量考慮文章中全部信息和事實(shí)，在通篇理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，嚴(yán)格按照作者提供的信息推斷出作者的言外之意。
常見(jiàn)設(shè)題方式：
From the text, it can be inferred that ________.
The passage suggests that_________.
From the passage, we learn that: ________.
What can we learn from the passage?
The writer probably agrees that________.
解題思路：
推理和判斷兩者密不可分。推理是為了判斷，判斷依賴于推理。推理判斷題要求根據(jù)原文，經(jīng)過(guò)推理，進(jìn)行判斷，從而得出結(jié)論，所以推理判斷題的答案不能在文中直接找出。但是，推理時(shí)務(wù)必要忠實(shí)于原文，在文章中尋找可推論的依據(jù)，切忌妄加評(píng)論，把自己的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)成作者的觀點(diǎn)。
1.正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
(1)正確答案一般含義比較豐富，具有一定的綜合性和概括性;
(2)正確答案的表述一般不會(huì)太絕對(duì)，而會(huì)用一些相對(duì)能夠留下一些余地的詞匯，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等;
(3)正確答案有的時(shí)候反而是與通過(guò)常識(shí)判斷得出的結(jié)論相反，要特別注意。
2.干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
(1)只是原文的簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)述，而非推斷出的結(jié)論【事實(shí)重現(xiàn)(不是推理出來(lái)的)】
(2)看似從原文推斷出來(lái)的結(jié)論，然而實(shí)際上與原文不符;【偷梁換柱】
(3)雖然以文章提供的事實(shí)或內(nèi)在邏輯為推理依據(jù)，但推理過(guò)頭、概括過(guò)度【以偏概全】
(4)有部分選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容純屬編造?！緹o(wú)中生有】
例題：When I saw him the next day, he was smiling and cheerful as ever. When I bent down to put some change in his cup, I also dropped the watch in. I didn’t say anything about it. I just smiled at him and kept>28. From the passage we can learn that _______.
A. the old man knew the writer had brought him a new watch
B. the old man didn’t see it when the writer put the watch in the cup
C. the writer dropped nothing but a watch in the cup
D. the watch must have cost the writer a lot of money
三.詞義(組)猜測(cè)
題型特點(diǎn)：
考生應(yīng)該緊扣原文，根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行合理判斷，既不要望文生義，也不要斷章取義，更不能只選擇自己認(rèn)識(shí)或熟悉的意思。
干擾項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，一般多是學(xué)生比較熟悉、想當(dāng)然的詞典意義，或者適應(yīng)學(xué)生習(xí)慣的漢語(yǔ)思維方式;而正確的含義往往不只是詞典上的，而是要通過(guò)上下文內(nèi)容的提示才能確定的。
常見(jiàn)設(shè)題方式：
What does the underlined word “…” probably mean in Chinese?
What does the word“…”in Paragraph2 probably mean?
The word(s) “…”in Paragraph 4 probably mean(s)…
The underlined word “…” in Paragraph 4 means __________.
解這類題時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下特點(diǎn)：
?、僮⒁庖恍┻^(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)，如that is, this is, in other words等，它們直接引出了同義解釋;
?、谧⒁膺B接詞及被猜測(cè)的詞前后的因果，讓步，遞進(jìn)，轉(zhuǎn)折，列舉及承上啟下等各種連接上下文的特殊功能。
?、圩⒁馔x詞、近義詞、反義詞、定語(yǔ)從句，相似或相反的結(jié)構(gòu)等。
?、軐?duì)于句中首字母或全部是大寫的單詞,應(yīng)該猜出可能是專有名詞(人名、地名、組織等)，因此拼讀有時(shí)是最合適的方法。
例1：Emojis are now used as a new form of expression, and>46. What does the underlined word "millennials" in the 3rd paragraph mean in Chinese?
A. 80后 B. 00后 C.獨(dú)生子女 D.千禧一代:
例2：Thedestructionof the world’s rain forests has drawn more and more people’s attention. Unluckily, rain forests are disappearing(消失) at a rate of 80 acres per minute!
55. The underlined word “destruction” in paragraph 2 probably means ______.
A.破壞 B.發(fā)展 C.描述 D.保護(hù)
具體解題思路：通常，猜測(cè)詞義題常用下面這八種方法：
方法一：構(gòu)詞法
I.派生詞法：根據(jù)一部分英語(yǔ)單詞的詞根，觀察詞頭(前綴)或詞尾(后綴)來(lái)猜詞義。
例題：I will not make friends with adishonestperson.
A.not honestB. not trueC. not lovelyD. not friendly
根據(jù)派生詞法可知，dis-作為前綴有“not”的意思，所以答案為A。
常見(jiàn)前綴和后綴總結(jié)：
方法二：合成詞法
(1)由兩個(gè)單詞組成的新詞，可根據(jù)兩個(gè)詞的意思猜測(cè)出新詞的詞義。
例題：Overweightis bad for your health.
A.too muchB. too fatC. too smallD. too noisy
根據(jù)合成詞法可知答案為B。
(2)根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)猜測(cè)詞義，具體方法是：在“——”, “,”, “:”后面的內(nèi)容通常都是對(duì)前面語(yǔ)言的解釋、描寫和補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。
例題：The Greek marriage wasmonogamous——men and women were allowed>根據(jù)破折號(hào)“——”后面的解釋可以猜測(cè)出劃線詞的詞義是“一夫一妻制”。
方法三：同義詞、近義詞法
看到“be considered as, refer to, and, or, also”等常連接同義詞組的標(biāo)志詞時(shí)，可以根據(jù)這些標(biāo)志詞前后句的同義詞關(guān)系猜測(cè)出詞義。
例題：Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes isdetrimentalto your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
根據(jù)第二句中的“also”可知，前后兩句是同義關(guān)系，所以harmful與detrimental也是同義關(guān)系，可知中文意思是“有害的”。
方法四：因果關(guān)系法
看到“ because，as，since，for，so，as a result, so, so … that, such … that等表示前因后果關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞時(shí)，根據(jù)因果關(guān)系判斷出詞義。
例:All his attempts (嘗試)to unlock the door werefutile, because she was using the wrong key.
根據(jù)“because”后面句子的意思與前面的句子是因果關(guān)系，可以猜測(cè)出詞義是“徒勞的、無(wú)效的”。
方法五：對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系法
看到“but, while, however, instead of , rather than , unlike, yet, though …”表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞時(shí)，根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系猜出詞義。
例題：Although the early morning had been very cool, the noonday sun wastropical.
根據(jù)“although”引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句與主句之間的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，可以判斷出tropical與cool應(yīng)該互為反義詞，所以詞義是“熱的”。
方法六：生活常識(shí)法
例題：John got>根據(jù)“I sat behind him>方法七：舉例法
看到“such as, like, for example”等舉例的標(biāo)志詞時(shí)，可以根據(jù)后面的例句猜測(cè)詞義。
例題：Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of money>根據(jù)“forexample”后面的句子可以判斷出詞義是“家用電器”。
方法七：舉例法
看到“such as, like, for example”等舉例的標(biāo)志詞時(shí)，可以根據(jù)后面的例句猜測(cè)詞義。
例題：Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of money>根據(jù)“forexample”后面的句子可以判斷出詞義是“家用電器”。
方法八：定義或釋義法
看到“that is to say, in other words, mean, be considered, refer to, be known as, define, namely, be called,定語(yǔ)從句”等標(biāo)志詞時(shí)，根據(jù)定義法猜測(cè)詞義。
例題：Endangered means that without human help an animal or plant will becomeextinctwhich means that the animal or plant will never again stay alive>A. dead B. dangerous C. bright D. natural
“which means that……”就是解釋和定義，所以可知正確答案是A。
四.主旨(段落)大意題及標(biāo)題歸納題
題型特點(diǎn)解答這類題時(shí)，不能只憑文中的只言片語(yǔ)而斷章取義。在涉及文章的主題(main idea)、結(jié)論(conclusion)、結(jié)局(ending)等有關(guān)問(wèn)題時(shí)，需要在細(xì)讀全文的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合所學(xué)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、背景知識(shí)、生活常識(shí)等進(jìn)行邏輯推理和判斷，從而挖掘出文章中隱含的信息。
常見(jiàn)設(shè)題方式：
The general idea of the passage is about_________.
The main purpose of the passage is_________.
What does the passage mainly talk about?
What’s the passage/Paragraph3 mainly about?
What can be the best title for the passage?
What is the best title of the passage?
Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
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