英語(yǔ)必修一語(yǔ)法知識(shí)
英語(yǔ)必修一語(yǔ)法知識(shí)
英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的最終目的就是要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生與外界交流信息、表達(dá)思想的能力。語(yǔ)法是一個(gè)非常重要的工具,它可以幫助人們理解和運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言。接下來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為你整理了英語(yǔ)必修一語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn),一起來(lái)看看吧。
英語(yǔ)必修一語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn):倍數(shù)的用法
在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中涉及到倍數(shù)問(wèn)題時(shí), 常見(jiàn)以下三種倍數(shù)表達(dá)的基本句型:
(1) This street is four times the 1ength of that one.
這條街是那條街的四館長(zhǎng)。(這條街比那條街長(zhǎng)三倍。)
(2) This box is three times as heavy as that one.
這個(gè)箱子是那個(gè)箱子的三倍重。 (這個(gè)箱子比那個(gè)箱子重兩倍。)
(3)The meeting room is three times bigger than our office.
會(huì)議室比我們的辦公室大三倍。(會(huì)議室是我們辦公桌的四倍大。)
句型(1)和句型(2)人們并不難以理解; 同學(xué)們也很容易接受,因?yàn)樗鼈兒芊蠞h語(yǔ)的翻譯習(xí)慣。但是, 句型(3)筆者卻認(rèn)為漢語(yǔ)譯文是錯(cuò)誤的。
句型(3)的譯法在我國(guó)英語(yǔ)界的一些書(shū)刊雜志上說(shuō)法都不一致,似乎沒(méi)有定論。有的譯為 "是...的三倍大";有的譯為"比...大三倍"。甚至一些語(yǔ)法書(shū)、工具書(shū)和詞典都相互矛盾,舉幾例如下:
A pen is three times more expensive than a pencil.
"鋼筆比鉛筆貴三倍"詳見(jiàn)陳胥華的《英漢對(duì)譯指導(dǎo)》P.366,湖北教育出版社1981年6月1版。
Output of chemical fertilizer was more than 2.5 times greater. "化肥產(chǎn)量增長(zhǎng)了
1.5倍(以上)" 詳見(jiàn)張道真《實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》P.102, 1979年8月修訂2版。
Our county's agricultural output is 11 per cent higher than that of last year.
"我縣農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值比去年增長(zhǎng)百分之十一。" 詳見(jiàn)薄冰、趙德鑫合編的《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法手冊(cè)》1978年6月修訂2版(商務(wù)印書(shū)館)。
其實(shí),句型(1)、(2)、(3)的三種表達(dá)法都屬同一種譯法,沒(méi)有任何區(qū)別。在使用句型(3)時(shí), 產(chǎn)生翻譯錯(cuò)誤的原因不外乎人們認(rèn)為句中含有 "more than", 而根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣去翻譯, 但在英語(yǔ)國(guó)家里絕不會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種混淆現(xiàn)象。
費(fèi)致德先生在《現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)慣用法詞典》(1981年7月1版,商務(wù)印書(shū)館)中也強(qiáng)調(diào)句型(1)、(2)、(3)所表達(dá)的是相同的數(shù)量概念.。詳見(jiàn)該詞典第795頁(yè):
1. A比B差不多大三倍的表達(dá)方式有下列三種, 其中C項(xiàng)有些語(yǔ)法學(xué)家認(rèn)為不對(duì), 但現(xiàn)已廣泛使用。
a. A is about three times as large/big as B.
b. A is about three times the size of B.
c. A is about three times larger than B.
費(fèi)致德先生肯定了這三種句型是同一種意思。但遺憾的是他將 "A是B的三倍"也誤寫(xiě)為 "比...大三倍"; 如果據(jù)此對(duì)照去譯,便與句型 (1) 和 (2) 相矛盾。
為了進(jìn)一步證明這一問(wèn)題, 筆者又寫(xiě)信給上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院, 向《新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》主編章振邦教授請(qǐng)教了這一問(wèn)題,章教授在回信中說(shuō):
按照英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,five times as... as/five times more /five times greater than所表達(dá)的是相同的數(shù)量概念,就拿你討論的句子為例:
This street is four times the length of that one.
= This street is four times as long as that one.
= This street is four times longer than that one.
= This street is four-fold longer than that one.
= This street is 300%longer than that one.
(這條街比那條街長(zhǎng)三倍/百分之三百。)
這就是說(shuō), 表達(dá)倍數(shù)若用...times或fold則不論何種句型中都表示包括基數(shù)100%在內(nèi), 所以"four times longer than/as long as/the length of" 都只表示"長(zhǎng)三倍"; 但若在"more/greater than"結(jié)構(gòu)中用百分比則表示凈增數(shù)(見(jiàn)上例中最后一句)。所以: "A is three times bigger than B" 譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)該是"A是B的三倍大" 或者 "A比B大兩倍"。
英語(yǔ)必修一語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn):數(shù)詞的用法
1. 拼法需要當(dāng)心的序數(shù)詞
在first,second和third之后的序數(shù)詞都由基數(shù)詞加 -th構(gòu)成,但要注意以下拼法略有變化:
twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… fifth eighth ninth twelfth..
2. 序號(hào)的表示
1) 基數(shù)詞放在名詞之后,通常寫(xiě)作阿拉伯?dāng)?shù),如:
page 4(P.4)讀作page four Room301讀作room three O [ou] one
Tel No.864412讀作telephone number eight six double four one two
2) 序數(shù)詞放在名詞之前,通常前面要加定冠詞.如:
the Eighth Lesson(=Lesson Eight) the First Middle School(=Middle School No. 1)
3. 數(shù)詞后面的名詞用單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)
表示計(jì)量時(shí),基數(shù)詞后面的名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,但是在帶有數(shù)字的復(fù)合名詞(常用作定語(yǔ))里,名詞只用單數(shù)形式。試比較:
They baby is only six moths old. This is a six-moth-old baby.
I have five pounds. I have a five-pound note.
4. hundreds / thousands / millions of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)
hundred, thousand和million后加 –s與of連用,表示“數(shù)百、數(shù)千、數(shù)百萬(wàn)”。
He has bought hundreds of books this year.
Thousands of seagulls arrived to help the farmers save their crops.
5. dozen和score
用法與hundred, thousand, million基本相似dozens of和scores of均表示“幾十個(gè)”。但有以下幾點(diǎn)區(qū)別:
1) 在接具體名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)dozen后不加of,而score常與of連用。如:
two dozen books two score (of)books
2) 若名詞被限定詞限定,dozen后應(yīng)加of,接賓格代詞亦如此。
three dozen of those (the, my, those) books three dozen of them
6. 表示不定數(shù)量的常用單詞和詞組
這些單詞或詞組與名詞的搭配關(guān)系見(jiàn)下表
用于可數(shù)名詞用于不可數(shù)名詞用于可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞
a bit of
(a) few(a) littleall
fewerlessplenty of
(the) fewest(the) leasta lot of; lots of
a (great) number ofa great deal (amount) ofenough
manymuchmore; most
several some; any
hundreds of
dozens of
1) (a) few 和(a) little
a few和a little與some的意思較接近,表示“有幾個(gè);有一點(diǎn)”。few和little則表示“幾乎沒(méi)有(= almost none)”的意思。試比較:
She doesn’t seem very friendly; she has few friends。 (not many friends)
Although she has been here only a short time, she has made a few friends. (some friends)
I can’t make a pie because there is little sugar. (not much sugar)
There is a little sugar for your coffee. (some sugar)
2) 用fewer還是用less
從理論上講few的比較級(jí)形式fewer用于復(fù)數(shù)名數(shù)前;little的比較級(jí)形式less用于不可
數(shù)名詞前,但是在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,尤其是在非正式場(chǎng)合下,也常用less代替fewer;例如:
If on1y there were fewer/less holes in the roof?
3) many + a + 名詞單數(shù)
many a后接可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式,表示“好些;許多”,多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)或演講中。
Many a young man has had such a chance. (動(dòng)詞用has)
many a time則看作是固定詞組,表示“多次”。
That’s happened to me many a time.
英語(yǔ)必修一語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn):人稱(chēng)代詞
1. 主格和賓格
1) 通常,人稱(chēng)代詞主格用做主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ);賓格用做動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。句子的結(jié)構(gòu)如有變化,也應(yīng)能加以分析,確定選用哪種形式。例如:
It was he who told a lie.
It’s not me (who / whom) he wants. (作賓語(yǔ))
This is a secret;it's between you and me.(作介詞賓語(yǔ))
2) 人稱(chēng)代詞賓格可用在比較狀語(yǔ)從句一類(lèi)的結(jié)構(gòu)中代替主格。例如:
He is taller than me / I (am). I don't swim so well as her / she (does).
2. 兩種所有格
人稱(chēng)代詞所有格稱(chēng)為物主代詞。物主代詞分為兩類(lèi):
?、?形容詞性的,如my, her, your, their等;
?、?名詞性的,如mine,hers,yours,theirs等。由于受漢語(yǔ)影響,我們常犯以下兩種錯(cuò)誤:
1) 漏用代詞,主要是形容詞性的物主代詞,因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)中常常將它省略。例如:
I have done my homework.(不能說(shuō) * I have done homework.)
We clean our classroom every day.(不能說(shuō) * We clean classroom every day.)
2) 誤用代詞,混淆兩種類(lèi)型的物主代詞,因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)中無(wú)此區(qū)別。例如:
That dictionary is not mine.(不能說(shuō) * That dictionary is not my.)
Mine is here.(不能說(shuō) * My is here.)
注意:形容詞性的物主代詞只能用作定語(yǔ),必須與名詞連用。例如
What's her name? I am your friend.
名詞性的物主代詞則可充當(dāng)名詞所能充當(dāng)?shù)母鞣N句子成分。如:
Your pen is black;mine is blue.(作主語(yǔ))
You haven't got a bike?You may use mine.(作賓語(yǔ))
但是its一般不能單獨(dú)使用。需要時(shí)可以用its own。如:
That's the cat's basket. It's its own.
3. 代詞做短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置
當(dāng)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由“動(dòng)詞+副詞”構(gòu)成時(shí),代詞作賓語(yǔ)必須放在動(dòng)詞和副詞中間,名詞則不受此限制。如:
He looked up the word in the dictionary. He looked the word up in the dictionary.
He looked it up in the dictionary.
但如果是由“動(dòng)詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的介詞動(dòng)詞,代詞作賓語(yǔ)還是要放在介詞之后。例如:
He's been looking for them all this morning.
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