考研英語閱讀理解經(jīng)典真題
考研英語閱讀理解經(jīng)典真題
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考研英語閱讀原文
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.
When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do.
In 2009 the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.
In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.
There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving.
First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.
Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.
A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree.
Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics.
Some of their ties go back a long way.
Britain's Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism.
Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.
Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions.
The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.
But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.
Politicians have repeatedly "backloaded" public-sector pay deals,
keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education,
where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.
Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,
teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down.
In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.
But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.
John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services
suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.
The only American public-sector workers who earn well above 0,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.
Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted much criticism,
but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.
考研英語閱讀翻譯
如果工會會員Jimmy Hoffa今天還活著，他也許會是公務員的代表。
1960年Hoffa的組織Teamsters處于全盛時期，美國政府工作人員中只有十分之一的人屬于某一個公會;現(xiàn)在這個比率是36%。
2009年任職于美國公共部門的工會會員人數(shù)超過了任職于私營部門的工會會員人數(shù)。
在英國，在公共部門的工作人員中半數(shù)以上參加了工會，而私營部門的工作人員只有大約15%的人參加了工會組織。
公共部門工會如此盛行的原因有三個。
第一，他們能夠脫身，而不用承擔太多后果。
第二，他們中間大部分人聰明，受過良好教育。
美國公共部門的工作人員中四分之一的人有大學學位。
第三，他們現(xiàn)在在政治中的左翼力量中占主導地位。
其中有些關系有很長的歷史。
正如其名，英國工黨和工會組織的關系由來已久。
其現(xiàn)任領導Miliband把自己得到的位置歸功于來自公共部門工會組織的投票。
從州范圍來看，他們的影響更為嚇人。
加利福尼亞州公共政策研究院的Mark Baldassare指出，本州大部分預算都由工會來檢查。
教師工會關注學校，加利福尼亞感化治安官協(xié)會關心監(jiān)獄，各型各色的勞工團體關注衛(wèi)生保健。
在很多富裕國家，公共部門的平均工資要高于私營部門的平均工資。
但是真正的收入來源于利潤和工作表現(xiàn)。
政客已不停地加強公共部門的工資待遇，
工資漲幅不大，但卻加長本來就不少的假期，特別是增加本來就很多的養(yǎng)老保險金。
對于變革的反對一直都很強烈，在教育方面最為驚人。
在教育方面，契約學校、?？茖W校、績效獎都面臨著持久戰(zhàn)。
盡管有大量證據(jù)表明教師的質(zhì)量是最重要的變量，
但教師工會反對解雇不好的教師，提升好教師。
對其他每個人的支出變得更為清晰，政客開始強制執(zhí)行。
在威斯康辛州，工會集結(jié)了成千上萬的支持者，反對走強硬路線的州長，即共和黨人Scott Walker。
但很多任職于公共部門的工作人員也在目前的體制下受罪。
哈佛肯尼迪學院的John Donahue指出，西方公務員系統(tǒng)的文化準則
適合這些想留在原地過安逸生活的人們，但并不適合那些表現(xiàn)好的人們。
任職于美國公共部門的工作人員中，只有大學體育教練和美國總統(tǒng)每年的收入遠遠高于250，000美元。
銀行的高收入招致了很多批評，
但對于美國來講，在公共部門體制中，沒有給表現(xiàn)好的工作人員足夠的回報可能會成為更為嚴重的問題。
考研英語閱讀詞語解析
thriving['θriaiviŋ]adj. 旺盛的;蒸蒸日上的;繁榮的 v. 興旺
budget['bʌdʒit]n. 預算 vt. 編預算，為 ... 做預算
modest['mɔdist]adj. 謙虛的，適度的，端莊的
fearsome['fiəsəm]adj. 可怕的;害怕的;極大的
vigorouslyadv. 精神旺盛地，活潑地
prime[praim]adj. 最初的，首要的，最好的，典型的
charter['tʃɑ:tə]n. 憲章，特許，(船、機、車等的)租賃
generous['dʒenərəs]adj. 慷慨的，寬宏大量的，豐盛的，味濃的
current['kʌrənt]n. (水、氣、電)流，趨勢
adj. 流通的
opposed[ə'pəuzd]adj. 反對的，敵對的 v. 和 ... 起沖突，反抗
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