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class="sp1 c6 fl"><em id="zuozhe" class="noshow">若木</em><em class="user_id noshow">635</em>由 <em class="nickname"></em> 分享</span> <span id="tmyyfroktkho" class="fl arc_btn"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tmyyfroktkho" class="y_ju"><script type="text/javascript">a("title");</script></div> <div id="tmyyfroktkho" class="con_article con_main" id="contentText"> <p> 　　在介紹鏈路狀態(tài)算法之前，我們再來回憶一下DV算法，比如說RIP，RIP協(xié)議在計(jì)算路由的時(shí)候首先把自己已知的路由發(fā)送給自己的鄰居，當(dāng)這個(gè)鄰居收到路由之后會(huì)與自己的路由進(jìn)行比較，然后取一個(gè)最優(yōu)的路由添加到路由表中，同時(shí)將下一條指向發(fā)給自己路由的路由器。而OSPF鏈路狀態(tài)協(xié)議采用了一種全新的設(shè)計(jì)思想，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中運(yùn)行OSPF的路由器在向外發(fā)送的信息中不僅包含了路由信息，還包括了鏈路的狀態(tài)信息及網(wǎng)絡(luò)的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)(拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)可以理解為，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中使用的接口，每個(gè)接口的網(wǎng)絡(luò)狀況是什么樣的，以及在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的互連情況)。</p><p> 　　OSPF協(xié)議通過LSA描述網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)?/p><p> 　　在了解了OSPF協(xié)議的算法后，下面我們來看下OSPF協(xié)議是如何來描述這種信息的。首先，現(xiàn)存的網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的任何形式的組網(wǎng)精選后都不外乎以下四種：</p><p> 　　第一種：為整個(gè)網(wǎng)段中只有路由器本身運(yùn)行OSPF，與這臺(tái)路由器相連的接口的其它設(shè)備都不運(yùn)行OSPF。</p><p> 　　第二種：兩臺(tái)運(yùn)行OSPF協(xié)議的路由器通過點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)鏈路相連(比如PPP/HDLC)。</p><p> 　　第三種：一臺(tái)路由器在同一個(gè)網(wǎng)段中通過點(diǎn)對(duì)多點(diǎn)鏈路與多個(gè)路由器相連，而這多個(gè)路由器之間不存在互連關(guān)系。</p><p> 　　第四種：一臺(tái)路由器在一個(gè)網(wǎng)段中通過點(diǎn)對(duì)多點(diǎn)鏈路與多個(gè)路由器相連，但這多個(gè)路由器之間存在互連關(guān)系(也就是說在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的路由器都是兩兩互通，不需要轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)而可以直接相互訪問)。</p><p> 　　在對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)溥M(jìn)行抽象描述后，我們具體講述下上圖中RTA是如何描述它身邊的這四種網(wǎng)絡(luò)情況。</p><p> 　　首先我們來看第一種(整個(gè)網(wǎng)段中只有路由器本身運(yùn)行OSPF，與這臺(tái)路由器相連的接口的其它設(shè)備都不運(yùn)行OSPF)無論什么路由協(xié)議，歸根結(jié)底都是為了計(jì)算出路由。在第一種網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)中，首先要描述出自己已知的路由，那么在運(yùn)行OSPF的路由器中該如何描述呢?</p><p> 　　Link Id:192.168.1.0 /本地接口網(wǎng)段/</p><p> 　　Data: 255.255.255.0 /掩碼/</p><p> 　　Type: StubNet (3) /類型/</p><p> 　　Metric: 5 /花費(fèi)值/</p><p> 　　由于有了網(wǎng)段和掩碼我們就可以描述出這條路由，上述例子描述了192.168.1.0/24網(wǎng)段的路由，同時(shí)，到達(dá)這個(gè)網(wǎng)段的花費(fèi)值為5。并且把第一種類型的網(wǎng)絡(luò)定義成3這個(gè)字符，當(dāng)其他設(shè)備收到字符3時(shí)就會(huì)明白在整個(gè)網(wǎng)段中只有發(fā)送3字符的路由器運(yùn)行OSPF協(xié)議。</p><p> 　　接下來我們來看第二種網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)?兩臺(tái)運(yùn)行OSPF協(xié)議的路由器通過點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)鏈路相連)該如何描述。第二種網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)涿枋龅臅r(shí)候分兩步。首先，同第一種情況類似的是，路由器需要把本地運(yùn)行OSPF接口的路由信息描述出來，即：</p><p> 　　Link Id:192.168.2.0 /網(wǎng)段/</p><p> 　　Data: 255.255.255.0 /掩碼/</p><p> 　　Type: StubNet (3) /類型/</p><p> 　　Metric: 5 /花費(fèi)值/</p><p> 　　第二步，描述與其相連的RTB路由器。</p><p> 　　Link Id:192.168.2.1 /RTB 的Router ID/</p><p> 　　Data: 2.2.2.2 /RTB的接口地址/</p><p> 　　Type: Router (1) /類型/</p><p> 　　Metric: 20 /花費(fèi)值/</p><p> 　　在這里需要說明的是，在對(duì)RTB路由器進(jìn)行描述的時(shí)候，Link ID字段必須用一個(gè)唯一的數(shù)字來表示，既不能是路由器的名稱也不能是路由器的型號(hào)，因?yàn)樵谡麄€(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中Router ID是唯一的，所以這里用RTB的Router ID來描述RTA與RTB相連。同時(shí)，在Type字段中添加的數(shù)字為1，就表示是與一臺(tái)路由器相連。那么是否通過這些描述就能非常清楚地沒有歧義的描述出網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)淠?答案是否定的。因?yàn)镽TA與RTB相連有可能是多個(gè)接口互連，比如RTA與RTB互連是通過多條串行線路。所以，當(dāng)RTA知道了自己與RTB 相連后，還需要知道是與RTB的哪個(gè)接口相連，因此在Data字段中我們用RTB的接口地址來描述RTA是與RTB的那個(gè)接口相連。最后，在計(jì)算到RTB 的花費(fèi)。通過這些描述，RTA就能夠清楚地描述出自己的連接狀況。</p><p> 　　OSPF對(duì)第三種網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)涞拿枋?/p><p> 　　第三種為一臺(tái)路由器在同一個(gè)網(wǎng)段中通過點(diǎn)對(duì)多點(diǎn)鏈路與多個(gè)路由器相連，而這多個(gè)路由器之間不存在互連關(guān)系。首先，RTA仍然是先描述自己的接口。</p><p> 　　Link ID： 1.1.1.1 /本地接口地址/</p><p> 　　Data： 255.255.255.255 /掩碼/</p><p> 　　Type： StubNet(3) /類型/</p><p> 　　Metric： 5 /花費(fèi)/</p><p> 　　在這里需要注意的是，在第三種網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)渲蠷TA描述自己的接口是采用的是主機(jī)地址而不是網(wǎng)段。</p><p> 　　第二步描述與RTE相連</p><p> 　　Link ID：2.2.2.2 /RTE的Router ID/</p><p> 　　Data： 1.1.1.1 /與RTE相連的接口地址/</p><p> 　　Type： Router(1) /類型/</p><p> 　　Metric： 10 /花費(fèi)/</p><p> 　　第三步描述與RTF相連</p><p> 　　Link ID：3.3.3.3 /RTF的Router ID/</p><p> 　　Data： 1.1.1.1 /與RTF相連的接口地址/</p><p> 　　Type： Router(1) /類型/</p><p> 　　Metric： 20 /花費(fèi)/</p><p> 　　第四種為一臺(tái)路由器在一個(gè)網(wǎng)段中通過點(diǎn)對(duì)多點(diǎn)鏈路與多個(gè)路由器相連，但這多個(gè)路由器之間存在互連關(guān)系(full mesh)。</p><p> 　　Link ID：4.4.4.4 /網(wǎng)段中DR的接口地址/</p><p> 　　Data： 4.4.4.1 /本地接口地址/</p><p> 　　Type： TransNet(2) /類型/</p><p> 　　Metric： 20 /花費(fèi)/</p><p> 　　在第四種情況中(實(shí)際上，第四種情況可以看作是第三種拓?fù)涞奶乩?，RTA并不描述自己接口的路由而是描述與DR相連的接口地址，以及DR的接口地址。在full mesh結(jié)構(gòu)中，每個(gè)路由器都會(huì)生成這種LSA，其他的拓?fù)湫畔⒍荚贒R上描述。</p><p> 　　DR生成的LSA</p><p> 　　Net Mask：255.255.255.0</p><p> 　　Attached： 4.4.4.1</p><p> 　　Attached： 4.4.4.2</p><p> 　　Attached： 4.4.4.3</p><p> 　　通過DR(DR的產(chǎn)生我們會(huì)在下面講到)上的LSA和其他路由器上的LSA就可以描述出這種拓?fù)?。那么這樣做有什么好處呢?如果我們按照第三種拓?fù)鋪砻枋龅谒姆N全連通的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的每臺(tái)路由器都會(huì)生成一個(gè)很龐大的LSA。每臺(tái)路由器都要清楚而準(zhǔn)確無誤的描述出與自己相連的路由器，如果一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中有50臺(tái)路由器那么每臺(tái)路由器就需要描述1225條LSA。這會(huì)造成無謂的帶寬浪費(fèi)和設(shè)備性能的下降。而通過DR來生成LSA就大大緩解了這種情況的發(fā)生。</p><p> 　　在現(xiàn)存的網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)渲校琌SPF通過LSA都能準(zhǔn)確無誤的描述出來。在路由器向其他設(shè)備通告LSA的時(shí)候還需要加上一個(gè)頭(head)。以下是Head的結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p> 　　Type： Router /LSA的類型，可以看出此例是異地中情況的LSA/</p><p> 　　Ls ID：1.1.1.1 /LSA的標(biāo)示/</p><p> 　　Adv rtr: 1.1.1.1 /生成LSA的路由器/</p><p> 　　Ls Age: 40 /本條LSA的老化時(shí)間/</p><p> 　　Length: 108 /LSA的長度/</p><p> 　　Seq# 70000001 /LSA的序號(hào)/</p><p> 　　Cksum: 0x3543 /校驗(yàn)和/</p><p> 　　Link Count：7 /本條LSA中包含的連接個(gè)數(shù)/</p><p> 　　至此，LSA加上Head后就完成了對(duì)自己周邊拓?fù)涞拿枋觥?/p><p> 　　對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)渫瓿梢院螅酉聛淼墓ぷ骶褪沁M(jìn)行路由計(jì)算了。在學(xué)習(xí)OSPF路由計(jì)算之前，我們先回憶一下使用DV算法計(jì)算路由的RIP協(xié)議。使用RIP協(xié)議的路由器在收到鄰居發(fā)送過來的路由信息后，將收到的路由信息添加到自己的路由表中。這個(gè)路由信息是誰發(fā)給我的，我便將自己的下一條指向這個(gè)路由器。OSPF 協(xié)議算法相對(duì)來說比較復(fù)雜，它采用了SPF算法，SPF算法是OSPF路由協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)。SPF算法有時(shí)也被稱為Dijkstra算法，這是因?yàn)樽疃搪窂絻?yōu)先算法SPF是Dijkstra發(fā)明的。SPF算法將每一個(gè)路由器作為根(ROOT)來計(jì)算其到每一個(gè)目的地路由器的距離，每一個(gè)路由器根據(jù)一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的數(shù)據(jù)庫會(huì)計(jì)算出路由域的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)圖，該結(jié)構(gòu)圖類似于一棵樹，在SPF算法中，被稱為最短路徑樹。在OSPF路由協(xié)議中，最短路徑樹的樹干長度，即OSPF路由器至每一個(gè)目的地路由器的距離，稱為OSPF的Cost，其算法為：Cost = 100×106/鏈路帶寬</p><p> 　　在這里，鏈路帶寬以bps來表示。也就是說，OSPF的Cost 與鏈路的帶寬成反比，帶寬越高，Cost越小，表示OSPF到目的地的距離越近。舉例來說，F(xiàn)DDI或快速以太網(wǎng)的Cost為1，2M串行鏈路的Cost 為48，10M以太網(wǎng)的Cost為10等。作為一種典型的鏈路狀態(tài)的路由協(xié)議，OSPF還得遵循鏈路狀態(tài)路由協(xié)議的統(tǒng)一算法。鏈路狀態(tài)的算法非常簡單，在這里將鏈路狀態(tài)算法概括為以下四個(gè)步驟：</p><p> 　　1、當(dāng)路由器初始化或當(dāng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化(例如增減路由器，鏈路狀態(tài)發(fā)生變化等)時(shí)，路由器會(huì)產(chǎn)生鏈路狀態(tài)廣播數(shù)據(jù)包LSA(Link-State Advertisement)，該數(shù)據(jù)包里包含路由器上所有相連鏈路，也即為所有端口的狀態(tài)信息。</p><p> 　　2、所有路由器會(huì)通過一種被稱為刷新(Flooding)的方法來交換鏈路狀態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)。Flooding是指路由器將其LSA數(shù)據(jù)包傳送給所有與其相鄰的OSPF路由器，相鄰路由器根據(jù)其接收到的鏈路狀態(tài)信息更新自己的數(shù)據(jù)庫，并將該鏈路狀態(tài)信息轉(zhuǎn)送給與其相鄰的路由器，直至穩(wěn)定的一個(gè)過程。</p><p> 　　3、當(dāng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)重新穩(wěn)定下來，也可以說OSPF路由協(xié)議收斂下來時(shí)，所有的路由器會(huì)根據(jù)其各自的鏈路狀態(tài)信息數(shù)據(jù)庫計(jì)算出各自的路由表。該路由表中包含路由器到每一個(gè)可到達(dá)目的地的Cost以及到達(dá)該目的地所要轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)的下一個(gè)路由器(next-hop)。</p><p> 　　4、第4個(gè)步驟實(shí)際上是指OSPF路由協(xié)議的一個(gè)特性。當(dāng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)狀態(tài)比較穩(wěn)定時(shí)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)中傳遞的鏈路狀態(tài)信息是比較少的，或者可以說，當(dāng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)穩(wěn)定時(shí)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)中是比較安靜的。這也正是鏈路狀態(tài)路由協(xié)議區(qū)別與距離矢量路由協(xié)議的一大特點(diǎn)。</p><p> 　　下面我們舉例來看OSPF是如何計(jì)算路由的。首先，每個(gè)路由器都向自己的鄰居發(fā)送自己的網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)，生成一個(gè)LSA的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)，并且將這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)送給網(wǎng)絡(luò)中每一臺(tái)運(yùn)行OSPF的路由器，從而每一臺(tái)運(yùn)行OSPF協(xié)議的路由器將LSA組合起來形成一個(gè)LSDB。在每個(gè)路由器都得到相同的 LSDB后路由器會(huì)依據(jù)LSA進(jìn)行路由計(jì)算，在進(jìn)行路由計(jì)算的時(shí)候路由器會(huì)把LSDB打開，進(jìn)行每一段的搜尋。</p><p> 　　每一臺(tái)路由器都已自己為根節(jié)點(diǎn)來使用SPF算來計(jì)算路由。拿上圖來舉例說明：RTA收到每臺(tái)路由器傳來的LSA后形成LSDB，然后打開LSDB進(jìn)行每一段的搜尋。當(dāng)檢索到Type字段為StubNet的時(shí)候，RTA知道描述的是一條路由，于是將這條路由添加到自己的路由表中(實(shí)際上，這些路由是RTA的本地接口路由)。當(dāng)檢索的LSA中Type字段為Router的時(shí)候，RTA知道它是與一臺(tái)路由器相連(從這條LSA中可以獲知相連路由器的接口地址和 Router ID以及到達(dá)相連路由器的花費(fèi))。這個(gè)時(shí)候，路由計(jì)算會(huì)停止，RTA會(huì)根據(jù)Link ID尋找與其相連路由器生成的LSA。因?yàn)樵贚SA的Head中有Router ID，所以，RTA會(huì)以Router ID為關(guān)鍵字進(jìn)行檢索從而計(jì)算出到RTB的路由，并添加到路由表中。假設(shè)RTB還與RTC相連，那么RTA在查找由RTB生成的LSA時(shí)，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)RTB生成的LSA中Type字段也為Router，這個(gè)時(shí)候RTA停止計(jì)算，重新以RTC的Router ID為關(guān)鍵字在LSDB中檢索，然后將RTC的路由添加到自己的路由表中，同時(shí)RTA得知通過RTB可以到達(dá)RTC，在添加路由Metric值時(shí)就將 RTC到RTB，RTB到RTA的Metric值相加，得到RTA到達(dá)RTC的Metric。</p><p> 　　OSPF協(xié)議路由計(jì)算過程</p><p> 　　第一步，網(wǎng)絡(luò)中所有運(yùn)行OSPF協(xié)議的路由器都清楚地描述自己鄰居的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)，并生成LSA。</p><p> 　　第二步，將LSA傳給給自己相鄰的路由器，保證網(wǎng)絡(luò)中所有路由器都收到其他路由器的LSA，最終形成LSDB。</p><p> 　　第三步，通過LSDB計(jì)算出一張帶權(quán)的有向圖，最終形成統(tǒng)一的路由表。</p><p> 　　以上就是學(xué)習(xí)啦帶給大家不一樣的精彩。想要了解更多精彩的朋友可以持續(xù)關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)啦，我們將會(huì)為你奉上最全最新鮮的內(nèi)容哦! 學(xué)習(xí)啦，因你而精彩。</p> </div> <div id="tmyyfroktkho" class="y_ju"><script type="text/javascript">a("conten");</script></div> <div id="tmyyfroktkho" class="pnum"> <ul id="page_slice"> <div id="tmyyfroktkho" class="clear"></div> </ul> </div> </article>  <div id="tmyyfroktkho" class="list_hot ar_related bj_mt20 louti"> <h4 class="title2 title2_te">相關(guān)文章</h4> <ul class="bj_mt20"> <li id="tmyyfroktkho" class="lb_3 chao"> <time>09-02</time> <a href="http://www.rzpgrj.com/lizhi/lizhiwangming/2453826.html" title="女生玩游戲應(yīng)該怎么取一個(gè)好聽的名字" target="_blank">女生玩游戲應(yīng)該怎么取一個(gè)好聽的名字</a> </li> <li id="tmyyfroktkho" class="lb_3 chao"> <time>09-02</time> <a href="http://www.rzpgrj.com/xiehouyu/2213871.html" title="網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行的歇后語有哪些" 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