高中英語語法大全
英語的學(xué)習(xí)一直是圍繞著語法結(jié)構(gòu)來展開的,語法的學(xué)習(xí)需要不斷的練習(xí),下面是小編給大家?guī)淼母咧杏⒄Z語法大全,希望能夠幫助到大家!
高中英語語法大全
第1章 主謂一致
一.概念:
主謂一致是指:
1) 語法形式上要一致,即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語要一致。
2) 意義上要一致,即主語意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。
3) 就近原則,即謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語,
一般來說,不可數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
There is much water in the thermos.
但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù),例如:
Readingand writing are very important. 讀寫很重要。
注意:當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時(shí),如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念,即指同一人或同一物時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。例如:
The ironand steel industry is very important to our life. 鋼鐵工業(yè)對(duì)我們的生活有重要意義。
典型例題
The Leaguesecretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注:先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過去時(shí),先排除A.,C。本題易誤選D,因?yàn)門he League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個(gè)人,但仔細(xì)辨別,monitor 前沒有the,在英語中,當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個(gè)人,所以應(yīng)選B。
2. 主謂一致中的靠近原則
1)當(dāng)therebe 句型的主語是一系列事物時(shí),謂語應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致。例如:
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支筆、一把小刀和幾本書。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-threegirl-students in the class.班上有二十個(gè)男孩,二十三個(gè)女孩。
2)當(dāng)either… or… 與neither… nor,連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo),而主語又不止一個(gè)時(shí),謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。例如:
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 給你筆、信封和紙。
3.謂語動(dòng)詞與前面的主語一致
當(dāng)主語有with, together with, like, except, but, no lessthan, as well as 等詞組成的短語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞與前面的主語部分一致。例如:
Theteacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教師和一些學(xué)生在參觀工廠。
He as wellas I wants to go boating.他和我想去劃船。
4. 謂語需用單數(shù)的情況
1)代詞each以及由every,some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語時(shí),或主語中含有each, every時(shí), 謂語需用單數(shù)。例如:
Eachof us has a tape-recorder. 我們每人都有錄音機(jī)。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表壞了。
2)當(dāng)主語是一本書或一條格言時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。例如:
TheArabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜譚》是英語愛好者熟悉的一本書。
3)表示金錢,時(shí)間,價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語時(shí),通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體,謂語一般用單數(shù)。例如:
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三個(gè)星期來做準(zhǔn)備。
Tenyuan is enough. 十元夠了。
5.指代意義決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)
1)代詞what, which, who, none, some,any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。例如:
All is right. 一切順利。
All are present. 人都到齊了。
2)集體名詞作主語時(shí),謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定。如family, audience, crew,crowd, class, company, committee等詞后,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員,用單數(shù)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)該集體的整體。例如:
His family isn't very large. 他家成員不多。
His family are music lovers. 他家個(gè)個(gè)都是音樂愛好者。
但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:
Are there any police around? 附近有警察嗎?
3)有些名詞,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時(shí)看作單數(shù),有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
Anumber of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
Thenumber of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
Anumber of books have lent out.
Themajority of the students like English.
6.與后接名詞或代詞保持一致的情況
1)用halfof, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞通常與of后面的名詞/代詞保持一致。例如:
Mostof his money is spent on books. 他大部分的錢化在書上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part insports. 大部分學(xué)生積極參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。
2)用a portion of, a seriesof, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如: A series of accidents has been reported. 媒體報(bào)道了一連串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 爐邊有一堆木柴。
3)如many a 或 more than one 所修飾的短語作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than… of 作主語時(shí),動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。例如:
Manya person has read the novel. 許多人讀過這本書。
Morethan 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生來自這個(gè)城市。
第2章 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
一. 概念:
時(shí)態(tài)是英語謂語動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和所處的狀態(tài).英語中的時(shí)態(tài)是通過動(dòng)詞形式本身的變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)的.英語有16種時(shí)態(tài),但中學(xué)階段較常用的有十種:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過去時(shí),一般將來時(shí),過去將來時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí),將來進(jìn)行時(shí),過去完成時(shí),英在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí).
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語:every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開家。
2) 客觀真理,客觀存在,科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如:
Theearth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國東部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái) ?/p>
注意:此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時(shí),從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
例:Columbusproved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。
4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如:
Idon't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Annwrites good English but does not speak well. 安英語寫得不錯(cuò),講的可不行。
比較:NowI put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing myhomework now. 我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作,表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況,所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
2. 一般過去時(shí)的用法
1)在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如:時(shí)間狀語有:yesterday,last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where didyou go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了?
2)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如:
When I wasa child, I often played football in the street. 我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候,常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, theywere given a warm welcome.
那時(shí),布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去,都受到熱烈歡迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時(shí)間了" "該……了"。例如:It is timefor you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如:I'drather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4)wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí),作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等,而一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去,現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較:Christinewas an invalid all her life.(含義:她已不在人間。)
Christine hasbeen an invalid all her life.(含義:她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs. Darby livedin Kentucky for seven years. (含義:達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived inKentucky for seven years. (含義:現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)
注意: 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在,表示委婉語氣。
1)動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think,intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。
2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車,能借用一些嗎?
3.一般將來時(shí)
1) shall用于第一人稱,常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱,在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如:
Whichparagraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?
Will yoube at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎?
2) be going to +不定式,表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖,即將做某事。例如:What are you going to dotomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事。例如:The play is going to beproduced next month。這出戲下月開播。
c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there isgoing to be a storm. 看那烏云,快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表將來,按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如:
Weare to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。
4) be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事。例如:
Heis about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能與tomorrow,next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。
4. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來
1)下列動(dòng)詞come,go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時(shí)候開?十分鐘后。
2)以here, there等開始的倒裝句,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比爾來后,讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就寫信給你。
4)在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make surethat等的賓語從句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before youleave the room. 離開房間前,務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。
5. 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來
下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎?
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成:have (has) +過去分詞。
7. 比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1)一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2)一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用,或無時(shí)間狀語。
一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, inOctober, just now等,皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。
共同的時(shí)間狀語:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live,teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die,finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this filmyesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了)
I have seenthis film. (強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了)
Why did you getup so early? (強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了)
Who hasn'thanded in his paper? (強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交,疑為不公平競爭)
He has been inthe League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
He has been aLeague member for three years. (是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過去時(shí)。
(錯(cuò))Tomhas written a letter to his parents last night.
(對(duì))Tomwrote a letter to his parents last night.
8. 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型
1)It is the first / second time....that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time (that) I'veheard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that theboy had been late.
2)This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that…結(jié)構(gòu),that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever)seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。
9.過去完成時(shí)
1) 概念:表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|---->其構(gòu)成是had+過去分詞構(gòu)成。
那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
2) 用法
a. 在told,said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。例如:
She said (that)she hadnever been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在先,用過去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后,用一般
過去時(shí)。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時(shí),小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?/p>
c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時(shí)我們希望你能來,但是你沒有來。
3) 過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until ,when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that hehad learned some English before. 他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語。
By the time hewas twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年,愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom wasdisappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了,因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí),大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。
10. 用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)
1) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生,又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后,或用then,and,but 等連詞時(shí),多用一般過去時(shí)。例如:
When shesaw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起來。
My auntgave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了。
2 ) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生,可用一般過去時(shí);如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成,用過去完
成時(shí)。例如:
When Iheard the news, I was very excited.
3) 敘述歷史事實(shí),可不用過去完成時(shí),而只用一般過去時(shí)。例如:
Ourteacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.將來完成時(shí)
1) 構(gòu)成will have done
2) 概念
a. 狀態(tài)完成:表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如:
They will havebeen married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。
b. 動(dòng)作完成:表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前,已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此時(shí),你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了
12現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法:
a. 表示現(xiàn)在(指說話人說話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情。例如:
Weare waiting for you. 我們正在等你。
b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行:表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作,說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如:
Mr.Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說。(說話時(shí)并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)
c. 表示漸變,這樣的動(dòng)詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
Theleaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。
It'sgetting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。
d. 與always,constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如:
You arealways changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
13. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1)概念:表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。
2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景;一個(gè)長動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候,另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。
3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語有this morning, the wholemorning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle andhurt himself. 我兄弟騎車時(shí)摔了下來,受了傷。
It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時(shí),正下著雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun wasshining. 我到達(dá)山頂時(shí),陽光燦爛。
14. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
1) 概念:表示將來某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作,或按預(yù)測將來會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。例如:
She'll be coming soon. 她會(huì)很快來的。
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 將來我一定去見他。
注意:將來進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志",不能說I'll be having a talk with her.
2)常用的時(shí)間狀語有soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, bythis time,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如:By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此時(shí),我正躺在海灘上呢。
15. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by thetime, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment,the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句,條件句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。例如:
Heis going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨媽。
16. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般過去時(shí)
1 ) "書上說","報(bào)紙上說"等。例如:
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 報(bào)紙上說明天會(huì)很冷的。
2) 敘述往事,使其生動(dòng)。例如:
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battlebegins.拿破侖的軍隊(duì)正在向前挺進(jìn),大戰(zhàn)開始了
17. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1) 有些動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí),如hear, tell,learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如:
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London. 我聽說了他將去倫敦。
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。
2) 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"Ithas been … since …"。例如:
It is (= has been) five years since we last met. 從我們上次見面以來,五年過去了。
18. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
在Herecomes…/There goes…等句型里,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如:
There goesthe bell. 鈴響了。
19. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)
1) 表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)。例如:
Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我們一起度周末好嗎?
We are leaving soon. 我們馬上就走。
2) 漸變動(dòng)詞,如get, run, grow, become,begin以及瞬間動(dòng)詞die等。例如:
He is dying. 他要死了。
20.時(shí)態(tài)一致
1) 如果從句所敘述的為真理或相對(duì)不變的事實(shí),則用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如:
At thattime, people did not know that the earth moves. 那時(shí),人們不知道地球是動(dòng)的。
He told melast week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告訴我他十八歲了。
2) 賓語從句中的,助動(dòng)詞ought, need,must, dare 的時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。例如:
He thoughtthat I need not tell you the truth. 他認(rèn)為我不必告訴你真相。
第三章 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)
一.概念:
動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示主語和謂語之間語法或語義的關(guān)系.英語的語態(tài)有兩種:主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài).主動(dòng)語態(tài)用于主動(dòng)句,表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者.被動(dòng)語態(tài)用于被動(dòng)句,表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者.主動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式與動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)相同,而被動(dòng)語態(tài)由 助動(dòng)詞be+過去分詞 構(gòu)成,有人稱,數(shù),時(shí)態(tài)的變化.
一. 相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1. let 的用法
1)當(dāng)let后只有一個(gè)單音節(jié)動(dòng)詞,變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),可用不帶to 的不定式。
例如:
They let the strange go.他們放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.
2)當(dāng)let 后賓補(bǔ)較長時(shí),let 通常不用被動(dòng)語態(tài),而用allow或permit 代替。例如:
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in thehospital. 那護(hù)士讓我去探望住院的同學(xué)。
----> I was allowed / permitted to see myclassmate in the hospital.
2.短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
短語動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)整體,不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。例如:
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顧。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 這樣的事聞所未聞。
3. 表示"據(jù)說"或"相信"的詞組,基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel ,report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等組成。例如:
It is said that… 據(jù)說
It is reportedthat… 據(jù)報(bào)道
It is believedthat… 大家相信
It is hopedthat… 大家希望
It is wellknown that… 眾所周知
It is thoughtthat… 大家認(rèn)為
It is suggestedthat… 據(jù)建議
It is takengranted that… 被視為當(dāng)然
It has beendecided that… 大家決定
It must beremember that… 務(wù)必記住的是
4. 不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的情況
1) 不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞短語,如appear, die disappear, end(vi. 結(jié)束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain,sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, loseheart, take place等沒有無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如:
After thefire, very little remained of my house. 大火過后,我家燒得所剩無幾。
比較:rise, fall, happen是不及物動(dòng)詞;raise, seat是及物動(dòng)詞。
要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語態(tài),就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過程中多留意積累。
2) 不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語,如fit, have, hold,marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake handswith, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如:
Thiskey just fits the lock. 這把鑰匙只配這把鎖。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你說的與我們聽說的一致。
3) 系動(dòng)詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài),如appear, be become, fall, feel,get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如:It sounds good. 聽上去不錯(cuò)。
4) 帶同源賓語的及物動(dòng)詞如die/death,dream/dream, live/life等,以及反身代詞,相互代詞,不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如:
She dreamed abad dream last night. 她昨晚做了個(gè)惡夢。
5) 當(dāng)賓語是不定式時(shí),很少用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如:
(對(duì)) She likes to swim.
(錯(cuò)) To swim is liked by her.
5. 主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
1)wash, clean, cook, iron,look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如:
The book sells well. 這本書銷路好。
This knife cuts easily. 這刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等。例如:
I was to blame for the accident. 事故發(fā)生了,我該受指責(zé)。
Much work remains. 還有許多活要干。
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容詞), deserve后的動(dòng)名詞必須用主動(dòng)形式。例如:
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to berepaired. 門該修了。
This book is worth reading. 這本書值得一讀。
4)特殊結(jié)構(gòu):make sb. heard / understood (使別人能聽見/理解自己)等。例如:
Explain itclearly and make yourself understood. 解釋清楚些,讓別人理解你的話。
6. 被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義,如 be determined, be pleased, begraduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等。例如:
He is graduated from a famous university. 他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。
注意:表示同某人結(jié)婚,用marry sb. 或getmarried to sb.均可。例如:
He married a rich girl. 他與一個(gè)富妞結(jié)婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
7.need/want/require/worth
當(dāng) need, want, require, be worth后面接doing時(shí),表示的是被動(dòng)意義。例如:
Your hair wants cutting. 你的頭發(fā)該理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要沖洗。
第四章 動(dòng)詞的語氣
一.概念
語氣有三種:陳述語氣,祈使語氣和虛擬語氣.語氣表示說話人對(duì)勸詞所示示的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)持有的態(tài)度或看法.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.辨別if 引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句和if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句的區(qū)別
If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he hastime and will go with us.
If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact hehas no time.
2.虛擬條件句中主句和從句的謂與動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成形式如下表
if條件句中的謂與動(dòng)詞
主句的謂與動(dòng)詞
與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反
1. 行為動(dòng)詞用did 形式
2. be動(dòng)詞用were
should
would
could + 動(dòng)詞原形
might
與過去的事實(shí)相反
had + done
should
would
could + have + done
might
與將來的事實(shí)相反
1. 行為動(dòng)詞用did
2. should + 動(dòng)詞原形
3. were to + 動(dòng)詞原形
should
would
could + 動(dòng)詞原形
might
與將來的事實(shí)相反
1. 行為動(dòng)詞用did
2. should + 動(dòng)詞原形
3. were to + 動(dòng)詞原形
should
would
could + 動(dòng)詞原形
might
3.混合時(shí)間的虛擬語氣
如果條件句中的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生,主句和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)分別根據(jù)各自所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。
1)0If I had received the passport yesterday, I wouldstart today.
2)If he had telephoned me last night, I would seehim now.
3)If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be all rightnow.
4)If China had not been liberated, the workingpeople would still be leading a miserable life.
4.should/could / might/ ought to + have done 表示“過去本應(yīng)該/可以做而實(shí)際上卻沒做”
needn’thave done 表示“過去沒必要作而實(shí)際上做了”
5.虛擬語氣中的倒裝句
如果虛擬語氣的條件從句謂語動(dòng)詞中含有were, had, could, should,有時(shí)可將if省去,而將條件從句的主語置于were, had, should, could 之后。
Had you invited us, we would have come to yourparty.
Were I you, I would do more practice after class.
Could she lend us a helping hand, she would do so.
6.wish后面的賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣,表示“可惜…;….就好了; 悔不該…; 但愿…。”
主句謂語
從句謂語
wish
時(shí)態(tài)
謂語動(dòng)詞的形式
現(xiàn)在時(shí)
表示與wish同時(shí)發(fā)生
動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)
be動(dòng)詞用were
過去時(shí)
表示在wish之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
動(dòng)詞用had done
be用had been
將來時(shí)
表示在wish之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
動(dòng)詞用would do; should do
be 用 would be ; should be
1)I wish I knew the key to the answer.
2)I wish I were ten years younger.
3)I wish that I had gone to the football match lastweek.
4)I wish that you had been here yesterday.
5)He wishes that we would visit the old school.
7.表示命令或建議動(dòng)詞suggest,insist, propose, desire, demand, request, order, command 后的賓語從句中應(yīng)使用虛擬 should +動(dòng)詞原形; should 不可用would 來替代; 主句所使用的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不限。
8.suggest 為“建議去做…; 命令…”從句用should + do
為“ 說明; 暗示”, 從句用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。
1) The doctor suggested that I should take themedicine three times a day.
2) The doctorsuggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.
9.insist“堅(jiān)持要去做…,堅(jiān)持應(yīng)該去做”,從句用should + do為“堅(jiān)持表明,堅(jiān)持說/解釋”, 從句用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。
10.虛擬語氣也用于表語從句和主語從句中,表示間接的命令、要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等,主句的主語通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。表語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是should +動(dòng)詞原型,should 可以省略。
11.在主語從句中,當(dāng)從句用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜等,從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用需擬語氣形式。其謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)should + 動(dòng)詞原型, 或should 省略。
第5章 助動(dòng)詞
一.概念:
助動(dòng)詞是幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài),語態(tài),語氣以及否定或疑問結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞.助動(dòng)詞分為時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞和結(jié)構(gòu)助動(dòng)詞兩種.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講:
1. 助動(dòng)詞be的用法
1) be +現(xiàn)在分詞,構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
They are havinga meeting. 他們正在開會(huì)。
English isbecoming more and more important. 英語現(xiàn)在越來越重要。
2) be + 過去分詞,構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如:
The window wasbroken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
English istaught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語。
3) be + 動(dòng)詞不定式,可表示下列內(nèi)容:
a. 表示最近、未來的計(jì)劃或安排。例如:
He is togo to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。
We are toteach the freshmen. 我們要教新生。
說明:這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。
b. 表示命令。例如:
You areto explain this. 對(duì)此你要做出解釋。
He is tocome to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來辦公室。
c. 征求意見。例如:
How am Ito answer him? 我該怎樣答復(fù)他?
Who is togo there? 誰該去那兒呢?
d. 表示相約、商定。例如:
We are tomeet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點(diǎn)在校門口集合。
2. 助動(dòng)詞have的用法
1)have +過去分詞,構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
Hehas left for London. 他已去了倫敦。
Bythe end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未為止,他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞,構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如:
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在學(xué)英語,已達(dá)十年之久。
3)have +been +過去分詞,構(gòu)成完成式被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如:
English has been taught in China for many years. 中國教英語已經(jīng)多年。
3.助動(dòng)詞do 的用法
1)構(gòu)成一般疑問句。例如:
Doyou want to pass the CET? 你想通過大學(xué)英語測試嗎?
Didyou study German? 你們學(xué)過德語嗎?
2)do + not 構(gòu)成否定句。例如:
I donot want to be criticized. 我不想挨批評(píng)。
Hedoesn't like to study. 他不想學(xué)習(xí)。
Inthe past, many students did not know the importance of English.
過去,好多學(xué)生不知道英語的重要性。
3) 構(gòu)成否定祈使句。例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要這么心不在焉。
說明: 構(gòu)成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。
4)放在動(dòng)詞原形前,加強(qiáng)該動(dòng)詞的語氣。例如:
Docome to my birthday party. 一定來參加我的生日宴會(huì)。
Idid go there. 我確實(shí)去那兒了。
I domiss you. 我確實(shí)想你。
5)用于倒裝句。例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我從未聽說過這樣的事情。
Onlywhen we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 進(jìn)了大學(xué)以后,我們才認(rèn)識(shí)到英語的重要性。
說明: 引導(dǎo)此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6)用作代動(dòng)詞。例如:
----Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎?
----Yes, I do. --是的,喜歡。(do用作代動(dòng)詞,代替like Beijing.)
Heknows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何開車,對(duì)吧?
4. 助動(dòng)詞shall和will的用法
shall和will作為助動(dòng)詞可以與動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)。例如:
I shall study harder at English. 我將更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)英語。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
說明:在過去的語法中,語法學(xué)家說shall用于第一人稱,will只用于第二、第三人稱?,F(xiàn)
39/229
在,尤其是在口語中,will常用于第一人稱,但shall只用于第一人稱,如用于第二、第三人稱,就失去助動(dòng)詞的意義,已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞,試比較:
He shallcome. 他必須來。(shall有命令的意味。)
He willcome. 他要來。(will只與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)。)
5.助動(dòng)詞should, would的用法
1)should無詞義,只是shall的過去形式,與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí),只用于第一人稱。例如:
Itelephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天給他打電話,問他我下周干什么。
比較:"What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么?"我問道。
可以說,shall變成間接引語時(shí),變成了should。
2) would也無詞義,是will的過去形式,與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí),用于第二、第三人稱。例如:
He saidhe would come. 他說他要來。
比較:"I will go," he said. 他說:"我要去那兒。"變成間接引語,就成了He said he would come。原來的will變成would,go變成了come.。
6. 短語動(dòng)詞
動(dòng)詞加小品構(gòu)成的起動(dòng)詞作用的短語叫短語動(dòng)詞。例如:
Turn off the radio. 把收音機(jī)關(guān)上。(turnoff是短語動(dòng)詞)
短語動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成基本有下列幾種:
1)動(dòng)詞+副詞,如:blackout;
2)動(dòng)詞+介詞,如:lookinto;
3)動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞,如:look forward to。構(gòu)成短語動(dòng)詞的副詞和介詞都統(tǒng)稱為小品詞