TED英語(yǔ)演講：100年后人類會(huì)變成什么樣子
我們能夠進(jìn)化細(xì)菌，植物和動(dòng)物——未來(lái)主義學(xué)者胡安問(wèn)道：進(jìn)化人體是否道德?在這個(gè)從中世紀(jì)假肢到當(dāng)今神經(jīng)元工程，再到人造DNA技術(shù)的頗具前瞻性的演講中，胡安·恩里克斯幫我們理清了進(jìn)化人體的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并設(shè)想了我們未來(lái)為移居其他星球而可能做出的人體改造。下面是小編為大家收集關(guān)于TED英語(yǔ)演講：100年后人類會(huì)變成什么樣子，歡迎借鑒參考。
演說(shuō)題目：What will humans look like in 100 years?
演說(shuō)者：Juan Enriquez
Here's a question that matters.
這里有一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題。
[Is it ethical to evolve the human body?]
【改造人體會(huì)出現(xiàn)道德問(wèn)題嗎】
Because we're beginning to get all the tools together to evolve ourselves. And we can evolve bacteria and we can evolve plants and we can evolve animals, and we're now reaching a point where we really have to ask, is it really ethical and do we want to evolve human beings? And as you're thinking about that, let me talk about that in the context of prosthetics, prosthetics past, present, future.
因?yàn)槲覀円呀?jīng)開始擁有改造自身所需的所有工具了。我們可以改造細(xì)菌，我們可以改造植物，我們也可以改造動(dòng)物，我們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)到了必須要問(wèn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的時(shí)候了，這是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致道德問(wèn)題，或者我們是否想要改造人類?在你們思考這個(gè)問(wèn)題的時(shí)候，讓我就假肢為例子 和你們談?wù)勥@件事，假肢的過(guò)去，現(xiàn)在和未來(lái)。
So this is the iron hand that belonged to one of the German counts. Loved to fight, lost his arm in one of these battles. No problem, he just made a suit of armor, put it on, perfect prosthetic. That's where the concept of ruling with an iron fist comes from.
這是一只鐵制手臂，它屬于一位德國(guó)伯爵。嗜愛(ài)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的他，在一場(chǎng) 戰(zhàn)役中失去了他的手臂。不過(guò)也不是問(wèn)題，他做了一套戰(zhàn)服，穿上它，就擁有了完美的假肢。這就是術(shù)語(yǔ)“鐵拳執(zhí)政”的來(lái)源。
And of course these prosthetics have been getting more and more useful, more and more modern. You can hold soft-boiled eggs. You can have all types of controls, and as you're thinking about that, there are wonderful people like Hugh Herr who have been building absolutely extraordinary prosthetics. So the wonderful Aimee Mullins will go out and say, how tall do I want to be tonight? Or Hugh will say what type of cliff do I want to climb? Or does somebody want to run a marathon, or does somebody want to ballroom dance?
當(dāng)然，這些假肢變得越來(lái)越實(shí)用，越來(lái)越現(xiàn)代化。你可以用它拿像水煮蛋這樣柔軟的東西。你可以做出各種控制，當(dāng)你們思考這件事的時(shí)候，像修米?赫爾這樣神奇的人就做出了絕對(duì)不可思議的假肢。這就讓偉大的艾米·穆林斯 (殘奧會(huì)短跑冠軍)能走出家門說(shuō)，今晚我要什么身高，戴哪副假肢呢?或者她會(huì)說(shuō)：我今天應(yīng)該爬哪種巖壁?亦或者，有人想去跑個(gè)馬拉松，或是參加交際舞會(huì)嗎?
And as you adapt these things, the interesting thing about prosthetics is they've been coming inside the body. So these external prosthetics have now become artificial knees. They've become artificial hips.And then they've evolved further to become not just nice to have but essential to have.
當(dāng)你適應(yīng)了這些事情的時(shí)候，有趣的是，現(xiàn)在的假肢 都已經(jīng)能來(lái)自體內(nèi)了。所以這些外部假肢 就變成了人造膝蓋，變成了人造髖關(guān)節(jié)。然后它們又更進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展了，不再只是錦上添花的東西，而是至關(guān)重要的部分。
So when you're talking about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic, you're talking about something that isn't just, "I'm missing my leg," it's, "if I don't have this, I can die." And at that point, a prosthetic becomes a symbiotic relationship with the human body.
當(dāng)你把一個(gè)心臟起搏器當(dāng)成假肢時(shí)，那你就不僅僅是在說(shuō)，“我缺條腿”這么簡(jiǎn)單，而是“如果我沒(méi)有這個(gè)，我就會(huì)死掉。” 在那種程度上，假肢與人體就形成了 一種共生關(guān)系。
And four of the smartest people that I've ever met -- Ed Boyden, Hugh Herr, Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander -- are working on a Center for Extreme Bionics. And the interesting thing of what you're seeing here is these prosthetics now get integrated into the bone. They get integrated into the skin. They get integrated into the muscle. And one of the other sides of Ed is he's been thinking about how to connect the brain using light or other mechanisms directly to things like these prosthetics.
而四個(gè)我見過(guò)的最聰明的人—— 艾德·鮑登，修米?赫爾，喬?雅各布森，鮑勃?蘭登——他們都在一家極致仿生中心工作。而你們現(xiàn)在看到的 一件有趣的事情是，這些假肢已經(jīng)能融入人體骨骼當(dāng)中，能融入皮膚之中，也能融入肌肉組織之中。而另一方面，艾德也開始思考如何使用燈光或其他機(jī)制 使大腦能夠直接和 假肢類的東西相聯(lián)結(jié)。
And if you can do that, then you can begin changing fundamental aspects of humanity. So how quickly you react to something depends on the diameter of a nerve. And of course, if you have nerves that are external or prosthetic, say with light or liquid metal, then you can increase that diameter and you could even increase it theoretically to the point where,as long as you could see the muzzle flash, you could step out of the way of a bullet. Those are the order of magnitude of changes you're talking about.
如果我們能做到那一點(diǎn)，那么我們就可以改變 人類的基本組成部分了。你對(duì)于一個(gè)事物的反應(yīng)速度 是由神經(jīng)元直徑?jīng)Q定的。但是當(dāng)然，如果你的神經(jīng)是外緣的，或是假肢，舉個(gè)例子，光線或是液態(tài)金屬，那么你們就能增寬神經(jīng)元的直徑，從理論上來(lái)說(shuō)，我們甚至 可以提升反應(yīng)速度，快到只要能看見槍口的 閃光，就能躲開子彈。這些就是我們準(zhǔn)備討論的變化的級(jí)別。
This is a fourth sort of level of prosthetics. These are Phonak hearing aids, and the reason why these are so interesting is because they cross the threshold from where prosthetics are something for somebody who is "disabled" and they become something that somebody who is "normal" might want to actually have,because what this prosthetic does, which is really interesting, is not only does it help you hear, you can focus your hearing, so it can hear the conversation going on over there.
這是假肢的第四種境界。這是一些峰力助聽器，這些東西很有趣，原因是它們已經(jīng)跨越了假肢是 幫助“障礙人群”的門檻了。它們變成了“正常人群” 也想要的東西，因?yàn)檫@種假肢所能做的，非常有趣，不僅僅能夠幫助你聽見聲音，還能幫助你專注于聽，能幫你聽見別處的聲音。這樣你就有了順風(fēng)耳。
You can have superhearing. You can have hearing in 360 degrees. You can have white noise. You can record, and oh, by the way, they also put a phone into this. So this functions as your hearing aid and also as your phone. And at that point, somebody might actually want to have a prosthetic voluntarily.
你可以聽到全方位的聲音。你可以聽見白噪聲。你可以錄音，順便提一下，它們還可以承載手機(jī)功能。所以它的功能不僅是助聽，還可以成為你的手機(jī)。到了那時(shí)，就會(huì)有人自愿去安裝假肢了。
All of these thousands of loosely connected little pieces are coming together, and it's about time we ask the question, how do we want to evolve human beings over the next century or two? And for that we turn to a great philosopher who was a very smart man despite being a Yankee fan.
這些成千的連接疏松的碎片 正在聚集起來(lái)，是時(shí)候讓我們提出疑問(wèn)，我們?cè)谙乱粋€(gè)，或者兩個(gè)世紀(jì) 打算如何改造人類?我們向一個(gè)偉大的哲學(xué)家求助，他是非常聰明的人，盡管是洋基隊(duì)的粉絲。
And Yogi Berra used to say, of course, that it's very tough to make predictions, especially about the future.
當(dāng)然，就像約吉·貝拉說(shuō)過(guò)的那樣，預(yù)測(cè)不是一件簡(jiǎn)單的事情，特別是關(guān)于未來(lái)的預(yù)測(cè)。
So instead of making a prediction about the future to begin with, let's take what's happening in the present with people like Tony Atala, who is redesigning 30-some-odd organs. And maybe the ultimate prosthetic isn't having something external, titanium. Maybe the ultimate prosthetic is take your own gene code, remake your own body parts, because that's a whole lot more effective than any kind of a prosthetic.
所以說(shuō)，我們開篇就先不預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)，讓我們看看當(dāng)下，發(fā)生在像 托尼?阿塔拉這樣的人身上的故事吧，托尼身上有著30多個(gè)再設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)的器官。也許最終版本的假肢已經(jīng)不需要了，例如金屬鈦這種外緣材料。也許會(huì)來(lái)自你們自身的基因編碼，重新制造身體的一部分，因?yàn)槟菚?huì)比任何一種假肢效果都要好。
But while you're at it, then you can take the work of Craig Venter and Ham Smith. And one of the things that we've been doing is trying to figure out how to reprogram cells. And if you can reprogram a cell, then you can change the cells in those organs. So if you can change the cells in those organs, maybe you make those organs more radiation-resistant. Maybe you make them absorb more oxygen. Maybe you make them more efficient to filter out stuff that you don't want in your body.
當(dāng)你們這么想的時(shí)候，就可以看看克雷格·文特爾和翰姆·史密斯的工作。我們一直以來(lái)想要做的事情之一，就是想出如何重新編碼細(xì)胞。如果你可以重新編碼細(xì)胞，你就可以改變那些器官中的細(xì)胞。因此，如果我們可以改變器官中的細(xì)胞，也許我們就能使得 那些細(xì)胞更加耐輻射; 也許能讓它們吸收更多氧氣; 讓它們更加高效的 過(guò)濾人體所不需要的雜質(zhì)。
And over the last few weeks, George Church has been in the news a lot because he's been talking about taking one of these programmable cells and inserting an entire human genome into that cell. And once you can insert an entire human genome into a cell, then you begin to ask the question, would you want to enhance any of that genome?
在過(guò)去的幾周里，喬治·丘奇經(jīng)常上新聞，因?yàn)樗恢倍荚诿枋?一種可編碼細(xì)胞，以及將整個(gè)人類基因組 插入那個(gè)細(xì)胞。一旦我們能夠?qū)⒄麄€(gè) 人類基因組插入那個(gè)細(xì)胞當(dāng)中，我們就會(huì)開始問(wèn)這樣的問(wèn)題：你們想要加強(qiáng) 基因中的任何部分嗎?你們想要強(qiáng)化人體嗎?
Do you want to enhance a human body? How would you want to enhance a human body? Where is it ethical to enhance a human body and where is it not ethical to enhance a human body? And all of a sudden, what we're doing is we've got this multidimensional chess board where we can change human genetics by using viruses to attack things like AIDS, or we can change the gene code through gene therapy to do away with some hereditary diseases, or we can change the environment, and change the expression of those genes in the epigenome and pass that on to the next generations.
你們想要怎樣強(qiáng)化人體?怎樣強(qiáng)化是合乎道德的?而怎樣又是不合乎道德的?突然之間，我們正在做的，仿佛是得到了一個(gè)多維棋盤：我們可以通過(guò)病毒來(lái)改變?nèi)祟惖幕?，從而攻克艾滋這樣的疾病，或者我們也可以通過(guò) 改變基因序列，基因療法，來(lái)對(duì)付遺傳性疾病，又或者說(shuō)，我們 可以改變我們的環(huán)境，我們還可以改變顯性基因的基因表達(dá)，將表象傳遞給下一代人。
And all of a sudden, it's not just one little bit, it's all these stacked little bits that allow you to take little portions of ituntil all the portions coming together lead you to something that's very different.
一瞬之間，就變得不止是一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)了，這些一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)累積起來(lái)，每次拿走一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，直到它們匯集起來(lái)，讓你變得完全不同。
And a lot of people are very scared by this stuff. And it does sound scary, and there are risks to this stuff. So why in the world would you ever want to do this stuff? Why would we really want to alter the human body in a fundamental way?
很多人對(duì)此感到害怕。這聽起來(lái)確實(shí)很恐怖，也很有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。那么我們到底為什么想要這么做呢?為什么我們希望徹底的改變?nèi)梭w呢?
The answer lies in part with Lord Rees, astronomer royal of Great Britain. And one of his favorite sayings is the universe is 100 percent malevolent. So what does that mean? It means if you take any one of your bodies at random, drop it anywhere in the universe, drop it in space, you die. Drop it on the Sun, you die. Drop it on the surface of Mercury, you die. Drop it near a supernova, you die. But fortunately, it's only about 80 percent effective.
英國(guó)皇家天文協(xié)會(huì)的洛德?里斯給我們提供了部分答案。他最喜歡說(shuō)的一句話就是： 宇宙是百分之百邪惡的。這是什么意思呢?意思就是，隨機(jī)取下你身體的一部分 扔在宇宙的任何地方，扔在太空，你就死定了。扔在太陽(yáng)上，死定了。扔在水星表面上，死定了。扔在超新星附近，死定了。但幸運(yùn)的是，這句話只有80%是正確的。
So as a great physicist once said, there's these little upstream eddies of biology that create order in this rapid torrent of entropy. So as the universe dissipates energy, there's these upstream eddies that create biological order. Now, the problem with eddies is, they tend to disappear. They shift. They move in rivers.
一位偉大的物理學(xué)家曾說(shuō)過(guò)，就是那些處于上游的小生物漩渦，創(chuàng)造了洶涌洪流當(dāng)中的秩序。所以隨著宇宙不斷耗散能量，這些處于上游的小型生命漩渦，創(chuàng)造了生物界的秩序?，F(xiàn)在，關(guān)于小漩渦的問(wèn)題就是它們要消失了。它們會(huì)在星河中移動(dòng)。
And because of that, when an eddy shifts, when the Earth becomes a snowball, when the Earth becomes very hot, when the Earth gets hit by an asteroid, when you have supervolcanoes, when you have solar flares,when you have potentially extinction-level events like the next election -
因?yàn)檫@樣的原因，當(dāng)小漩渦移動(dòng)的時(shí)候，當(dāng)?shù)厍蜃兂裳┣虻臅r(shí)候，變得炙熱的時(shí)候，當(dāng)?shù)厍虮恍⌒行菗糁械臅r(shí)候，當(dāng)我們遇到超級(jí)火山爆發(fā)的時(shí)候，當(dāng)我們遇到太陽(yáng)耀斑爆發(fā)的時(shí)候，當(dāng)我們遇到潛在的 毀滅級(jí)事件的時(shí)候，比如下屆選舉這種事——
then all of a sudden, you can have periodic extinctions. And by the way, that's happened five times on Earth,and therefore it is very likely that the human species on Earth is going to go extinct someday. Not next week,not next month, maybe in November, but maybe 10,000 years after that. As you're thinking of the consequence of that, if you believe that extinctions are common and natural and normal and occur periodically, it becomes a moral imperative to diversify our species.
然后突然之間，我們就會(huì)遇到周期性的大滅絕。順便提一下，這已經(jīng)在地球上上演過(guò)五次了。因此，人類有朝一日 在地球上滅絕是非?？赡馨l(fā)生的。不是下個(gè)星期，不是下個(gè)月，也許就是11月，但也許是那之后的一萬(wàn)年。想象一下那樣的結(jié)果，如果你相信大滅絕 是平常的，自然的，會(huì)周期性發(fā)生，這就成為了一個(gè)使我們的物種多樣化的道德準(zhǔn)則。
And it becomes a moral imperative because it's going to be really hard to live on Mars if we don't fundamentally modify the human body. Right? You go from one cell, mom and dad coming together to make one cell, in a cascade to 10 trillion cells.
之所以會(huì)成為道德準(zhǔn)則，是因?yàn)槿绻覀儾粡氐仔薷娜梭w，那么我們就很難在火星上生存。不難理解吧?我們都來(lái)自一個(gè)細(xì)胞，父母一起產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)細(xì)胞，通過(guò)連續(xù)分裂產(chǎn)生了10兆個(gè)細(xì)胞。
We don't know, if you change the gravity substantially, if the same thing will happen to create your body. We do know that if you expose our bodies as they currently are to a lot of radiation, we will die. So as you're thinking of that, you have to really redesign things just to get to Mars.Forget about the moons of Neptune or Jupiter.
我們不能確定徹底改變重力時(shí)，相同的事情還會(huì)發(fā)生在我們體內(nèi)。我們能確定的是現(xiàn)在將自己的身體 暴露在強(qiáng)輻射下，我們就會(huì)死。當(dāng)你這樣想的時(shí)候，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)僅僅是為了去火星，我們就必須重新編碼自己。更不用說(shuō)去海王星或木星的衛(wèi)星了。
And to borrow from Nikolai Kardashev, let's think about life in a series of scales. So Life One civilization is a civilization that begins to alter his or her looks. And we've been doing that for thousands of years. You've got tummy tucks and you've got this and you've got that. You alter your looks, and I'm told that not all of those alterations take place for medical reasons.
借用一下尼古拉·卡爾達(dá)肖夫 (前蘇聯(lián)天體物理學(xué)家)的話，讓我們?cè)谝幌盗械某叨壬峡紤]一下生命。在一級(jí)生命文明當(dāng)中 可以開始改變?nèi)祟惖拈L(zhǎng)相。我們已經(jīng)這樣做了數(shù)千年了。你可以做腹部整形，整整這兒，整整那兒。你能改變你的長(zhǎng)相，我聽人說(shuō) 不是所有改變的背后都有醫(yī)療緣由。
Seems odd.
看起來(lái)很奇怪。
A Life Two civilization is a different civilization. A Life Two civilization alters fundamental aspects of the body. So you put human growth hormone in, the person grows taller, or you put x in and the person gets fatter or loses metabolism or does a whole series of things, but you're altering the functions in a fundamental way.
二級(jí)生命文明就是完全不同的了。二級(jí)生命文明就開始 改變?nèi)梭w的基本特征了。所以你可以注射生長(zhǎng)激素，使人長(zhǎng)的更高，或者使用某種藥物，使人變胖，新陳代謝失調(diào)，或者發(fā)生一系列的改變。但是你已經(jīng)徹底改變了基礎(chǔ)機(jī)能了。
To become an intrasolar civilization, we're going to have to create a Life Three civilization, and that looks very different from what we've got here. Maybe you splice in Deinococcus radiodurans so that the cells can resplice after a lot of exposure to radiation. Maybe you breathe by having oxygen flow through your bloodinstead of through your lungs.
要成為整個(gè)太陽(yáng)系內(nèi)文明，我們必須要經(jīng)歷三級(jí)生命文明，而且明顯有別于所提到的二級(jí)文明。也許你會(huì)被植入耐輻射球菌，這樣在大量暴露于輻射后受損的細(xì)胞仍能復(fù)原。也許你就會(huì)將氧氣 直接吸入血液當(dāng)中 而不是肺中。
But you're talking about really radical redesigns, and one of the interesting things that's happened in the last decade is we've discovered a whole lot of planets out there. And some of them may be Earth-like. The problem is, if we ever want to get to these planets, the fastest human objects --Juno and Voyager and the rest of this stuff -- take tens of thousands of years to get from here to the nearest solar system.
但是我們正在討論的 是完全徹底的重設(shè)，在過(guò)去十年間發(fā)生了一件有趣的事情，那就是我們?cè)谟钪骈g 發(fā)現(xiàn)了更多的行星。其中的很多都屬于類地行星。問(wèn)題在于，如果我們 想要到達(dá)那些行星，人類擁有的的最快物體—— 朱諾和旅行者，還有剩下類似的東西—— 將花費(fèi)我們數(shù)千萬(wàn)年，才能從這里到達(dá)離我們最近的恒星系。
So if you want to start exploring beaches somewhere else, or you want to see two-sun sunsets, then you're talking about something that is very different, because you have to change the timescale and the body of humans in ways which may be absolutely unrecognizable. And that's a Life Four civilization.
所以，如果我們想在 其他地方漫步沙灘，或者想要看雙日落，那么我們?cè)谟懻摰?一定是非常不同的東西，因?yàn)槲覀儽仨氁淖?時(shí)間維度和人體的構(gòu)造直到超乎想象的地步。那就是四級(jí)生命文明。
Now, we can't even begin to imagine what that might look like, but we're beginning to get glimpses of instruments that might take us even that far. And let me give you two examples.
現(xiàn)在，雖然我們無(wú)法想象 我們會(huì)變成什么樣，但是我們已經(jīng)能看到 能把我們帶到那里的 一些尖端設(shè)備了。我給你們舉兩個(gè)例子。
So this is the wonderful Floyd Romesberg, and one of the things that Floyd's been doing is he's been playing with the basic chemistry of life. So all life on this planet is made in ATCGs, the four letters of DNA. All bacteria, all plants, all animals, all humans, all cows, everything else. And what Floyd did is he changed out two of those base pairs, so it's ATXY.
這就是我們出色的弗洛伊德?瑞姆斯伯格，(另一位TEDMED演講者)弗洛伊德一直在做的事情之一就是 研究基礎(chǔ)生命化學(xué)。地球上的所有生命都由ATCG組成，DNA鏈中的四個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)單元。所有的細(xì)菌，植物，動(dòng)物，人類，奶牛，所有的生物。弗洛伊德做的就是 改變了其中的兩組堿基對(duì)，就變成了ATXY組合。
And that means that you now have a parallel system to make life, to make babies, to reproduce, to evolve, that doesn't mate with most things on Earth or in fact maybe with nothing on Earth. Maybe you make plants that are immune to all bacteria. Maybe you make plants that are immune to all viruses. But why is that so interesting? It means that we are not a unique solution. It means you can create alternate chemistries to us that could be chemistries adaptable to a very different planet that could create life and heredity.
這就意味著，你現(xiàn)在擁有了 一個(gè)制造生命的平行體系，去產(chǎn)生幼兒，去繁殖，去進(jìn)化，不能與地球上的大多數(shù)生命配對(duì)，或者說(shuō)事實(shí)上全都不能。也許你能夠制造出對(duì)所有細(xì)菌免疫的植物。也許你能制造出 對(duì)所有病毒免疫的植物。但是，這為什么有趣呢?因?yàn)檫@就意味著，我們 不只有唯一的解決方案了。這就意味著，我們能夠造出 不同于我們的化學(xué)生物，它們能夠適應(yīng)不同星球上的生活，它們能創(chuàng)造生命，繁衍生息。
The second experiment, or the other implication of this experiment, is that all of you, all life is based on 20 amino acids. If you don't substitute two amino acids, if you don't say ATXY, if you say ATCG + XY, then you go from 20 building blocks to 172, and all of a sudden you've got 172 building blocks of amino acids to build life-forms in very different shapes.
就是我們所有人，所有的 生命都基于20種氨基酸。 如果我們并不是 去替換其中的兩種， 我們不用ATXY的模式， 我們用ATCG+XY的模式， 我們就能夠從20種 基礎(chǔ)氨基酸增長(zhǎng)到172種， 轉(zhuǎn)瞬間，我們就有了172種 基礎(chǔ)氨基酸的模型 去建造完全不同的生命形式。第二個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，或者說(shuō)是這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的另一個(gè)運(yùn)用。
The second experiment to think about is a really weird experiment that's been taking place in China. So this guy has been transplanting hundreds of mouse heads. Right? And why is that an interesting experiment?Well, think of the first heart transplants. One of the things they used to do is they used to bring in the wife or the daughter of the donor so the donee could tell the doctors, "Do you recognize this person? Do you love this person? Do you feel anything for this person?"
第二個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，一個(gè)非常詭異的實(shí)驗(yàn)。是在中國(guó)做的。這個(gè)家伙已經(jīng)換植過(guò)上百只老鼠的頭了。聽上去怎么樣?為什么這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)很有趣呢?想一想第一場(chǎng)心臟移植手術(shù)。他人們以前經(jīng)常做的一件事就是會(huì)把器官捐贈(zèng)者的 妻子或女兒帶過(guò)來(lái)，這樣被捐贈(zèng)者就可以回答醫(yī)生的問(wèn)題，“你認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)人嗎?你愛(ài)她嗎?你看到她能感覺(jué)到什么嗎?”
We laugh about that today. We laugh because we know the heart is a muscle, but for hundreds of thousands of years, or tens of thousands of years, "I gave her my heart. She took my heart. She broke my heart." We thought this was emotion and we thought maybe emotions were transplanted with the heart. Nope.
今天，我們當(dāng)然會(huì)把這當(dāng)笑話講。我們笑是因?yàn)槲覀冎?心臟只是一塊肌肉，但是，在歷史上的若干年間，“我把心獻(xiàn)給了她。她勾走了我的心。讓我心碎。” 我們都把心臟當(dāng)成感情的來(lái)源，我們以為感情會(huì)與心相隨，一同被移植。不是這樣的。
So how about the brain? Two possible outcomes to this experiment. If you can get a mouse that is functional, then you can see, is the new brain a blank slate? And boy, does that have implications. Second option: the new mouse recognizes Minnie Mouse. The new mouse remembers what it's afraid of, remembers how to navigate the maze, and if that is true, then you can transplant memory and consciousness.
但是如果換成大腦呢?有兩種可能的結(jié)局。如果你能成功得到一只活著的老鼠，你會(huì)觀察到，它的新大腦是否是一片空白?甚至，這個(gè)大腦是不是有同樣的功能?第二種可能： 新的老鼠還記得它的戀愛(ài)對(duì)象。新的老鼠還記得它害怕什么，記得迷宮的線路，如果這是真的，我們就能夠移植我們的記憶和意識(shí)。
And then the really interesting question is, if you can transplant this, is the only input-output mechanism this down here? Or could you transplant that consciousness into something that would be very different, that would last in space, that would last tens of thousands of years, that would be a completely redesigned body that could hold consciousness for a long, long period of time?
然后就引發(fā)了一個(gè)有趣的問(wèn)題，移植大腦的過(guò)程，是否是對(duì)于下半身唯一的 輸入輸出信號(hào)的控制呢?或者說(shuō)，我們能否將意識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)入一個(gè) 十分不同的東西里，使它能夠在宇宙中長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)留存，能夠持續(xù)數(shù)萬(wàn)年，這是身體的完全重設(shè)，使我們的意識(shí)能夠存在很長(zhǎng)，很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間?
And let's come back to the first question: Why would you ever want to do that? Well, I'll tell you why.Because this is the ultimate selfie.
那么，讓我們重新回到開始的問(wèn)題：為什么我們會(huì)想要那么做?好吧，讓我來(lái)告訴你們?cè)?。因?yàn)檫@就是我們的終極自拍照。(笑聲)
This is taken from six billion miles away, and that's Earth. And that's all of us. And if that little thing goes, all of humanity goes. And the reason you want to alter the human body is because you eventually want a picture that says, that's us, and that's us, and that's us, because that's the way humanity survives long-term extinction. And that's the reason why it turns out it's actually unethical not to evolve the human body even though it can be scary, even though it can be challenging, but it's what's going to allow us to explore, liveand get to places we can't even dream of today, but which our great-great-great-great- grandchildren might someday.
這將來(lái)自六十億英里以外，那就是地球。里面包括我們所有人。如果那個(gè)小東西能夠持續(xù)下去，整個(gè)人類就會(huì)存活下去。我們之所以想要改變?nèi)梭w，是因?yàn)槲覀冏罱K想要一張照片，上面寫著，這是我們，這是我們，這也是我們，因?yàn)檫@讓人類得以 幸存于漫長(zhǎng)的滅絕事件中。這就是為什么結(jié)果表明，不進(jìn)化人體是不道德的。即使那可能很可怕，即使可能很困難，但這會(huì)使我們能夠去探索，生存，到達(dá)當(dāng)今無(wú)法想象的地方，也許我們的曾曾曾曾孫輩有朝一日會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)。
Thank you very much.(Applause)
非常感謝。(掌聲)
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