2017年初三中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)資料(2)
12. 比較since和for
Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born..
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.
(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)
小竅門(mén)： 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。
1) (對(duì)) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2) (錯(cuò)) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
13. since的四種用法
1) since +過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn) (如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段時(shí)間+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +從句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種類型
1)主語(yǔ)句中有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：
He saw her in the shop yesterday.
She was seen in the shop yesterday.
2) 主語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
Li Lei gave me a chemistry book.
I was given a chemistry book by Li Lei.
A chemistry book was given to me by Li Lei.
3)主動(dòng)句中含賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
若賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是不帶to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加"to"。此類動(dòng)詞為
感官動(dòng)詞：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
We saw him play football on the playground.
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.
若賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是帶to的不定式，那么被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)仍保留to:
Mother told me not to be late
I was told not to be late by mother.
5)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be +過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.
6)表示"據(jù)說(shuō)"或"相信" 的詞組
believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
It is said that… 據(jù)說(shuō)
It is reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 眾所周知
It is thought that… 大家認(rèn)為
It is suggested that… 據(jù)建議
It is taken granted that… 被視為當(dāng)然
It has been decided that… 大家決定
It must be remember that…務(wù)必記住的是
It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.
14. 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞
1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷; 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié) 果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果)
I’ve known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)
2) 用于till / until從句的差異
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
He didn’t come back until ten o’clock.
他到10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。
He slept until ten o’clock.
他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。
典型例題
1. You don’t need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
2.---I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過(guò)去開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)
15. 不定式作賓語(yǔ)
1) 動(dòng)詞+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
舉例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司機(jī)沒(méi)能及時(shí)看見(jiàn)另一輛車(chē)。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道問(wèn)題的答案。
2)動(dòng)詞+不定式 ; 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。
3) 動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?/p>
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買(mǎi)哪一種。
注意:疑問(wèn)詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
The question is how to put it into practice.
問(wèn)題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。
2. 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！?/p>
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我們相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語(yǔ)，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例題:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的賓語(yǔ)后面，用分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)，起賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作用。現(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。
2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。
典型例題
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說(shuō)明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。
3) to be +形容詞
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人們認(rèn)為這本書(shū)沒(méi)什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語(yǔ)做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。
Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。
16. 不定式作主語(yǔ)
1) It’s easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It’s so nice to hear your voice.
聽(tīng)到你的聲音真高興。
It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
當(dāng)你不用車(chē)的時(shí)候，鎖車(chē)是有必要的。
2) It’s very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用It is… to…的句型
(對(duì))To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見(jiàn)。
(錯(cuò))It is to believe to see.
4. It’s for sb.和 It’s of sb.
1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It’s very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門(mén)外語(yǔ)是很難的。
2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It’s very nice of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了。
for 與of 的辨別方法：
用介詞后面的代詞作主語(yǔ)，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ)，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：
You are nice. (通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。
He is hard. (人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)
3) 祁使句(Imperative Sentence)
祈使句往往是用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的請(qǐng)求、命令、要求、建議，等等。祈使句的主語(yǔ)常被省略，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)主語(yǔ)很明確地是聽(tīng)話人"you"。當(dāng)然，有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或表示某種感情，句子也會(huì)帶上主語(yǔ)。
祈使句的謂語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞原形;它的否定形式是句首用Don't + 動(dòng)詞原形，或是Not to + 動(dòng)詞原形。例如：
Be quiet , please ! (大家)請(qǐng)安靜。
Stand up ! 起立!
Don't smoke in the office . 請(qǐng)不要在辦公室吸煙。
Don't be standing in the rain . 別站在雨里。
Not to be careless when you're driving a car . 開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)不要粗心大意。
4) 感嘆句(Exclamatory Sentence)
感嘆句表示說(shuō)話人的喜悅、氣憤、驚訝等強(qiáng)烈的情緒。這類句子中，有很多是由What或How引起的。What 用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞，How則強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞。這類句子的構(gòu)成只需將所強(qiáng)調(diào)或是說(shuō)，所感嘆的對(duì)象放到句首;句子無(wú)需倒裝，句子要用正常語(yǔ)序。 當(dāng)然，如果不用這種句型，而句子(無(wú)論是那種句子)本身又表示了上述的種種情緒，那么該句也就成了感嘆句。例如：
What a fine day it is today ! 今天天氣多好啊!
How fine it is today ! 今天天氣多好啊!
What a lovely son you have !你有個(gè)多可愛(ài)的兒子啊!
How lovely your son is ! 你的兒子多可愛(ài)
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