如何高效率的完成雅思寫作審題
雅思寫作一直是大家的軟肋。寫作考試分?jǐn)?shù)不理想,提分的效果也非常緩慢,實(shí)際上背后的原因是綜合的。今天,小編從審題角度來(lái)跟大家聊聊,如何有效地提高寫作效率。
提高雅思寫作審題的效率
所謂寫作效率,指的不僅僅是寫作的速度。大多數(shù)考生之所以作文寫得慢,除了缺少練習(xí)量之外,還有一個(gè)重要原因,那就是寫的時(shí)候需要多線程進(jìn)行,既要處理內(nèi)容,又要處理詞句。誠(chéng)然,寫作的要素確實(shí)是這兩點(diǎn),what(內(nèi)容)和how(形式)??墒?,很多考生往往會(huì)在形式(詞句)的掙扎之中迷失,忘記了寫作的本質(zhì)是自己觀點(diǎn)的表達(dá)、內(nèi)心想法的分享,并且,效率還體現(xiàn)在成功率上,很多同學(xué)在寫駁論文時(shí)寫到一半突然變換立場(chǎng),重新寫,就是這里說(shuō)的成功率問(wèn)題。而我們今天介紹的審題方法,將會(huì)有效地幫助大家將多線程拆解開來(lái),將寫作的問(wèn)題逐個(gè)解決。
我們先來(lái)看這樣一道雅思題目:
Should old man live with their own children together, or should they live in the nursing houses?
很多同學(xué)拿到手第一時(shí)間就會(huì)用本能反應(yīng)做出選擇。老人家當(dāng)然應(yīng)該在家里由子女自己來(lái)照顧,怎么能夠送老人院呢?然后,就開始迫切地寫作文。然而寫著寫著,可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)要么論據(jù)不夠充分,寫到一半無(wú)話可些,要么某些想法在用英文表達(dá)時(shí),遇到太多的詞匯障礙。分析其根本原因,除了題目本身的難度之外,可能就是因?yàn)檫x擇沒(méi)有做好。而選擇沒(méi)有做好,則是因?yàn)閷忣}的過(guò)程不太成功導(dǎo)致的。
我將審題的過(guò)程拆解為如下4步:
1.讀題意
2.辨題型
3.列提綱
4.選立場(chǎng)
我們分別來(lái)具體看一下:
1.讀題意
這一步相對(duì)比較簡(jiǎn)單,雅思寫作題干通常不會(huì)有復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)難句,只要大家認(rèn)識(shí)所有的單詞即可。當(dāng)然如果遇到生詞,也有兩個(gè)方法可以解決。
一是借助上下文猜。如下面這道題目:Disruptive school students have a negative influence on others. Students who are noisy and disobedient should be grouped together and taught separately. Do you agree or disagree? 其中的第一個(gè)單詞disruptive可能就有同學(xué)不認(rèn)識(shí),不知道精確意思。但是后文中的students who are "noisy and disobedient"的同義解釋,不難讓大家得出"吵鬧的,不守規(guī)矩的"這樣的意思。
二是通讀機(jī)經(jīng),掃除生詞。因?yàn)?,不見得所有的生詞都能夠猜得了。有時(shí)題目中出現(xiàn)"censorship"(審查制度) 、"anti-social behavior"(反社會(huì)行為)、"juvenile delinquency"(青少年犯罪)這樣含義比較專業(yè)的生詞,考生們基本是無(wú)法根據(jù)上下文推出精確意思的,比較好的解決方法就是通讀機(jī)經(jīng)。一方面可以掃除題干生詞,遇到有不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞匯記下來(lái),同時(shí)也可以更好地了解雅思考試的題庫(kù),多做內(nèi)容方面的準(zhǔn)備。
2.辨題型
所謂題型,實(shí)際就是題目最后半句話的寫作指令,寫作要求。不同題型,寫作要求不同,邏輯步驟不同,段落結(jié)構(gòu)不同,也會(huì)直接影響下一步的列提綱工作需要做的操作。所以考生們需要對(duì)作文題型有一個(gè)清楚的認(rèn)識(shí)。
雅思考試的大作文通常分為五種題型,每種題目的出題形式都有非常明確的標(biāo)志。下面為大家列舉的是每種不同題型的示例,大家留意后面的粗體字寫作指令即可。
同意與否
Disruptive school students have a negative influence on others. Students who are noisy and disobedient should be grouped together and taught separately. Do you agree or disagree?
Rich countries often give financial aid to poor countries, but it does not eliminate the poverty, so rich countries should give other types of help to the poor countries rather than the financial aid. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
雙邊討論
Some people claim that censorship is necessary because there are too many undesirable contents in the mass media, while others argue that it will hinder information freedom. Discuss both views and give your opinion?
Some people say that the best way to improve public health is by increasing the number of sports facilities. Others however say that this would have little effect on public health and that other measures are required. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion。
利弊分析
Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at a primary school rather than secondary school. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?
問(wèn)題解決
Many people believe that today there is a general increase in anti-social behavior and lack of respect for others. What might have caused this situation? How to improve it?
綜合提問(wèn)
As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual wellbeing. What factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers?
Many developing countries are currently expanding their tourist industries. Why is this case? Is it a positive development?
3.列提綱
相對(duì)于前兩步的工作,這一步實(shí)際才是真正需要考生們投入更多時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備的。說(shuō)起來(lái)簡(jiǎn)單,所謂的列提綱,無(wú)非就是想題目需要的論據(jù)進(jìn)行羅列,包括:同意或反對(duì)某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的理由,事物的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),問(wèn)題的原因、后果、解決方案等等。但是實(shí)際上不同的話題,難度不同,我們能夠列出有效論據(jù)的難度也不同。就算是簡(jiǎn)單的題目,依然要經(jīng)歷一個(gè)"想"和"篩選"的階段。
讓我們回到剛才的例題,來(lái)做一個(gè)示范:
Should old man live with their own children together, or should they live in the nursing houses?
首先,"想"就是我們所說(shuō)的brainstorming的過(guò)程。基于對(duì)題目的正確理解,考生可以先將話題的兩個(gè)對(duì)立面的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)都盡量地詳細(xì)思考分析一番,而并不要只是執(zhí)著地去想自己的先入為主或者本能選擇的"在家照顧父母"的好處。這樣,可以讓自己后面的決定更加客觀,讓理智而非情感來(lái)決定我們的立場(chǎng)。當(dāng)然這道題目本身不難,所以,相信大部分考生都能夠想到下面的這些觀點(diǎn)。
我們可以用下面的表格來(lái)做一個(gè)雙方論據(jù)比較。
At home VS nursing house
1. 與家人的情感交流,歸屬感1. 與其他老人(同齡人/朋友)的交流
2. 方便、貼心的照顧2. 專業(yè)的照顧,醫(yī)療(避免意外)
3. 傳統(tǒng),盡孝道,責(zé)任,義務(wù),3. 適應(yīng)社會(huì)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
4. 分擔(dān)家務(wù),帶孩子4. 豐富多彩的活動(dòng)
5. 省錢(服務(wù)好的老人院比較昂貴)5. 省心(不必?fù)?dān)心父母)
應(yīng)該說(shuō),這樣的一個(gè)提綱,正反兩邊論據(jù)一一對(duì)應(yīng),無(wú)論選擇任何一邊作為立場(chǎng),都會(huì)有充分的內(nèi)容可以發(fā)揮。但是,在考生真正動(dòng)筆寫之前,一定要先思考一個(gè)問(wèn)題,那就是,這些內(nèi)容用英文會(huì)不會(huì)有表達(dá)不了的?無(wú)論是詞匯上的障礙,還是表達(dá)清晰度的困難?
所以,接下來(lái)的篩選工作就很重要了??忌纯醋约核氲降膬?nèi)容當(dāng)中有沒(méi)有被迫要從文章當(dāng)中去掉的觀點(diǎn)。
包括:
缺少詞匯支持的
難以表達(dá)清楚的
論證力度較弱的
我們逐一來(lái)分析:
缺少詞匯支持的
從詞匯上來(lái)分析,我們需要用到的有一定難度的詞組主要有:family bound(家庭歸屬感), professional medical service(專業(yè)的醫(yī)療服務(wù)),social trends(社會(huì)趨勢(shì)),fulfill one's filial duty(盡孝道),responsibility and obligation(責(zé)任和義務(wù))。
而這當(dāng)中對(duì)于大家最困難的,莫過(guò)于要表達(dá)類似"在中國(guó)子女們都會(huì)選擇自己照顧父母,因?yàn)樾㈨樃改浮⒈M孝道是歷來(lái)的傳統(tǒng),是子女的責(zé)任和義務(wù)"的觀點(diǎn)。當(dāng)然,就算不認(rèn)識(shí)以上詞組,聰明的同學(xué)也會(huì)想到用paraphrase的方法盡量表達(dá)自己的意思,但是詞匯上必然有遜色,更何況更多人可能會(huì)絞盡腦汁還是想不到最后才被迫放棄。所以"what you want to say"其實(shí)并不重要,"what you can say"才是關(guān)鍵。
難以表達(dá)清楚的
有些想法,在交談中,我們用中文簡(jiǎn)單幾個(gè)字就能夠讓對(duì)方明白意思。但是寫作,尤其是雅思寫作則完全不同。評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Task Response一項(xiàng)中,對(duì)于論據(jù)的拓展有著明確的要求,要求考生"present,extend,and support main ideas",避免"over-generalize"。有些觀點(diǎn)拓展起來(lái)有難度,或者是過(guò)于抽象無(wú)法拓展,所以考生們都應(yīng)該根據(jù)實(shí)際的情況做出取舍。
例如剛才的支持父母在老人院生活的理由中,"適應(yīng)社會(huì)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)",就是比較難解釋清楚的一條,更不用說(shuō),可能同樣會(huì)遇到詞匯的障礙。
論證力度較弱的
最后這一條指的是,當(dāng)支持一方立場(chǎng)有足夠多的論據(jù)并且都可以順利表達(dá)時(shí),考生應(yīng)該盡量選擇邏輯性更強(qiáng),更加直接的論據(jù)來(lái)寫,而論證效果相對(duì)較弱的可以選擇去掉。比如,支持父母在家與子女生活的論據(jù)中,"省錢"和"分擔(dān)家務(wù)",以及支持父母在老人院生活的論據(jù)中"適應(yīng)社會(huì)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)",這幾條實(shí)際就是屬于后者力度較弱的論據(jù)。因?yàn)?,畢竟大部分不是為了省錢和做家務(wù)而把父母留在家里,也絕不是為了趕時(shí)髦而把父母送老人院。
4.選立場(chǎng)
其實(shí),如果經(jīng)過(guò)了剛才的思考和篩選的步驟,做決定就是一件簡(jiǎn)單且更加有把握的事情了??赡軐?duì)于這道題目,多數(shù)考生會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),選擇"父母在老人院生活"作為立場(chǎng),似乎論據(jù)更充分,發(fā)揮起來(lái)也更容易。當(dāng)然,這并不意味著,我們要改變自己真實(shí)的想法,真的把父母都送老人院,我們只是用"更聰明"的心態(tài)寫了一篇作文而已。
當(dāng)然,我們的最終目的還有提高寫作速度。我們將剛才選擇的立場(chǎng)--父母在老人院生活--的論據(jù)稍作排列如下:
專業(yè)的醫(yī)療照顧,避免意外
子女更加省心
老人院的同齡人多,有更多交流
更加豐富的活動(dòng)
這時(shí),考生唯一需要做的還剩兩件事,其一,將論據(jù)在心中稍作拓展,自然梳理一遍關(guān)鍵詞;其二,組織語(yǔ)言,也就是一個(gè)連詞成句、句子組段的工作,再稍微注意一下連貫和銜接即可。而這一步,正是考生通過(guò)聽老師講解后,自己反復(fù)練習(xí),最容易提高熟練度和效率的部分。
具體的操作,我們可以參考下面的以前兩條論據(jù)寫作body段1的示范:
1.Professional medical care'old people health problem'facility +equipment+ staff' always available'emergency'quickly respond'accident/tragedy avoid
2.Adult children' no need to worry'focus on career
基本上,整段話的關(guān)鍵詞都在這里列舉了出來(lái),剩下的時(shí)間,學(xué)生幾乎都已在5-8分鐘內(nèi)寫好一個(gè)100字左右的段落出來(lái)。
Most obviously and importantly, aged parents can be well tended in nursing houses. As is known to all, old people usually suffer from the pain of all kinds of diseases or the potential health hazards, while in nursing houses they can receive professional care, with first-class medical facilities equipped and experienced staff always available. Therefore, the possible risks could be minimized andnumerous accidents can be avoided, because when emergency happens, nursing houses will definitely respond more promptly than family, who are not likely to be with their aged parents all the time. At the same time, adults don't have to be distracted or worry about their parents, so they can better focus on their career, which benefits the society in some senses。
通過(guò)上述內(nèi)容,不難看出,有效的審題,不僅可以幫你更好地選擇合適的立場(chǎng),減小半途而廢的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),更能夠?qū)懽鬟^(guò)程中構(gòu)思內(nèi)容的部分獨(dú)立出來(lái),在寫作時(shí),專注的處理語(yǔ)言的組織,將精密復(fù)雜的多線程工作分開來(lái)完成,效率也就更高了。希望各位考生在備考雅思寫作時(shí),不要全副心思背模版、套句型、準(zhǔn)備花哨的招式,而是多花些功夫在審題上、思路拓展上,不斷訓(xùn)練自己的思考習(xí)慣,成為一個(gè)內(nèi)外兼修的寫作者。
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