八年級下冊英語第四單元知識點
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八年級下冊英語第四單元知識1
重要詞匯和句型
1.get ( 1 ) 買 get sth. for sb.== get sb. sth. 為某人買某物
Can you get some fruit for me when you go shopping?
==Can you get me some fruit when you go shopping?
( 2 ) 得到, 到達 Where did you get the book?
When did you get the letter ?He got home late last night.
(3) 使, 讓 get + 賓語 + 賓補 使某人\ 某物 怎么樣
Please get you coat clean. Get your mouth closed.
get sb. to do sth. 使某人\ 某物做某事
I got him to call Jim yesterday.
(4) ( 逐漸) 變得…The weather gets warmer and days get longer.
Why did the teacher get angry?
2. how about\ what about 后跟名詞\ 代詞\ 動詞ing形式。
( 1) 向?qū)Ψ教岢鼋ㄗh或請求
How about going out for a walk?How about something to eat
(2) 向?qū)Ψ秸髑笠庖娀蚩捶?/p>
How about the TV play? How about buying thehouse now ?
( 3 ) 詢問天氣或身體情況
How about the weather in Hainan Island ?
How about your parents? Are they living with you?
( 4 ) 談話中承接上下文
I’m forty years old. How about you ?
I’m from Beijing . How about you?
3. receive 收到 The girl was happy to receive many gifts on her birthday.
receive aletter from == get a letter from == heard from收到某人的信
I received a letter from my parents last Sunday.
== I got a letter from my parents last Sunday.
== I heard from my parents last Sunday.
accept 接受 He couldn’t accept our suggestions but our gifts.
She was very glad to receive the invitation.
He didn’t receive a good education at university.
I received an invitation to the party, but I refused to accept it.
4. a 6--year– old child 一個六歲的孩子
6--year –old 是由 “數(shù)詞 +名詞 + 形容詞 ” 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞, 作前置定語,
修飾后面的名詞child .
數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞，中間的名詞要用單數(shù)形式：
a five-year-old girl 一個五歲的女孩
a six-foot-deep hole 一個六英尺深的洞
a two-meter-long ruler 一把兩米長的尺子 a 100-meter race一場百米賽跑a ten-story-high building 一棟十層高的樓房 a two-inch-thick dictionary一本兩英寸厚的詞典
5. too… to… 太…… 而不能 ……
too … to… 可以與 enough to 和 so… that … 轉(zhuǎn)換.
與enough to轉(zhuǎn)換 時, enough 前的形容詞, 副詞必須是too 后面形容詞,
副詞的反義詞, 并使用其否定句式.
She is too young to do the work .
she isn’t old enough to do the work .
與 so… that … 轉(zhuǎn)換時, that 后面的從句要用否定形式.
Tom is too tired to walk any farther .
Tom is so tired that he can’t walk any farther
(2 ) 名詞 , 成本, 費用, 價錢. at all costs不惜任何代價;at the cost of 以 …… 為代價.
Living costs are higher in cities than that in the country.
We must stop it at all costs .
After the earthquake, the soldiers tried to reach the area at the
cost of their lives.
7. pay, spend , cost , take 的區(qū)別
pay 花費 ( 多少錢 ) , 主語是人. Sb. pay some money for sth.
I paid 5000 yuan for the computer last week.
Spend 花費 ( 多少錢或時間 ),主語是人. Sb. spend somemoney on sth.
Sb. spend some time (in ) doing sth.
I spent 5000 yuan on the computer last week.
She spent 2 hours (in ) doing her homework .
cost 花費 ( 多少錢 ) , 主語是物. Sth. cost sb. some money.
This jacket cost him 200 dollars.
take 花費 (時間 ),It takes sb. some time to do sth.
花費某人多少時間做某事
How long does it take sb. to do sth?
花費某人多少時間做某事?
It took Liu Hong 2 hours to do her homework.
It takes me 10 minutes to walk to school from home.
It will take them 6 months to build the building.
How long does it take him to plant the trees ?
8. sleep, sleeping, sleepy , asleep, fall asleep , be asleep
sleep 動詞, 睡覺, 強調(diào)動作. I am very tired. I want to sleep .
He slept for 12 hours yesterday.
sleeping, Sleep 的現(xiàn)在分詞, 表示 “ 正在睡覺”
Don’t make so much noise. The baby is sleeping .
They woke up the sleeping girl andasked her where her parents were .
sleepy 想睡覺的, 困倦的. I am a little sleepy . I’d like to go to bed.
asleep 睡著了的.
Theteacher found Tom asleep in class andkept him behind after school .
Would you mind turning down the TV? The baby is asleep .
fall asleep 強調(diào)從沒有睡著到睡著的過程, 不能接一段時間
I couldn’t fall asleep until it was very late last night.
He listened to music and fell asleep.
be asleep 表示睡著后的狀態(tài) , “ 睡著了”, 可以接一段時間 .
He was asleep for three hours.
9. choose 動詞, “ 選擇,挑選 ” , 過去式chose, 過去分詞chosen
choose to do sth. 選擇做某事
can’t Choose but 只得……
pick and choose 挑挑揀揀
There are many books to choose from .
We choose mike as our leader( 領(lǐng)導(dǎo) ).
Will you help me choose a dictionary?
Everyone can’t choose but obey( 服從 ) .
It’s her habit (習(xí)慣 ) to pick and choose while shopping.
10. present (1) 禮物, 禮品 == gift Why not givehim a card as a present ?
what can I get him for a birthday present ?
(2 ) 目前, 現(xiàn)在 I’m sorry he is out at present .
You haveto forget the past and start living in the present .
11. open (1 ) 動詞, 打開 , 開業(yè), 開張, 展現(xiàn)
It’s not right to open other people’s letters.
Would you mind opening the window?
The door opens to the south.
This factory opened in 1998.
(2 ) 形容詞, be open 開著的, 開放的
In his dream the flowers are all open .
Most shops are closed but several are still open .
On weekends the swimmingpool is open to the public .
close 動詞, 關(guān)閉, 關(guān)上 , 合上
Please close the door to keep the cold out.
closed 形容詞, be closed 關(guān)著的, 關(guān)閉的
when we got to the shop it was closed .
12 . give away 贈送 , 分發(fā) give away sth to sb
Aunt Wang gave away the candies (糖果 ) to the kids .
John gave away his notebook to me .
其它短語 give up 放棄 give back 歸還 give off 放出, 發(fā)出(氣味)
give sth to sb == give sb. sth . 把某物給某人
13. rather than 而不是 …… 后面跟名詞, 代詞, 從句
The color seems green rather than blue .
If you ran rather than walked , you would have arrived earlier .
We depend on you rather than on him .
You should help them rather than they should help you .
prefer to do sth rather than do sth . 寧愿…… , 也不 ……
She preferred to stay at home rather than go with us .
He preferred to listen to music rather than play games .
Would rather do sth than do sth . 寧愿…… , 也不 ……
He would rather play than work .
I would rather take the slowest train than go there by air .
14. instead (1) 位于句首, 表示 “ 反而, 相反”
I didn’t go to the cinema last night . instead, I watched a football match on TV.
The boy didn’t sing to the music . Instead , he sang his own way .
( 2 ) 位于句尾, 表示 “ 作為代替, 而是”
Mr smith was ill , so mr green was taking his class instead .
I don’t like this one , please give me that instead .
instead of 后跟名詞, 代詞, 動名詞, 介詞短語.表示 “ 代替, 而不是”
I have come instead of my brother . He is ill .
We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator ( 電梯 ) .
He studies in the evening instead of during the day .
15. enter (1) 參加 == take part in \ join
More than one thousand sportsmen entered \ took part in the games .
My brother hopes to enter \ join the army next year .
( 2 ) 進入 ==come into \ go into
She entered\ came into the room with these words .
Did you see someone enter \ go into the house ?
16. encourage 動詞, 鼓勵, 激勵 encourage sb. to do sth.鼓勵某人做某事
Parents should encourage children to do things by themselves .
Our English teacher encourages us to keep a dairy in English .
17. progress 名詞, “ 進步, 進展” make progress “取得進步, 取得進展”
My parents are pleased with my progress in lessons .
Tom is now making much \ great progress at school .
They made no progress in the heavy snow .
18. suggest 動詞, 建議, 提議. 后跟名詞, 代詞, 動名詞和從句
she suggested a way out of the difficulty .
he suggested going home .
who suggested you staying here ?
I suggested we ( should ) hold a meeting .
19. take an interest in ( doing ) sth. 對 ( 做 )某事感興趣
否定表達是 take no interest in ( doing ) sth. 對 ( 做 )某事不感興趣
Do you take an interest in English ?
Most children take an interest in playing computer games .
He takes no interest in playing basketball .
be \ become interested in ( doing ) sth對 ( 做 )某事感興趣
I’m deeply interested in swimming .
She becameinterested in singing when she was only 7 years old .
20. Three good ways of improving English are mentioned .
提到了三種提高英語的好方法.
of improving English是介詞短語作定語修飾ways . 它相當(dāng)與 動詞不定式.
Three good ways of improving English are mentioned .
=== Three good ways to improve English are mentioned .
Can you find a way to work out the problem ?
==Can you find a way of working out the problem ?
Fast is another way of saying quick .
== Fast is another way to say quick .
Mention (1) 動詞, “ 提到, 提及, 說起 ”
as mentioned above 如上所述
He often mentioned his past to me .
Nobody mentioned anything to me about it .
Did she mention where she was going ?
You mentioned in your letter that you might be moving abroad .
As mentioned above , there are many good ways to learn English well .
( 2 ) 名詞, “ 提及, 說起 ”
The newspaper made no mention of him .
21. make friends with sb. 和某人交朋友
Would you like to make friends with us ?
I find it difficult to make friends with Ben .
八年級下冊英語第四單元知識2
形容詞
一、形容詞
（一）形容詞的含義：表示人或事物的特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)的詞叫形容詞。
（二）形容詞的用法及位置：
1．作定語，放在名詞之前，不定代詞之后。
The nice girl is my sister .
I have something important to tell you .
2. 少數(shù)形容只能作表語不能作定語：alone , afraid , ill , asleep ,awake , alive , well 。
3.作表語，放在系動詞之后。 He looks happy .
4. 作賓語補足語，放在賓語之后，常與make , leave ,keep 等動詞連用。
You must keep your eyes closed .
Don’t make your hands dirty .
5. 某些形容詞放在定冠詞the之后，表示一類人。常見的詞有：good , bad ,rich , poor ,
young , old , deaf , blind, black , white , living , dead 。
The young should be polite to the old .
Please don’t laugh at the poor .
6. 某些表示情感的表語形容詞后可接動詞不定式（to + 動詞原形）：
glad , happy ,pleased
be sorry , sad ,sure , kind + to do sth .
ready , afraid ,able
easy , difficult
(三) 形容詞比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成：
1．規(guī)則變化
（1）一般情況，直接在詞尾加er \ est 。
(2) 以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾時， 加 r \ st 。
（3）以“輔音字母 +y ”結(jié)尾時， 把y變?yōu)?i ，再加er \ est 。
( 4) 部分形容詞，先雙寫最后一個輔音字母，再加er \ est 。
big , hot, fat , thin , red ,
(5) 部分形容詞， 在前面加 more \ most 。
beautiful , careful , important , delicious , difficult , dangerous
(6) 以ly結(jié)尾的形容詞，在前面加more \ most 。
friendly(友好的) , lonely（孤獨的） , lovely（可愛的）
Likely（有希望的） , daily （日常的）, lively （有生氣的）
2. 不規(guī)則變化
good \ well --- better---best many \ much ---more--- most
bad \ ill --- worse ---worst little --- less--- least
far ---farther (較遠(yuǎn)的) \ further (進一步的) ---farthest (最遠(yuǎn)的) \ furthest （最大程度的）
old ---older(年紀(jì)較大的) \ elder（年紀(jì)最大的）---oldest（較年長的）\ eldest (最年長的)
(四) 形容詞原級的用法：
1．說明人或事物自身的性質(zhì)、特征或狀態(tài)時用形容詞原形。
The flowers in the garden are beautiful .
2. 有表示程度的副詞very , so , too,enough , quite 等修飾時，用形容詞原形。
The boy is too young .
3.表示A與B在某方面程度相同或不同時，用形容詞原形。
肯定句：A + 動詞 + as + 形容詞原形 + as + B 。
English is as interesting as Chinese .
Xiao Ming is as tall as Jim .
否定句：A + 動詞 + not as \ so+ 形容詞原形 + as + B 。
This book is not as \ so new as that one .
I am not so careful as Lucy .
否定句的結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于 A + 動詞 + less + 形容詞原形 + than + B 。
He thinks Chinese is less interesting than English .
4. 表示“A 是B 的幾倍”： A +動詞+ 倍數(shù)+ as + 形容詞原形 + as + B 。
Our school is three times as big as theirs .
This table is twice as long as that one .
5．“A + 動詞 +Half + as + 形容詞原形 +as + B”表示“A是B的一半”
Her room is half as big as yours .
(五)、形容詞比較級的用法：
1．表示兩者進行比較時，用形容詞比較級：A + 動詞+ 形容詞比較級 + than + B
Lily’s room is bigger than mine .
This mooncake is nice than that one .
2． 有表示程度的副詞a little , a bit , a few , a lot , much , even , still ,
Far , rather , any 等修飾時，用形容詞比較級。
I feel even worse now . It is much colder today than before .
3. 表示兩者之間“哪一個更、、、”：which \ who is +形容詞比較級, A or B ?
Who is taller , L i Ming or Wang Tao ?
Which sweater is more beautiful , the yellow one or the pink one ?
4. 表示“幾倍于、、、、、、”時， 用“A + 動詞 + 倍數(shù)+比較級 + than + B ”
I am three years older than you .
5．表示“兩者之間較、、、、、、的一個”，常用 “the +比較級”結(jié)構(gòu) 。
Mary is the taller of the twins .
6. 表示“越來越、、、、、、”時，用比較級重疊結(jié)構(gòu)，即“比較級 +and + 比較級 ”，多音節(jié)
詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞用“more and more +形容詞原形 ”
It’s getting warmer and warmer in spring .
Our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful .
7. 表示“越、、、、、、就越、、、、、、”時，用“the +比較級 , the +比較級 ”
The harder he works , the richer he is .
The more we get together , the happier we’ll be .
(六)、形容詞最高級的用法：
1．三者或三者以上的人或物進行比較時，用形容詞最高級。形容詞最高級前必須加定冠詞
the , 句末常跟一個in \ of 短語來表示范圍。
He is the strongest of the three boys .
Shanghai is the biggest city in china .
2. 表示“三者或三者以上的人或物，哪一個最、、、、、、？”用句型：
Which \ who is + the + 最高級 , A , B , or C ?
Which city is the most beautiful , Beijing , Shanghai or Fuzhou ?
3. 表示“最、、、、、、的、、、、、、之一” 時，用句型：
主語 + is + one of the +形容詞最高級 +名詞復(fù)數(shù) 。
Zhou Jielun is one of the most popular singers .
4. 形容詞最高級前面可加序數(shù)詞，表示“第幾大 / 長 / 高 等”
Changjiang River is the first longest river in China .
5. 形容詞最高級前面可以有物主代詞、指示代詞、名詞所有格等修飾，此時不用the 。
This is our last lesson . Yesterday was his busiest day .
6. 形容詞比較級結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示最高級含義。
Li Lei is the tallest student in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than any other student in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than the other students in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than anyone else in his class .
==No one is as tall as Li Lei in his class .
==No one is taller than Li Lei in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than any of the other students in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than the rest of students in his class .
（七）、--ing 形容詞與--ed 形容詞：
--ing 形容詞表示“令人、、、、、、的”， 表示主動意義，多指事物對人的影響，一般修飾或說明事物。如：surprising（令人驚訝的） , exciting （令人興奮的）, interesting（有趣的） 等。--ed 形容詞表示“感到、、、、、、的”，表示被動意義，多指人對事物的感受，主語一般是人：sb. + be +--ed 形容詞 + 介詞短語 。 如：surprised(感到驚訝的) , excited（感到興奮的） ,
Interested（感到有趣的） 等。
We are all excited about the exciting news .
（八）在同一范圍內(nèi)比較時，必須把主體排除在被比較的范圍之外。
China is larger than any other country in Asia .( 在同一范圍內(nèi))
China is larger than any country in Africa . (在不同范圍內(nèi))
八年級下冊英語第四單元知識3
副詞：用來說明時間、地點、程度、方式等概念，主要修飾動詞、形容詞、其它副詞
或整個句子。
（ 一）．副詞的分類：
1．時間副詞：now , then , today ,tomorrow , yesterday , before , ago , soon ,
Immediately , lately , early ,sometimes , often , always , usually , already ,
Yet , ever ,never , seldom 。時間副詞是確定句子時態(tài)的重要標(biāo)志，需牢記。
2．地點副詞：outside , inside , upstairs, here , there , home , near , away ,
In , back , off , up , anywhere 。
3．方式副詞：quickly , happily , loudly , suddenly , luckily , badly , easily ,
fast , again 。方式副詞大多由“形容詞 +y ”構(gòu)成。
4．程度副詞：very , quite , rather , too , much , so .
5． 疑問副詞：when , where , why , how long , how soon , how often ,
How far . 疑問副詞常用來構(gòu)成特殊疑問句。
6．關(guān)系副詞：when , where , why , how 等。關(guān)系副詞常用來引導(dǎo)從句。
（一）副詞的用法：
1．作狀語，用來修飾動詞、形容詞、其它副詞或整個句子。
Please listen to me carefully . The boy is too young .
Luckily , he was not badly hurt .
2. 作表語，表示方位上的變化： My father will be back in a week .
3. 作賓語補足語。 Let him in , please .
(三) 副詞的位置：
1．一般副詞作狀語時，放在謂語動詞之后，如果謂語動詞之后帶有賓語，則放在賓語后。
We all study hard . He is drawing a horse carefully .
2. 頻度副詞作狀語時放在be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，行為動詞之前。
He is always late for school .
I often go to see my grandparents on Sunday .
3. 某些副詞為了強調(diào)上下句的銜接，放在句子之前。
Suddenly he had a good idea .
4. enough 修飾形容詞或副詞時，要放在形容詞或副詞的后面。
The boy is old enough to go to school .
He got up early enough to catch the train .
（四） 副詞比較級、最高級的用法：
1．副詞比較級、最高級的構(gòu)成方法和形容詞比較級、最高級的構(gòu)成方法基本相同。
2．表示“A不如B”時，使用：A + 助動詞+ not + 動詞原形 + as \ so + 副詞原形+ as+ B .
還可使用：A + 動詞+ less +副詞原形 + than + B
Bill didn’t do his homework as carefully as Jim .
==Bill did his homework less carefully than Jim .
3. 副詞最高級前一般不加定冠詞the 。
Lin Tao did best in English of all .
（五）易混詞辨析：
1. hard , hardly
hard意為“努力地，辛苦地，劇烈地，猛烈地”，是程度副詞。
hardly意為“幾乎不”，是否定副詞。
As students , we should study hard .
I can hardly catch up with you , can you walk slowly ?
2. too , also , either
too一般用于肯定句，常放在句尾；also常放在be動詞或助動詞之后，行為動詞
之前；either用于否定句，常放在句尾。
You are a student . I am a student , too.
They are also students . I don’t like the film , either .
3. too , enough , so
too 表示 “太，很”, too …to … 表示“太。而不能、、、、、、”
enough表示“足夠”， “形容詞 / 副詞+ enough to…”表示“足夠、、、、、、能、、、、、、”。
so表示“如此”， “so … that …”表示“ 如此、、、、、、以致、、、、、、”
The man is too old to look after himself .
The boy runs fast enough to win the game .
The camera is so expensive that I can’t afford it .
4. already , yet
already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句和疑問句末尾。
I have already finished my homework .
== I have finished my homework already.
Have you finished your homework yet ?
I haven’t had lunch yet .