考研英語(yǔ)經(jīng)濟(jì)類閱讀理解及答案解析
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考研英語(yǔ)經(jīng)濟(jì)類閱讀理解及答案：SALLIE KRAWCHECK
CEO of Citigroup's new Smith Barney unit
AS A TRACK STAR in high school, Sallie Krawcheck ranked among her state's best at the high jump. But she hasn't jumped for anyone since, and her unshakabl
e independence has propelled her career on Wall Street to heights unimaginable to a girl coming of age in Charleston, S.C., in the 1970s. Then, Krawcheck--always an outstanding student--thought mostly of cheerleading and "dating the coolest boy," she acknowledges. "She was in danger of becoming terminally cute," recalls her high school guidance counselor, Nancy Wise, who recognized Krawcheck's potential early and stoked her business ambitions. Today Krawcheck, 37, is one of the most powerful women in the corporate world and a rising star.
How far she climbs depends on how well she meets her latest challenge: closing the credibility gap at financial-services giant Citigroup, after government inquiries put a cloud over the firm's reputation--and its stock. Krawcheck was hired in October from the independent stock-research firm Sanford C. Bernstein (where she was CEO) to be Citi's designated savior. Citigroup's proud CEO, Sanford Weill, personally wooed her, reorganizing a large chunk of Citi around her. Krawcheck is now CEO of a reconstituted Smith Barney, which encompasses Citi's stock-research and retail-brokerage operations.
This large stage leaves Krawcheck outwardly undaunted. She's relaxed and confident, with a self-deprecating sense of humor. She says she's "incredibly insecure," and has had nightmares in which she fails to win the respect of her new colleagues. But this soft-spoken humility belies a toughness present from the start. Daughter of a lawyer and sister of three more, Krawcheck learned early on to substantiate her assertions--or keep quiet.
"It used to get quite interesting around the dinner table," says her father Lenny, who practices law in Charleston. "Politics, relationships--you name it. It was every man for himself and awful tough to make your point." Jokes Sallie: "None of us could get a friend to come over for dinner."
Krawcheck earned a journalism degree from the University of North Carolina and an M.B.A. from Columbia University. She went to work at Salomon Brothers but soon moved to Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, where she met her husband Gary Appel. In 1994 Krawcheck moved to Bernstein and dived into stock research. She began covering financial-services firms in 1997 and immediately became the most influential analyst in that field. During those years, Krawcheck earned Weill's ire--and respect when she was later proved correct--by dwelling on the pitfalls of Weill's acquisition of Salomon
~~~~~~~~
By Daniel Kadlec Time; 12/2/2002, Vol. 160 Issue 23, p52, 1/2p, 1c
注(1)：本文選自Time; 12/2/2002, p52, 1/2p, 1c;
注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象2003年真題Text 2;
1. The author begins his article by __________.
[A]making a comparison
[B]posing a contrast
[C]justifying an assumption
[D]explaining a phenomenon
2. Krawcheck was chosen the CEO of the Smith Barney because ___________.
[A]the CEO of the Citigroup trusted her
[B]she was thought to be able to save Citigroup out of trouble
[C]she has wonderful experience in this field
[D]she is the new rising star
3. Krawcheck’s success depends on ___________.
[A]how well she can regain the firm’s reputation
[B]how well she can save the firm’s credibility crisis
[C]how well she can raise the firm’s stock
[D]how well she can fulfill her own plan and aim
4. The previous days Krawcheck spent at home are mentioned to show that __________.
[A] Krawcheck knows well how to prove her ideas
[B] family members are always on different sides.
[C]there is an air of freedom at Krawcheck’s home
[D]they have a variety of topics at dinner
5.From the text we learn that Krawcheck is ___________.
[A]humorous
[B]soft-hearted
[C]sensitive
[D]strong-minded
答案：ABBAD
篇章剖析
本文記述了薩利•克勞切克成功的職業(yè)生涯。第一段指出中學(xué)時(shí)代的克勞切克就相當(dāng)出色，今天的她更是出類拔萃;第二段指出她臨危授命，擔(dān)任花旗集團(tuán)(Citigroup)新組建的史密斯•巴尼公司首席執(zhí)行官;第三段和第四段介紹了她的性格以及家庭對(duì)她的影響;第五段介紹了她輝煌的從業(yè)經(jīng)歷。
詞匯注釋
stoke vt. 給(火或火爐)添加燃料，撥旺(火或火爐);照管(火爐等); 司(爐)
credibility gap 信用差距
cast (put) a cloud on [upon] 在...上投下一層陰影
woo vt. 向...求婚, 求愛;懇求，請(qǐng)求;勸說, 拉攏(人)(做某事, 投入某項(xiàng)行動(dòng)等)
belie [bI5laI] vt. 使對(duì)…產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)覺;使人對(duì)…誤解;掩飾;顯示(希望、諾言等)不真實(shí)(是虛假的);使失望; 辜負(fù)
early on在早期
substantiate vt.證明，使...具體化，使成為現(xiàn)實(shí)
assertion [E5sE:FEn] n. 主張, 要求, 斷言
stand to one’s assertion 堅(jiān)持已見
for oneself 為自己; 代表自己; 獨(dú)力地; 親自地
ire [5aIE(r)] n. 忿怒，憤怒，怒火
dwell on v. 細(xì)想, 詳述，詳評(píng)，如：
pitfall [5pitfC:l] n. 陷阱, 圈套, 誘惑;易犯的錯(cuò)誤;(由疏忽而出的)毛病, 缺陷, 失誤
難句突破
1.But she hasn't jumped for anyone since, and her unshakable independence has propelled her career on Wall Street to heights unimaginable to a girl coming of age in Charleston, S.C., in the 1970s.
主體句式：she hasn't jumped for anyone since, and her independence has propelled her to heights …
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句是and引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)并列句。在這個(gè)句子中，注意propel的用法：“propel sb. to do sth”，意思是“促使、推動(dòng)某人做某事”;“unimaginable to a girl”做后置定語(yǔ)來修飾“heights”;“coming of age”做后置定語(yǔ)修飾“a girl”，其中“age”的意思是“成年”。
句子譯文：但她從那以后再也沒有為任何人跳過，而她那不可動(dòng)搖的獨(dú)立性把她在華爾街的職業(yè)生涯推向一個(gè)在二十世紀(jì)七十年代對(duì)一個(gè)來自南卡羅來納州查爾斯頓正在步入成年之列的少女來說不可思議的高度。
2.How far she climbs depends on how well she meets her latest challenge: closing the credibility gap at financial-services giant Citigroup, after government inquiries put a cloud over the firm's reputation--and its stock.
主體句式：How far she climbs depends on how well she meets her latest challenge …
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：從句“how far she climbs”做句子的主語(yǔ);從句“how well she meets”做動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)“depend on”的賓語(yǔ);“closing the credibility gap”做伴隨狀語(yǔ)，其中“credibility gap”的意思是“信用差距”，“put a cloud over”的意思是“在...上投下一層陰影”。
句子譯文: 她能取得多大的成就取決于她如何迎接她的最新挑戰(zhàn)：在政府的調(diào)查使公司的名譽(yù)——及其股票——罩上一層陰影之后，縮小財(cái)政服務(wù)巨人Citigroup集團(tuán)的信用差距。
題目分析
1.答案為A，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章中提到中學(xué)時(shí)代的克勞切克和今天的克勞切克都是相當(dāng)成功的。
2.答案為B，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。原文對(duì)應(yīng)信息是“Krawcheck was hired in October from the independent stock-research firm Sanford C. Bernstein (where she was CEO) to be Citi's designated savior.”。
3.答案為B ，屬推理判斷題。原文對(duì)應(yīng)信息是：“How far she climbs depends on how well she meets her latest challenge: closing the credibility gap at financial-services giant Citigroup, after government inquiries put a cloud over the firm's reputation--and its stock.”。本句的分析參見難句突破部分。
4.答案為A，屬推理判斷題。第三段最后一句指出“Daughter of a lawyer and sister of three more, Krawcheck learned early on to substantiate her assertions--or keep quiet.”，然后作者在第四段給出克勞切克的父親和她本人的感受，來進(jìn)一步來說明這一句話。
5.答案為D，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。原文對(duì)應(yīng)信息是：“But this soft-spoken humility belies a toughness present from the start.”。
參考譯文
薩利•克勞切克
花旗集團(tuán)(Citigroup)新組建的史密斯•巴尼公司首席執(zhí)行官
作為中學(xué)時(shí)代的徑賽明星，薩利•克勞切克曾名列她所在州跳高運(yùn)動(dòng)的榜首。但她從那以后再也沒有為任何人跳過，而她那不可動(dòng)搖的獨(dú)立性把她在華爾街的職業(yè)生涯推向一個(gè)在二十世紀(jì)七十年代對(duì)一個(gè)來自南卡羅來納州查爾斯頓正在步入成年之列的少女來說不可思議的高度?？藙谇锌?mdash;—她總是一名杰出的學(xué)生——承認(rèn)說，主要想的就是如何帶領(lǐng)啦啦隊(duì)和 “約會(huì)最酷的男孩。” 很早就認(rèn)識(shí)到她的潛能并激發(fā)她商業(yè)雄心的中學(xué)指導(dǎo)顧問南希•懷斯回憶說，“她極有可能成為絕頂聰明之人。” 今天，37歲的克勞切克是商界最強(qiáng)有力的女人之一，是一顆冉冉升起的明星。
她能取得多大的成就取決于她如何迎接她的最新挑戰(zhàn)：在政府的調(diào)查使公司的名譽(yù)——及其股票——罩上一層陰影之后，縮小財(cái)政服務(wù)巨人Citigroup集團(tuán)的信用差距。克勞切克是10月從獨(dú)立的股票研究公司——桑福德•C•伯恩斯坦公司(在這家公司她是首席執(zhí)行官)被招聘為選定的Citi集團(tuán)的救星。Citigroup集團(tuán)高傲的首席執(zhí)行官桑福德•韋爾親自懇求她，把Citi集團(tuán)的一大塊重組在她周圍。克勞切克現(xiàn)在是重組后的史密斯巴尼公司(其中包括 Citi集團(tuán)的股票研究和零售經(jīng)紀(jì)業(yè)務(wù))的首席執(zhí)行官。
這個(gè)大舞臺(tái)讓克勞切克無(wú)所畏懼地向外擴(kuò)張。她顯得輕松自如且胸有成竹，帶有幾分自貶式的幽默感。她說她感到“難以置信地沒有把握，”常常做惡夢(mèng)，夢(mèng)見她得不到新同事的尊敬。但是這種說起話來讓人感到溫柔可親的謙卑掩飾了她一開始就有的堅(jiān)韌與果斷。作為律師的女兒和另外三個(gè)姊妹的姐姐, 克勞切克很早就學(xué)會(huì)了如何證實(shí)自己的主張——或保持鎮(zhèn)靜。
“過去圍坐餐桌就餐是相當(dāng)有趣的，”她父親倫尼——他在查爾斯頓當(dāng)律師——這樣說。“政治、關(guān)系——你只管講出來。每個(gè)人都講自己的觀點(diǎn)，要想講清一個(gè)論點(diǎn)著實(shí)很困難。”薩莉開玩笑說，“我們誰(shuí)也不能邀請(qǐng)朋友來吃飯”。
克勞切克先后獲得北卡羅萊那州立大學(xué)的新聞學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位和哥倫比亞大學(xué)的工商管理碩士學(xué)位。她到薩洛蒙兄弟公司工作，但很快就轉(zhuǎn)到唐納森、拉夫金-詹雷特公司工作，在那兒她遇見了她的丈夫加里•阿普爾。1994年，克勞切克中轉(zhuǎn)入伯恩斯坦公司，此后便一頭扎進(jìn)股票研究工作。1997年，她開始涉足金融服務(wù)公司，很快便成為該領(lǐng)域的最有影響力的分析家。在這幾年中，克勞切克對(duì)韋爾收購(gòu)薩洛蒙公司一案進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)評(píng)述，這激起了韋爾的忿怒，同時(shí)也贏得了他的尊重，因?yàn)楹髞淼陌l(fā)展證明她是正確的。
考研英語(yǔ)經(jīng)濟(jì)類閱讀理解及答案：WIELDING THE AXE
Investment banks cut with a vengeance
THE 25,000 or so jobs cut by international investment banks so far this year have been presented as judicious pruning, though they were really more panick
y than that. Privately, the banks admit that, if business does not pick up soon, then the serious axe-wielding will have to start, on Wall Street and in the City of London. Some banks would have liked to act more aggressively before now, but were restrained by a desire not to be first with the bad news. This week's announcement of 3,500 fresh job losses at Citigroup, followed immediately by reports that J.P. Morgan Chase is about to slash its investment-banking operations, may mark the point at which the blood really starts to flow.
As they decide whom to shed, executives face a tricky question. How quickly might they be able to hire workers in the event that business recovers faster than most people now dare hope? Merrill Lynch suffered badly after it fired workers, including technical staff, as financial markets stumbled in late 1998. When the markets rebounded soon after, not only were these workers loth to return, but employees at other firms would not join a firm that had shown itself to be a fickle employer.
Today, worries about "doing a Merrill" are fading fast. Jobless investment bankers are legion, though few are willing to admit to being "unemployed". New York now has nearly as many "resting" bankers as actresses, though they do not yet have to wait at tables. Senior executives are being fired at a rate not seen since 1990, says Laura Lofaro of Sterling Resources, a firm of head-hunters. They are paid so much that the revenues they bring in for the firm fall short of their pay--even before other overheads are taken into account.
Banks are also eagerly searching out ways to shed workers through increasing use of technology. Curiously, firms like Merrill Lynch may view electronic brokerage with greater enthusiasm now than at the height of the online investing fad. Goldman Sachs has sought efficiencies by centralising its human-resources activities, cutting staff. It came as a shock to learn that Goldman Sachs had 300 human-resource professionals to fire. But when even personnel people are being canned, times really are hard.
The task facing investment banks is complicated by the consequences of their behaviour during the stockmarket boom of blessed memory. For instance, many bankers, notably in equity underwriting and analysis, were recruited on lucrative contracts with several years of guaranteed salary and bonus. Attempts to negotiate release from these guarantees are taking place--notably at CSFB, which handed out more of these contracts than most.
No investment-banking activity has been more idle this year than underwriting initial public offerings (IPOs). The bursting of the Internet bubble has scared off punters and, for another year at least, there are unlikely to be many IPO candidates with a record of profitability (now regarded as essential). Yet job losses in this business have been remarkably low. Could this have anything to do with the way regulators and law firms are courting disaffected and former employees who might be willing to dish the dirt on their bank's abuses of the IPO process?
Economist; 8/18/2001, Vol. 360 Issue 8235, p55, 2p
詞匯注釋
wield [wi:ld] vt. 揮舞(劍等);使用;支配, 行使，如：
vengeance [5vendVEns] n. 復(fù)仇, 報(bào)仇; 報(bào)復(fù)
inflict [take, wreak] vengeance (up) on sb. 對(duì)... 報(bào)仇[雪恨]
with a vengeance [口]猛烈地, 厲害地; 徹底地; 過度地
judicious [dVu:5dIFEs] adj. 明智的;有判斷力的;有見識(shí)的
pruning [5pru:nIN] n. 修枝, 剪枝, 修剪
tricky [5trIkI] adj. 難處理的;棘手的;微妙的;奸詐的;狡猾的
loth [lRW] (=loath) adj.憎惡的, 勉強(qiáng)的;不愿意的
fickle [5fIk(E)l] adj.(在感情等方面)變幻無(wú)常的, 浮躁的, 薄情的
legion [5li:dV(E)n] adj. 大批的，大量的，
fad n. 流行一時(shí)的狂熱，時(shí)尚，風(fēng)氣
can vt. (canned; canning) [美]把...裝成罐頭;[俚]把...灌制唱片, 把...錄音;[美俚]解雇, 辭退, 拋棄, 開除(學(xué)生), 監(jiān)禁, 停止, 停用
lucrative [5lu:krEtiv, lju:-] adj. 有利的, 賺錢的, 合算的, 待遇好的
underwriting initial public offerings (IPOs)首次公開發(fā)行股票;新股上市
punter n. 顧客;嫖客
court vt. 求愛，獻(xiàn)殷勤;謀求;獲得;招致;奉承，討好;引誘，如：
disaffected [dIsE5fektId] adj. (對(duì)政府)不忠的;不滿的;憤憤不平的
dish the dirt [美俚]散布流言蜚語(yǔ)
參考譯文
揮舞裁員之斧
投資銀行大裁員
今年，迄今為止，國(guó)際投資銀行已裁減25,000多個(gè)工作崗位，此舉被描述成“明智的修剪”, 盡管裁員的真實(shí)情況比這更可怕。銀行私下承認(rèn), 如果銀行業(yè)務(wù)不能很快好轉(zhuǎn), 那么，華爾街和倫敦市真正的裁員不得不開始。有些銀行想采取比現(xiàn)在更大膽的行動(dòng), 但由于不想成為第一個(gè)帶來壞消息的樣板而有所克制?；ㄆ旒瘓F(tuán)本周宣布再裁減3,500 工作崗位后，馬上又有這樣的報(bào)道：J. P. 摩根•蔡斯投資銀行即將大幅度削減它的投資銀行業(yè)務(wù)。這可能就是銀行真正開始換血的起點(diǎn)。
由于他們要決定誰(shuí)留誰(shuí)走, 經(jīng)理們將面臨一個(gè)棘手的問題。萬(wàn)一業(yè)務(wù)恢復(fù)的速度比他們現(xiàn)在敢于設(shè)想的快，那么，他們多久才能雇到合適的員工?由于1998年后半年金融市場(chǎng)時(shí)好時(shí)壞，所以，美林證券在解雇了大批員工(包括技術(shù)人員)后吃盡了苦頭。過了不久，當(dāng)金融市場(chǎng)開始好轉(zhuǎn)后, 不僅是這些員工不愿意回去, 就連其他公司的雇員也不愿加盟那些視員工為草芥的勢(shì)利雇主。
今天, 人們對(duì) “成為下一個(gè)美林”的擔(dān)心正快速減退。失業(yè)投資銀行家多如牛毛，舉不勝舉, 雖然他們中幾乎無(wú)人愿意承認(rèn)自己“失業(yè)”。紐約目前的“休眠”銀行家?guī)缀醺輪T一樣多，雖然他們大可不必翹首等待。斯特林人力資源公司——一家獵頭公司——的勞拉羅法洛說，自1990以來，高級(jí)經(jīng)理主管人員正以前所未有的速度被炒魷魚。他們的薪水太高，以至于他們?yōu)楣舅鶆?chuàng)的收入還不及他們的工資水平——即使不考慮其它日常開支亦是如此。
銀行正急切地尋找通過增加技術(shù)的使用來裁減工人的途徑。奇怪的是, 像美林集團(tuán)這樣的公司目前可能以比在線投資時(shí)尚盛行的巔峰時(shí)期更大的熱情來看待電子中介業(yè)。戈德曼•薩克斯公司試圖通過對(duì)人力資源的工作進(jìn)行集中管理和裁員的方法來提高員工的工作效率。當(dāng)?shù)弥甑侣?bull;薩克斯公司解雇了300 個(gè)專業(yè)人員時(shí)，人們感到非常震驚。但當(dāng)管人事的人也被解雇時(shí)，我們確實(shí)感受到世態(tài)之艱難。
投資銀行所面臨的傷腦筋的事由于人們有幸記得的股市暴漲時(shí)期的投機(jī)行為所造成的后果而變得更加復(fù)雜化。比如, 多家投資銀行曾經(jīng)通過優(yōu)厚的待遇——好幾年有保障的薪金和獎(jiǎng)金——的合同，招聘了許多在股權(quán)認(rèn)購(gòu)和股權(quán)分析方面享有極高聲譽(yù)的銀行家。目前，試圖取消這些承諾的談判正在進(jìn)行——尤其是在瑞士信貸第一波士頓銀行(CSFB), 它隨意發(fā)出的類似合同比任何銀行都多。
今年，沒有哪家投資銀行的業(yè)務(wù)比認(rèn)購(gòu)首次公開發(fā)行的股票(IPOs)更為無(wú)效。國(guó)際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)泡沫的破碎嚇退了眾多客戶，至又有一年的時(shí)間, 不太可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)很多有良好收益記錄的首次公開發(fā)行股票(目前這一點(diǎn)被認(rèn)為是至關(guān)重要的)的候選公司。但這一行業(yè)中的下崗率極低。這與公司行為監(jiān)督委員會(huì)委員和律師事務(wù)所的做法是否有關(guān)系?這些委員和律師事務(wù)所努力討好那些愿意對(duì)原雇主銀行濫用首次公開發(fā)行股票的過程散布流言蜚語(yǔ)的憤憤不平的前銀行雇員。
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