完形填空語(yǔ)法知識(shí):動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)所表示的動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種形式。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有 16 種 時(shí)態(tài),但是常用的只有 9 種:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。下面分別介紹。
1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 (do/does)
1) 表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作; 表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、 特征和真理。 句中常用 often, usually, every day, sometimes, every week/year, twice aweek 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
例如: a. He goes to school every day. b. He is very happy. c.The earth moves around the sun.
2) 有時(shí)這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃、規(guī)定 按時(shí)間表要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(句中都帶有時(shí)間,有時(shí)這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃、規(guī)定, 按時(shí)間表要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,但限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞 狀語(yǔ)),但限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如:begin, come,
leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return,open, close 等。
例如: a. the meeting begins at seven.
b. the rain starts at nine in the morning.
3) 在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。例如: 在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
例如: a. If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting. b. When I graduate, I’ll go to countryside.
4) 表示狀態(tài)和感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
a. i like english very much.
b. the story sound very interesting.
5) 書報(bào)的標(biāo)題、小說(shuō)等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法:(did) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法
1) 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或過(guò)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常與 yesterday,the other day, ….ago, in the past, in +過(guò)去時(shí)間(1998)。
a. he saw mr. wang yesterday.
b. he worked in a factory in 1986.
2) 表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,也可用 “used to “ 和“would + 動(dòng)詞原形”。
例如: I used to smoke. During the vacation i would swim in the sea.
注: ”used to “ 表示過(guò)去常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 “would + 動(dòng)詞原形”沒(méi)有 “現(xiàn)在不再……”含義。
3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法(shall/will do)一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
1)其表達(dá)形式除了 “ will 或 shall + 動(dòng)詞原 表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。
例如:It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today.
2)“be to + 動(dòng)詞原形” 表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)。
例如:The boy is to go to school tomorrow. Are we to go on with this work?
3) “be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形 表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,意為 be ready to do sth. 后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
例如:we are about to leave.
4) go , come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
例如:i’m leaving for beijing. 將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
5) 某些動(dòng)詞 如 come, go ,leave, arrive, start, get , stay 等的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可表示將來(lái)。
例如:The meeting starts at five o’clock. He gets off at the next stop.
4. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法(would do) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間看來(lái)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
例如:They were sure that they would succeed.
5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法(am/is/ are doing)
1) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 What are you doing?
2)表示某種感情色彩“總是” You are always watching TV. (was/were doing)
6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法
1) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻、某一階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
例如:In 1980 he was studying in a university. He was reading a novel when I came in. He was watvign Tv at this time yesterday.
7. 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)(will be doing)表將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻,某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
例如: I will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.
8. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/has done)
1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作在說(shuō)話之前已完成,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。句中沒(méi)有具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
例如: He has gone to fuzhou. He has been to fuzhou.
2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作開始于過(guò)去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去,for 和 since 表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)或 so far , now, today, this week (month, year ,), 等表示包括現(xiàn)在內(nèi)的狀語(yǔ)。 in
the past 3 years 等表示包括現(xiàn)在內(nèi)的狀語(yǔ)。
例如:He has studied english for 5 years. He has studied english since 1985. Now I have finished the work. 注意:表示短暫時(shí)間動(dòng)作的詞(如 come, go , die, marry, buy 等)的完成
時(shí)不能等連用。 與 for, since 等連用。
3)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可用時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示將來(lái)某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。
例如:I’ll go o your home when I have finished my homework. If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.
9.過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法(had done)
1)過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“had + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 句中常用 by, before, until,when 等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
例如:By the end of last year we had built five new houses. I had learnt 5000 words before i entered the university.
2) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還可表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去。
例如:Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
10.將來(lái)完成時(shí)(will have done)
11.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) ( have (has)+ been +(doing)), 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在以前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。有些動(dòng)詞(work, study, live, teach 等) 用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)意思差不多。
例如:I have worked here for three years. I have been working here for three years. 但多數(shù)動(dòng)詞在這兩種時(shí)態(tài)表示不同意思 I have been writing a letter.