TED(指technology, entertainment, design在英語(yǔ)中的縮寫(xiě)，即技術(shù)、娛樂(lè)、設(shè)計(jì))是美國(guó)的一家私有非營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)，該機(jī)構(gòu)以它組織的TED大會(huì)著稱，這個(gè)會(huì)議的宗旨是“值得傳播的創(chuàng)意”.一起來(lái)看看ted演講稿高中生精選范文，歡迎查閱!

ted演講稿1

I grew up diagnosed as phobically shy,

我從小就有社交恐懼癥

and like at least 20 other people in a room of this size,

這樣的空間 大約20人

I was a stutterer.

就能讓以前的我結(jié)巴語(yǔ)塞

Do you dare raise your hand?

更別提舉手了 根本不可能

And it sticks with us.

這種困擾如影隨形

It really does stick with us,

你走到哪 它就跟到哪

because when we are treated that way,

當(dāng)大家對(duì)你的存在視若無(wú)睹

we feel invisible sometimes,

你會(huì)開(kāi)始感覺(jué)自己是隱形人

or talked around and at.

而別人都在你背后竊竊私語(yǔ)

And as I started to look at people,

后來(lái)我仔細(xì)去觀察周遭的人

which is mostly all I did,

一直以來(lái)我都只敢默默觀察

I noticed that some people really wanted attention

然后發(fā)現(xiàn)有些人無(wú)法忍受被忽視

and recognition.

他們要得到大家的注意力和認(rèn)同

Remember, I was young then.

當(dāng)時(shí)我年輕、懵懂

So what did they do? What we still do perhaps too often?

渴望注意力的人會(huì)做什么? 也許現(xiàn)在太多人在做一樣的事而不自知

We talk about ourselves.

他們談?wù)摰某３６际亲约?/p>

And yet there are other people I observed who had what I called a mutuality mindset.

但另一批人就不同了 我說(shuō)他們的人際關(guān)系 往往有一種“互相”的心態(tài)

In each situation, they found a way to talk about us and create that “us” idea.

無(wú)論什么場(chǎng)合 他們的談話里都會(huì)出現(xiàn)“我們”這個(gè)概念

So my idea to reimagine the world is to see it one where we all become greater opportunity-makers with and for others.

在我心目中的理想世界 每個(gè)人都能為自己和別人創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)

There’s no greater opportunity or call for action for us now

就是現(xiàn)在 我們必須把握良機(jī)、采取行動(dòng)

than to become opportunity-makers who use best talents together more often for the greater good

多去整合各種才能 盡可能的利益他人

and accomplish things we couldn’t have done on our own.

一人做不到的 多人或許有辦法

And I want to talk to you about that,

這就是我今天的重點(diǎn)

cause even more than giving,

比單純給予

even more than giving,

施舍、捐贈(zèng)更有影響力的

is the capacity for us to do something smarter together

就是人們學(xué)會(huì)集思廣益

for the greater good that lifts us both up

共同合作 創(chuàng)造雙贏局面

and that can scale.

其中的利益會(huì)一層層積累

That’s why I’m sitting here.

這是我今天演講的重點(diǎn)

But I also want to point something else out.

不過(guò)我還想說(shuō)一件事

Each one of you is better than anybody else at something.

臺(tái)下的你必定在某些事上比其他人都拿手

That disproves that popular notion that if you’re the smartest person in the room,

和那句名言“你絕不是這里最厲害的人”

you’re in the wrong room.

恰恰相反

So let me tell you about a Hollywood party I went to a couple years back,

我在幾年前的一個(gè)好萊塢聚會(huì)上

and I met this up-and-coming actress,

遇見(jiàn)了位有潛力的女演員

and we were soon talking about something that we both felt passionately about,

我們很快就找到共同話題-

public art.

公共藝術(shù)

And she had the fervent belief that every new building in Los Angeles

她堅(jiān)信洛杉磯的每棟建筑里

should have public art in it. She wanted a regulation for it,

都應(yīng)該有公共藝術(shù) 她想要一套專屬公共藝術(shù)的規(guī)范

and she fervently started,

所以她興忡忡的著手進(jìn)行

What is here from Chicago?

這里有誰(shuí)是芝加哥人嗎?

She fervently started talking about these bean-shaped reflective sculptures in Millennium Park,

她滔滔不絕的說(shuō)著千禧公園里的云門(mén)雕塑

and people would walk up to it

人們好奇的上前一探究竟

and they’d smile in the reflection of it,

看著自己的映像微笑

and they’d pose and they’d vamp and they’d take selfies together

擺pose、贊嘆、自拍留念

and they’d laugh.

然后笑成一團(tuán)

And as she was talking, a thought came to my mind.

聽(tīng)著聽(tīng)著 我突然靈光乍現(xiàn)

I said, “I know someone you ought to meet.

我告訴她: “妳應(yīng)該見(jiàn)見(jiàn)這個(gè)人

He’s getting out of San Quentin in a couple of weeks

再幾周他就要從圣昆丁州立監(jiān)獄出來(lái)了

and he shares your fervent desire that art should engage and enable people to connect.”

他跟妳一樣 覺(jué)得藝術(shù)應(yīng)該讓人有共鳴、激發(fā)想像力”

He spent five years in solitary,

他被單獨(dú)監(jiān)禁了五年

and I met him because I gave a speech at San Quentin,

我因?yàn)樵谑ダザ⊙葜v 而與他結(jié)識(shí)

and he’s articulate

他口條不錯(cuò)

and he’s rather easy on the eyes

長(zhǎng)的也不賴

because he’s buff. He had workout regime he did everyday.

因?yàn)樗菞l熱愛(ài)健身的漢子

I think she was following me at that point.

女演員大概還滿有興趣的

I said, “he’d be an une_pected ally.”

我又說(shuō): “他會(huì)是個(gè)得力助手”

And not just that. There’s James. He’s an architect

除了他之外 我把詹姆也拉進(jìn)來(lái) 詹姆是建筑師

and he’s a professor,

也是個(gè)教授

and he loves place-making, and place-making is when you have those mini-plazas

他對(duì)地方營(yíng)造很有興趣 外頭的小廣場(chǎng)、

and those urban walkways

城市人行道

and where they’re dotted with art,

任何有藝術(shù)點(diǎn)綴的地方 都屬于地方營(yíng)造的范疇

where people draw and come up and talk sometimes.

許多人會(huì)在那兒畫(huà)畫(huà)、閑聊

I think they’d make good allies.

我想他們一定能合作無(wú)間

And indeed they were.

果真沒(méi)錯(cuò)

They met together. They prepared.

他們碰面之后 就開(kāi)始籌備

They spoke in front of the Lost Angeles City Council.

到洛杉磯市政府傳達(dá)訴求

And the council members not only passed the regulation,

結(jié)果市議員通過(guò)了他們訂的條例

half of them came down and asked to pose with them afterwards.

之后甚至半數(shù)議員還去與藝術(shù)品合影

They were startling, compelling and credible.

他們給人的印象是震懾、具說(shuō)服力、可靠

You can’t buy that.

全都是用錢(qián)買(mǎi)不到的

What I’m asking you to consider is what kind of opportunity-makers we might become,

希望各位想想自己能成為哪種機(jī)會(huì)制造者

because more than wealth

比財(cái)富、

or fancy titles

頭銜、

or a lot of contacts,

人脈更可觀的

it’s our capacity to connect around each other’s better side and bring it out.

是我們發(fā)掘他人優(yōu)點(diǎn)的能力

And I’m not saying this is easy,

這一點(diǎn)都不容易

and I’m sure many of you have made the wrong moves too about who you wanted to connect with,

相信許多人都有找錯(cuò)對(duì)象、牽錯(cuò)線的經(jīng)驗(yàn)

but what I want to suggest is, this is an opportunity.

但畢竟都是個(gè)“機(jī)會(huì)”

I started thinking about it way back when I was a Wall Street Journal reporter and I was in Europe

這個(gè)領(lǐng)悟要從好幾年前說(shuō)起 當(dāng)時(shí)我在歐洲 擔(dān)任華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)記者

and I was supposed to cover trends and trends that transcended business or politics or lifestyle.

采訪內(nèi)容為時(shí)尚與流行 跨越商業(yè)、政治、生活型態(tài)隔閡的流行

So I had to have contacts in different worlds very different than mine,

因此得和背景截然不同的人打交道

because otherwise you couldn’t spot the trends.

否則就無(wú)法掌握潮流走向

And third, I had to write a story in a way stepping into the reader’s shoes,

寫(xiě)故事時(shí) 還得設(shè)身處地為讀者想

they could see how these trends could affect their lives.

要讓他們覺(jué)得自己和這些潮流息息相關(guān)

That’s what opportunity-makers do.

這就是機(jī)會(huì)制造者的任務(wù)

And here’s a strange thing:

奇怪之處在于

Unlike an increasing number of Americans who are working and living and playing with people who think e_actly like them

越來(lái)越多人工作、生活、娛樂(lè)都喜歡尋找與自己相似的人

because we then become more rigid and e_treme,

久而久之就變得挑剔、極端起來(lái)

opportunity-makers are actively seeking situations with people unlike them,

機(jī)會(huì)制造者尋找與自己不相似的人

and they’re building relationships,

和他們建立關(guān)系

and because they do that,

這樣做的話

they have trusted relationships where they can bring the right team in

兩方之間就有互信 能在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)機(jī)介紹彼此適當(dāng)?shù)娜?/p>

and recruit them to solve a problem better and faster and seize more opportunities.

用更快、更好的方法解決問(wèn)題 同時(shí)也抓住了更多機(jī)會(huì)

They’re not affronted by differences.

機(jī)會(huì)創(chuàng)造者不會(huì)被歧異冒犯

They’re fascinated by them,

反而深受吸引

and that is a huge shift in mindset,

這是心態(tài)上的極端不同

and once you feel it, you want it to happen a lot more.

你一旦意識(shí)到 就會(huì)為它的魅力著迷

This world is calling out for us to have a collective mindset,

和別人形成“共同體”才是王道

and I believe in doing that.

我個(gè)人深信

It’s especially important now.

攜手合作在這世代特別重要

Why is it important now?

為什么呢?

Because things can be devised like drones

機(jī)器小幫手

and drugs and data collection,

藥物開(kāi)發(fā)、數(shù)據(jù)收集

and they can be devised by more people.

都可以讓更多人參與其中

and cheaper ways for beneficial purposes

用更經(jīng)濟(jì)的方式創(chuàng)造收益

and then, as we know from the news every day, they can be used for dangerous ones.

只是水能載舟 亦能復(fù)舟 也可能被有心人士利用

It calls on us, each of us, to a higher calling.

這個(gè)理念非常需要大家的重視

But here’s the icing on the cake:

成為機(jī)會(huì)制造者是一箭雙雕

It’s not just the first opportunity that you do with somebody else that’s probably your greatest,

除了獲得和更高竿對(duì)象合作的機(jī)會(huì)

as an institution or an individual.

無(wú)論對(duì)于機(jī)構(gòu)或個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)

It’s after you’ve had that e_perience and you trust each other.

都是開(kāi)啟了這扇門(mén) 建立信任后

It’s the une_pected things that you devise later on you never could have predicted.

團(tuán)隊(duì)合作帶來(lái)的驚人成果

For e_ample, Marty is the husband of that actress I mentioned,

麥迪是那位女演員的丈夫

and he watched them when they were practicing,

詹姆等三人排練時(shí) 他就在旁邊看

and he was soon talking to Wally, my friend the e_-con,

并很快和韋利聊開(kāi)了 就是剛出獄的那位

about that e_ercise regime.

大概在聊健身吧?

And he thought, I have a set of racquetball courts.

麥迪心想: “我有個(gè)壁球館

That guy could teach it. A lot of people who work there are members at my courts.

韋利可以來(lái)當(dāng)教練 很多教練都是體育館的會(huì)員

They’re frequent travelers.

他們很常來(lái)我這邊

They could practice in their hotel room, no equipment provided.

旅館房間里沒(méi)有設(shè)備 也照樣能練習(xí)”

That’s how Wally got hired.

韋利就這樣得到了板球教練的工作

Not only that, years later he was also teaching racquetball.

幾年后他也開(kāi)始教壁球?qū)W生

Years after that, he was teaching the racquetball teachers.

再過(guò)了幾年則是教壁球老師

What I’m suggesting is, when you connect with people

我想說(shuō)的是 當(dāng)你把周遭有相同興趣、

around a shared interest and action,

喜好的人圈在一塊

you’re accustomed to serendipitous things happening into the future,

就會(huì)逐漸適應(yīng)隨之而來(lái)、意想不到的收獲

and I think that’s what we’re looking at.

我想這才是至關(guān)重要

We open ourselves up to those opportunities,

面對(duì)機(jī)會(huì) 我們敞開(kāi)心胸

and in this room are key players and technology,

關(guān)鍵推手-這里的你們 再加上科技

key players who are uniquely positioned to do this,

每個(gè)人各司其職 有自己的位置

to scale systems and projects together.

提升制度和計(jì)劃的整體價(jià)值

So here’s what I’m calling for you to do. Remember the three traits of opportunity-makers.

我想拜讬大家的 就是記得機(jī)會(huì)制造者的三項(xiàng)特質(zhì)

Opportunity-makers keep honing their top strength

一、機(jī)會(huì)制造者不斷磨練自己專長(zhǎng)

and they become pattern seekers.

開(kāi)拓事物運(yùn)作的新方式

They get involved in different worlds than their worlds

二、他們樂(lè)于接觸不同人的世界

so they’re trusted and they can see those patterns,

獲取信任 學(xué)習(xí)各種合作方式

and they communicate to connect around sweet spots of shared interest.

三、他們周旋于各方之間 讓參與的人都分一杯羹

So what I’m asking you is, the world is hungry.

我想說(shuō)的是 人與人之間太缺乏連結(jié)

I truly believe, in my firsthand e_perience,

根據(jù)親身經(jīng)驗(yàn) 我相信

the world is hungry for us to unite together as opportunity-makers

這世界很需要機(jī)會(huì)制造者

and to emulate those behaviors as so many of you already do, I know that firsthand,

可能臺(tái)下的你已經(jīng)是其中之一 大家都應(yīng)該效仿機(jī)會(huì)制造者

and to reimagine a world where we use our best talents together

重塑我們的世界 融合各領(lǐng)域人才

more often to accomplish greater thing together than we could on our own.

一人不能做的事 借由合作來(lái)完成

Just remember,

請(qǐng)把這句話放在心上

as Dave Liniger once said,

大衛(wèi)˙林杰說(shuō)過(guò)

“You can’t succeed coming to the potluck with only a fork.”

“只帶一只叉子就來(lái)百樂(lè)餐的人 永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法成功”(注: 后衍伸為商業(yè)成長(zhǎng)需要集體合作、貢獻(xiàn))

Thank you very much.

謝謝大家

Thank you.

謝謝。

ted演講稿2

one day in 1819, 3,000 miles off the coast of chile, in one of the most remote regions of the pacific ocean, 20 american sailors watched their ship flood with seawater.

1819年的某一天， 在距離智利海岸3000英里的地方， 有一個(gè)太平洋上的最偏遠(yuǎn)的水域， 20名美國(guó)船員目睹了他們的船只進(jìn)水的場(chǎng)面。

they'd been struck by a sperm whale, which had ripped a catastrophic hole in the ship's hull. as their ship began to sink beneath the swells, the men huddled together in three small whaleboats.

他們和一頭抹香鯨相撞，給船體撞了 一個(gè)毀滅性的大洞。 當(dāng)船在巨浪中開(kāi)始沉沒(méi)時(shí)， 人們?cè)谌龡l救生小艇中抱作一團(tuán)。

these men were 10,000 miles from home, more than 1,000 miles from the nearest scrap of land. in their small boats, they carried only rudimentary navigational equipment and limited supplies of food and water.

這些人在離家10000萬(wàn)英里的地方， 離最近的陸地也超過(guò)1000英里。 在他們的小艇中，他們只帶了 落后的導(dǎo)航設(shè)備 和有限的食物和飲水。

these were the men of the whaleship esse_, whose story would later inspire parts of "moby dick."

他們就是捕鯨船esse_上的人們， 后來(lái)的他們的故事成為《白鯨記》的一部分。

even in today's world, their situation would be really dire, but think about how much worse it would have been then.

即使在當(dāng)今的世界，碰上這種情況也夠杯具的，更不用說(shuō)在當(dāng)時(shí)的情況有多糟糕。

no one on land had any idea that anything had gone wrong. no search party was coming to look for these men. so most of us have never e_perienced a situation as frightening as the one in which these sailors found themselves, but we all know what it's like to be afraid.

岸上的人根本就還沒(méi)意識(shí)到出了什么問(wèn)題。 沒(méi)有任何人來(lái)搜尋他們。 我們當(dāng)中大部分人沒(méi)有經(jīng)歷過(guò) 這些船員所處的可怕情景， 但我們都知道害怕是什么感覺(jué)。

we know how fear feels, but i'm not sure we spend enough time thinking about what our fears mean.

我們知道恐懼的感覺(jué)， 但是我不能肯定我們會(huì)花很多時(shí)間想過(guò) 我們的恐懼到底意味著什么。

as we grow up, we're often encouraged to think of fear as a weakness, just another childish thing to discard like baby teeth or roller skates.

我們長(zhǎng)大以后，我們總是會(huì)被鼓勵(lì)把恐懼 視為軟弱，需要像乳牙或輪滑鞋一樣 扔掉的幼稚的東西。

and i think it's no accident that we think this way. neuroscientists have actually shown that human beings are hard-wired to be optimists.

我想意外事故并非我們所想的那樣。 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家已經(jīng)知道人類 生來(lái)就是樂(lè)觀主義者。

so maybe that's why we think of fear, sometimes, as a danger in and of itself. "don't worry," we like to say to one another. "don't panic." in english, fear is something we conquer. it's something we fight.

這也許就是為什么我們認(rèn)為有時(shí)候恐懼， 本身就是一種危險(xiǎn)或帶來(lái)危險(xiǎn)。 “不要愁。”我們總是對(duì)別人說(shuō)?！安灰拧?。 英語(yǔ)中，恐懼是我們需要征服的東西。 是我們必須對(duì)抗的東西，是我們必須克服的東西。

it's something we overcome. but what if we looked at fear in a fresh way? what if we thought of fear as an amazing act of the imagination, something that can be as profound and insightful as storytelling itself?

但是我們?nèi)绻麚Q個(gè)視角看恐懼會(huì)如何呢? 如果我們把恐懼當(dāng)做是想象力的一個(gè)驚人成果， 是和我們講故事一樣 精妙而有見(jiàn)地的東西，又會(huì)如何呢?

it's easiest to see this link between fear and the imagination in young children, whose fears are often e_traordinarily vivid.

在小孩子當(dāng)中，我們最容易看到恐懼與想象之間的聯(lián)系， 他們的恐懼經(jīng)常是超級(jí)生動(dòng)的。

when i was a child, i lived in california, which is, you know, mostly a very nice place to live, but for me as a child, california could also be a little scary.

我小時(shí)候住在加利福尼亞， 你們都知道，是非常適合居住的位置， 但是對(duì)一個(gè)小孩來(lái)說(shuō)，加利福尼亞也會(huì)有點(diǎn)嚇人。

i remember how frightening it was to see the chandelier that hung above our dining table swing back and forth during every minor earthquake, and i sometimes couldn't sleep at night, terrified that the big one might strike while we were sleeping.

我記得每次小地震的時(shí)候 當(dāng)我看到我們餐桌上的吊燈 晃來(lái)晃去的時(shí)候是多么的嚇人， 我經(jīng)常會(huì)徹夜難眠，擔(dān)心大地震 會(huì)在我們睡覺(jué)的時(shí)候突然襲來(lái)。

and what we say about kids who have fears like that is that they have a vivid imagination. but at a certain point, most of us learn to leave these kinds of visions behind and grow up.

我們說(shuō)小孩子感受到這種恐懼 是因?yàn)樗麄冇猩鷦?dòng)的想象力。 但是在某個(gè)時(shí)候，我們大多數(shù)學(xué)會(huì)了 拋棄這種想法而變得成熟。

we learn that there are no monsters hiding under the bed, and not every earthquake brings buildings down. but maybe it's no coincidence that some of our most creative minds fail to leave these kinds of fears behind as adults.

我們都知道床下沒(méi)有魔鬼， 也不是每個(gè)地震都會(huì)震垮房子。但是我們當(dāng)中最有想象力的人們 并沒(méi)有因?yàn)槌赡甓鴴仐夁@種恐懼，這也許并不是巧合。

the same incredible imaginations that produced "the origin of species," "jane eyre" and "the remembrance of things past," also generated intense worries that haunted the adult lives of charles darwin, charlotte bront?? and marcel proust. so the question is, what can the rest of us learn about fear from visionaries and young children?

同樣不可思議的想象力創(chuàng)造了《物種起源》， 《簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)》和《追憶似水年華》， 也就是這種與生俱來(lái)的深深的擔(dān)憂一直纏繞著成年的 查爾斯·達(dá)爾文， 夏洛特·勃朗特和馬塞爾·普羅斯特。 問(wèn)題就來(lái)了， 我們其他人如何能從這些 夢(mèng)想家和小孩子身上學(xué)會(huì)恐懼?

well let's return to the year 1819 for a moment, to the situation facing the crew of the whaleship esse_. let's take a look at the fears that their imaginations were generating as they drifted in the middle of the pacific.

讓我們暫時(shí)回到1819年， 回到esse_捕鯨船的水手們面對(duì)的情況。 讓我們看看他們漂流在太平洋中央時(shí) 他們的想象力給他們帶來(lái)的恐懼感覺(jué)。

twenty-four hours had now passed since the capsizing of the ship. the time had come for the men to make a plan, but they had very few options.

船傾覆后已經(jīng)過(guò)了24個(gè)小時(shí)。 這時(shí)人們制定了一個(gè)計(jì)劃， 但是其實(shí)他們沒(méi)什么太多的選擇。

in his fascinating account of the disaster, nathaniel philbrick wrote that these men were just about as far from land as it was possible to be anywhere on earth.

在納撒尼爾·菲爾布里克(nathaniel philbrick)描述這場(chǎng)災(zāi)難的 動(dòng)人文章中，他寫(xiě)到“這些人離陸地如此之遠(yuǎn)， 似乎永遠(yuǎn)都不可能到達(dá)地球上的任何一塊陸地?！?/p>

the men knew that the nearest islands they could reach were the marquesas islands, 1,200 miles away. but they'd heard some frightening rumors.

這些人知道離他們最近的島 是1200英里以外的馬克薩斯群島(marquesas islands)。 但是他們聽(tīng)到了讓人恐怖的謠言。

they'd been told that these islands, and several others nearby, were populated by cannibals. so the men pictured coming ashore only to be murdered and eaten for dinner. another possible destination was hawaii, but given the season, the captain was afraid they'd be struck by severe storms.

他們聽(tīng)說(shuō)這些群島， 以及附近的一些島嶼上都住著食人族。 所以他們腦中都是上岸以后就會(huì)被殺掉 被人當(dāng)做盤(pán)中餐的畫(huà)面。 另一個(gè)可行的目的地是夏威夷， 但是船長(zhǎng)擔(dān)心 他們會(huì)被困在風(fēng)暴當(dāng)中。

now the last option was the longest, and the most difficult: to sail 1,500 miles due south in hopes of reaching a certain band of winds that could eventually push them toward the coast of south america.

所以最后的選擇是到最遠(yuǎn)，也是最艱險(xiǎn)的地方： 往南走1500英里希望某股風(fēng) 能最終把他們 吹到南美洲的海岸。

but they knew that the sheer length of this journey would stretch their supplies of food and water. to be eaten by cannibals, to be battered by storms, to starve to death before reaching land.

但是他們知道這個(gè)行程中一旦偏航 將會(huì)耗盡他們食物和飲水的供給。 被食人族吃掉，被風(fēng)暴掀翻， 在登陸前餓死。

these were the fears that danced in the imaginations of these poor men, and as it turned out, the fear they chose to listen to would govern whether they lived or died.

這就是縈繞在這群可憐的人想象中的恐懼， 事實(shí)證明，他們選擇聽(tīng)從的恐懼 將決定他們的生死。

now we might just as easily call these fears by a different name. what if instead of calling them fears, we called them stories?

也許我們可以很容易的用別的名稱來(lái)稱呼這些恐懼。 我們不稱之為恐懼， 而是稱它們?yōu)楣适氯绾?

because that's really what fear is, if you think about it. it's a kind of unintentional storytelling that we are all born knowing how to do. and fears and storytelling have the same components.

如果你仔細(xì)想想，這是恐懼真正的意義。 這是一種與生俱來(lái)的， 無(wú)意識(shí)的講故事的能力。 恐懼和講故事有著同樣的構(gòu)成。

they have the same architecture. like all stories, fears have characters. in our fears, the characters are us. fears also have plots. they have beginnings and middles and ends. you board the plane.

他們有同樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。 如同所有的故事，恐懼中有角色。 在恐懼中，角色就是我們自己。 恐懼也有情節(jié)。他們有開(kāi)頭，有中間，有結(jié)尾。 你登上飛機(jī)。

the plane takes off. the engine fails. our fears also tend to contain imagery that can be every bit as vivid as what you might find in the pages of a novel. picture a cannibal, human teeth sinking into human skin, human flesh roasting over a fire.

飛機(jī)起飛。結(jié)果引擎故障。 我們的恐懼會(huì)包括各種生動(dòng)的想象， 不比你看到的任何一個(gè)小說(shuō)遜色。 想象食人族，人類牙齒 咬在人類皮膚上， 人肉在火上烤。

fears also have suspense. if i've done my job as a storyteller today, you should be wondering what happened to the men of the whaleship esse_. our fears provoke in us a very similar form of suspense.

恐懼中也有懸念。 如果我今天像講故事一樣，留個(gè)懸念不說(shuō)了， 你們也許會(huì)很想知道 esse_捕鯨船上，人們到底怎么樣了。 我們的恐懼用懸念一樣的方式刺激我們。

just like all great stories, our fears focus our attention on a question that is as important in life as it is in literature: what will happen ne_t?

就像一個(gè)很好的故事，我們的恐懼也如同一部好的文學(xué)作品一樣， 將我們的注意力集中在對(duì)我們生命至關(guān)重要的問(wèn)題上： 后來(lái)發(fā)生了什么?

in other words, our fears make us think about the future. and humans, by the way, are the only creatures capable of thinking about the future in this way, of projecting ourselves forward in time, and this mental time travel is just one more thing that fears have in common with storytelling.

換而言之，我們的恐懼讓我們想到未來(lái)。 另外，人來(lái)是唯一有能力 通過(guò)這種方式想到未來(lái)的生物， 就是預(yù)測(cè)時(shí)間推移后我們的狀況， 這種精神上的時(shí)間旅行是恐懼 與講故事的另一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)。

as a writer, i can tell you that a big part of writing fiction is learning to predict how one event in a story will affect all the other events, and fear works in that same way.

我是一個(gè)作家，我要告訴你們寫(xiě)小說(shuō)一個(gè)很重要的部分 就是學(xué)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)故事中一件 事情如何影響另一件事情， 恐懼也是同樣這么做的。

in fear, just like in fiction, one thing always leads to another. when i was writing my first novel, "the age of miracles," i spent months trying to figure out what would happen if the rotation of the earth suddenly began to slow down. what would happen to our days?

恐懼中，如同小說(shuō)一樣，一件事情總是導(dǎo)致另一件事情。 我寫(xiě)我的第一部小說(shuō)《奇跡時(shí)代》的時(shí)候， 我花了數(shù)月的時(shí)間想象如果地球旋轉(zhuǎn)突然變慢了之后 會(huì)發(fā)生什么。 我們的一天變得如何?

what would happen to our crops? what would happen to our minds? and then it was only later that i realized how very similar these questions were to the ones i used to ask myself as a child frightened in the night.

我們身體會(huì)怎樣? 我們的思想會(huì)有什么變化? 也就是在那之后，我意識(shí)到 我過(guò)去總是問(wèn)自己的那些些問(wèn)題 和孩子們?cè)谝估锖ε率嵌嗝吹南嘞瘛?/p>

if an earthquake strikes tonight, i used to worry, what will happen to our house? what will happen to my family? and the answer to those questions always took the form of a story.

要是在過(guò)去，如果今晚發(fā)生地震，我會(huì)很擔(dān)心， 我的房子會(huì)怎么樣啊?家里人會(huì)怎樣啊? 這類問(wèn)題的答案通常都會(huì)和故事一樣。

so if we think of our fears as more than just fears but as stories, we should think of ourselves as the authors of those stories. but just as importantly, we need to think of ourselves as the readers of our fears, and how we choose to read our fears can have a profound effect on our lives.

所以我們認(rèn)為我們的恐懼不僅僅是恐懼 還是故事，我們應(yīng)該把自己當(dāng)作 這些故事的作者。 但是同樣重要的是，我們需要想象我們自己 是我們恐懼的解讀者，我們選擇如何 去解讀這些恐懼會(huì)對(duì)我們的生活產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。

now, some of us naturally read our fears more closely than others. i read about a study recently of successful entrepreneurs, and the author found that these people shared a habit that he called "productive paranoia," which meant that these people, instead of dismissing their fears, these people read them closely, they studied them, and then they translated that fear into preparation and action.

現(xiàn)在，我們中有些人比其他人更自然的解讀自己的恐懼。 最近我看過(guò)一個(gè)關(guān)于成功的企業(yè)家的研究， 作者發(fā)現(xiàn)這些人都有個(gè)習(xí)慣 叫做“未雨綢繆“， 意思是，這些人，不回避自己的恐懼， 而是認(rèn)真解讀并研究恐懼， 然后把恐懼轉(zhuǎn)換成準(zhǔn)備和行動(dòng)。

so that way, if their worst fears came true, their businesses were ready.

這樣，如果最壞的事情發(fā)生了， 他們的企業(yè)也有所準(zhǔn)備。

and sometimes, of course, our worst fears do come true. that's one of the things that is so e_traordinary about fear. once in a while, our fears can predict the future.

當(dāng)然，很多時(shí)候，最壞的事情確實(shí)發(fā)生了。 這是恐懼非凡的一面。 曾幾何時(shí)，我們的恐懼預(yù)測(cè)將來(lái)。

but we can't possibly prepare for all of the fears that our imaginations concoct. so how can we tell the difference between the fears worth listening to and all the others? i think the end of the story of the whaleship esse_ offers an illuminating, if tragic, e_ample.

但是我們不可能為我們想象力構(gòu)建的所有 恐懼來(lái)做準(zhǔn)備。 所以，如何區(qū)分值得聽(tīng)從的恐懼 和不值得的呢? 我想捕鯨船esse_的故事結(jié)局 提供了一個(gè)有啟發(fā)性，同時(shí)又悲慘的例子。

after much deliberation, the men finally made a decision. terrified of cannibals, they decided to forgo the closest islands and instead embarked on the longer and much more difficult route to south america.

經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)次權(quán)衡，他們最終做出了決定。 由于害怕食人族，他們決定放棄最近的群島 而是開(kāi)始更長(zhǎng) 更艱難的南美洲之旅。

after more than two months at sea, the men ran out of food as they knew they might, and they were still quite far from land. when the last of the survivors were finally picked up by two passing ships, less than half of the men were left alive, and some of them had resorted to their own form of cannibalism.

在海上呆了兩個(gè)多月后，他們 的食物如預(yù)料之中消耗殆盡， 而且他們?nèi)匀浑x陸地那么遠(yuǎn)。 當(dāng)最后的幸存者最終被過(guò)往船只救起時(shí)， 只有一小半的人還活著， 實(shí)際上他們中的一些人自己變成了食人族。

herman melville, who used this story as research for "moby dick," wrote years later, and from dry land, quote, "all the sufferings of these miserable men of the esse_ might in all human probability have been avoided had they, immediately after leaving the wreck, steered straight for tahiti.

赫爾曼·梅爾維爾(herman melville)將這個(gè)故事作為 《白鯨記》的素材，在數(shù)年后寫(xiě)到： esse_船上遇難者的悲慘結(jié)局 或許是可以通過(guò)人為的努力避免的， 如果他們當(dāng)機(jī)立斷地離開(kāi)沉船， 直奔塔西提群島。

but," as melville put it, "they dreaded cannibals." so the question is, why did these men dread cannibals so much more than the e_treme likelihood of starvation?

“但是”，梅爾維爾說(shuō)道：“他們害怕食人族” 問(wèn)題是，為什么這些人對(duì)于食人族的恐懼 超過(guò)了更有可能的饑餓威脅呢?

why were they swayed by one story so much more than the other? looked at from this angle, theirs becomes a story about reading. the novelist vladimir nabokov said that the best reader has a combination of two very different temperaments, the artistic and the scientific.

為什么他們會(huì)被一個(gè)故事 影響如此之大呢? 從另一個(gè)角度來(lái)看， 這是一個(gè)關(guān)于解讀的故事。 小說(shuō)家弗拉基米爾·納博科夫(vladimir nabokov)說(shuō) 最好的讀者能把兩種截然不同的性格結(jié)合起來(lái)， 一個(gè)是藝術(shù)氣質(zhì)，一個(gè)是科學(xué)精神。

a good reader has an artist's passion, a willingness to get caught up in the story, but just as importantly, the readers also needs the coolness of judgment of a scientist, which acts to temper and complicate the reader's intuitive reactions to the story. as we've seen, the men of the esse_ had no trouble with the artistic part.

好的讀者有藝術(shù)家的熱情， 愿意融入故事當(dāng)中， 但是同樣重要的是，這些讀者還要 有科學(xué)家的冷靜判斷， 這能幫助他們穩(wěn)定情緒并分析 其對(duì)故事的直覺(jué)反應(yīng)。 我們可以看出來(lái)，esse_上的人在藝術(shù)部分一點(diǎn)問(wèn)題都沒(méi)有。

they dreamed up a variety of horrifying scenarios. the problem was that they listened to the wrong story. of all the narratives their fears wrote, they responded only to the most lurid, the most vivid, the one that was easiest for their imaginations to picture: cannibals.

他們夢(mèng)想到一系列恐怖的場(chǎng)景。 問(wèn)題在于他們聽(tīng)從了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的故事。 所有他們恐懼中 他們只對(duì)其中最聳人聽(tīng)聞，最生動(dòng)的故事， 也是他們想象中最早出現(xiàn)的場(chǎng)景： 食人族。

but perhaps if they'd been able to read their fears more like a scientist, with more coolness of judgment, they would have listened instead to the less violent but the more likely tale, the story of starvation, and headed for tahiti, just as melville's sad commentary suggests.

也許，如果他們能像科學(xué)家那樣 稍微冷靜一點(diǎn)解讀這個(gè)故事， 如果他們能聽(tīng)從不太驚悚但是更可能發(fā)生的 半路餓死的故事，他們可能就會(huì)直奔塔西提群島， 如梅爾維爾充滿惋惜的評(píng)論所建議的那樣。

and maybe if we all tried to read our fears, we too would be less often swayed by the most salacious among them.

也許如果我們都試著解讀自己的恐懼， 我們就能少被 其中的一些幻象所迷惑。

maybe then we'd spend less time worrying about serial killers and plane crashes, and more time concerned with the subtler and slower disasters we face: the silent buildup of plaque in our arteries, the gradual changes in our climate.

我們也就能少花一點(diǎn)時(shí)間在 為系列殺手或者飛機(jī)失事方面的擔(dān)憂， 而是更多的關(guān)心那些悄然而至 的災(zāi)難： 動(dòng)脈血小板的逐漸堆積， 氣候的逐漸變遷。

just as the most nuanced stories in literature are often the richest, so too might our subtlest fears be the truest. read in the right way, our fears are an amazing gift of the imagination, a kind of everyday clairvoyance, a way of glimpsing what might be the future when there's still time to influence how that future will play out.

如同文學(xué)中最精妙的故事通常是最豐富的故事， 我們最細(xì)微的恐懼才是最真實(shí)的恐懼。 用正確的方法的解讀，我們的恐懼就是我們想象力 賜給我們的禮物，借此一雙慧眼， 讓我們能管窺未來(lái) 甚至影響未來(lái)。

properly read, our fears can offer us something as precious as our favorite works of literature: a little wisdom, a bit of insight and a version of that most elusive thing -- the truth. thank you.

如果能得到正確的解讀，我們的恐懼能 和我們最喜歡的文學(xué)作品一樣給我們珍貴的東西： 一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)智慧，一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)洞悉 以及對(duì)最玄妙東西—— 真相的詮釋。 謝謝。

(applause)

(掌聲)

ted演講稿3

over the ne_t five minutes, my intention is to transform your relationship with sound. let me start with the observation that most of the sound around us is accidental, and much of it is unpleasant. (traffic noise) we stand on street corners, shouting over noise like this, and pretending that it doesn't e_ist. well, this habit of suppressing sound has meant that our relationship with sound has become largely unconscious.

there are four major ways sound is affecting you all the time, and i'd like to raise them in your consciousness today. first is physiological. (loud alarm clocks) sorry about that. i've just given you a shot of cortisol, your fight/flight hormone. sounds are affecting your hormone secretions all the time, but also your breathing, your heart rate -- which i just also did -- and your brainwaves.

it's not just unpleasant sounds like that that do it. this is surf. (ocean waves) it has the frequency of roughly 12 cycles per minute. most people find that very soothing, and, interestingly, 12 cycles per minute is roughly the frequency of the breathing of a sleeping human. there is a deep resonance with being at rest. we also associate it with being stress-free and on holiday.

the second way in which sound affects you is psychological. music is the most powerful form of sound that we know that affects our emotional state. (albinoni's adagio) this is guaranteed to make most of you feel pretty sad if i leave it on. music is not the only kind of sound, however, which affects your emotions.

natural sound can do that too. birdsong, for e_ample, is a sound which most people find reassuring. (birds chirping) there is a reason for that. over hundreds of thousands of years we've learned that when the birds are singing, things are safe. it's when they stop you need to be worried.

the third way in which sound affects you is cognitively. you can't understand two people talking at once ("if you're listening to this version of") ("me you're on the wrong track.") or in this case one person talking twice. try and listen to the other one. ("you have to choose which me you're going to listen to.")

we have a very small amount of bandwidth for processing auditory input, which is why noise like this -- (office noise) -- is e_tremely damaging for productivity. if you have to work in an open-plan office like this, your productivity is greatly reduced. and whatever number you're thinking of, it probably isn't as bad as this. (ominous music) you are one third as productive in open-plan offices as in quiet rooms. and i have a tip for you. if you have to work in spaces like that, carry headphones with you, with a soothing sound like birdsong. put them on and your productivity goes back up to triple what it would be.

the fourth way in which sound affects us is behaviorally. with all that other stuff going on, it would be amazing if our behavior didn't change. (techno music inside a car) so, ask yourself: is this person ever going to drive at a steady 28 miles per hour? i don't think so. at the simplest, you move away from unpleasant sound and towards pleasant sounds. so if i were to play this -- (jackhammer) -- for more than a few seconds, you'd feel uncomfortable; for more than a few minutes, you'd be leaving the room in droves. for people who can't get away from noise like that, it's e_tremely damaging for their health.

and that's not the only thing that bad sound damages. most retail sound is inappropriate and accidental, and even hostile, and it has a dramatic effect on sales. for those of you who are retailers, you may want to look away before i show this slide. they are losing up to 30 percent of their business with people leaving shops faster, or just turning around on the door. we all have done it, leaving the area because the sound in there is so dreadful.

i want to spend just a moment talking about the model that we've developed, which allows us to start at the top and look at the drivers of sound, analyze the soundscape and then predict the four outcomes i've just talked about. or start at the bottom, and say what outcomes do we want, and then design a soundscape to have a desired effect. at last we've got some science we can apply. and we're in the business of designing soundscapes.

just a word on music. music is the most powerful sound there is, often inappropriately deployed. it's powerful for two reasons. you recognize it fast, and you associate it very powerfully. i'll give you two e_amples. (first chord of the beatles' "a hard day's night") most of you recognize that immediately. the younger, maybe not. (laughter) (first two notes of "jaws" theme) and most of you associate that with something! now, those are one-second samples of music. music is very powerful. and unfortunately it's veneering commercial spaces, often inappropriately. i hope that's going to change over the ne_t few years.

let me just talk about brands for a moment, because some of you run brands. every brand is out there making sound right now. there are eight e_pressions of a brand in sound. they are all important. and every brand needs to have guidelines at the center. i'm glad to say that is starting to happen now. (intel ad jingle) you all recognize that one. (nokia ringtone) this is the most-played tune in the world today. 1.8 billion times a day, that tune is played. and it cost nokia absolutely nothing.

just leave you with four golden rules, for those of you who run businesses, for commercial sound. first, make it congruent, pointing in the same direction as your visual communication. that increases impact by over 1,100 percent. if your sound is pointing the opposite direction, incongruent, you reduce impact by 86 percent. that's an order of magnitude, up or down. this is important. secondly, make it appropriate to the situation. thirdly, make it valuable. give people something with the sound. don't just bombard them with stuff. and, finally, test and test it again. sound is comple_. there are many countervailing influences. it can be a bit like a bowl of spaghetti: sometimes you just have to eat it and see what happens.

so i hope this talk has raised sound in your consciousness. if you're listening consciously, you can take control of the sound around you. it's good for your health. it's good for your productivity. if we all do that we move to a state that i like to think will be sound living in the world. i'm going to leave you with a little bit more birdsong. (birds chirping) i recommend at least five minutes a day, but there is no ma_imum dose. thank you for lending me your ears today. (applause)

ted演講稿4

my subject today is learning. and in that spirit, i want to spring on you all a pop quiz. ready? when does learning begin? now as you ponder that question, maybe you're thinking about the first day of preschool or kindergarten, the first time that kids are in a classroom with a teacher. or maybe you've called to mind the toddler phase when children are learning how to walk and talk and use a fork. maybe you've encountered the zero-to-three movement, which asserts that the most important years for learning are the earliest ones. and so your answer to my question would be: learning begins at birth.

well today i want to present to you an idea that may be surprising and may even seem implausible, but which is supported by the latest evidence from psychology and biology. and that is that some of the most important learning we ever do happens before we're born, while we're still in the womb. now i'm a science reporter. i write books and magazine articles. and i'm also a mother. and those two roles came together for me in a book that i wrote called "origins." "origins" is a report from the front lines of an e_citing new field called fetal origins. fetal origins is a scientific discipline that emerged just about two decades ago, and it's based on the theory that our health and well-being throughout our lives is crucially affected by the nine months we spend in the womb. now this theory was of more than just intellectual interest to me. i was myself pregnant while i was doing the research for the book. and one of the most fascinating insights i took from this work is that we're all learning about the world even before we enter it.

when we hold our babies for the first time, we might imagine that they're clean slates, unmarked by life, when in fact, they've already been shaped by us and by the particular world we live in. today i want to share with you some of the amazing things that scientists are discovering about what fetuses learn while they're still in their mothers' bellies.

first of all, they learn the sound of their mothers' voices. because sounds from the outside world have to travel through the mother's abdominal tissue and through the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus, the voices fetuses hear, starting around the fourth month of gestation, are muted and muffled. one researcher says that they probably sound a lot like the the voice of charlie brown's teacher in the old "peanuts" cartoon. but the pregnant woman's own voice reverberates through her body, reaching the fetus much more readily. and because the fetus is with her all the time, it hears her voice a lot. once the baby's born, it recognizes her voice and it prefers listening to her voice over anyone else's.

how can we know this? newborn babies can't do much, but one thing they're really good at is sucking. researchers take advantage of this fact by rigging up two rubber nipples, so that if a baby sucks on one, it hears a recording of its mother's voice on a pair of headphones, and if it sucks on the other nipple, it hears a recording of a female stranger's voice. babies quickly show their preference by choosing the first one. scientists also take advantage of the fact that babies will slow down their sucking when something interests them and resume their fast sucking when they get bored. this is how researchers discovered that, after women repeatedly read aloud a section of dr. seuss' "the cat in the hat" while they were pregnant, their newborn babies recognized that passage when they hear it outside the womb. my favorite e_periment of this kind is the one that showed that the babies of women who watched a certain soap opera every day during pregnancy recognized the theme song of that show once they were born. so fetuses are even learning about the particular language that's spoken in the world that they'll be born into.

a study published last year found that from birth, from the moment of birth, babies cry in the accent of their mother's native language. french babies cry on a rising note while german babies end on a falling note, imitating the melodic contours of those languages. now why would this kind of fetal learning be useful? it may have evolved to aid the baby's survival. from the moment of birth, the baby responds most to the voice of the person who is most likely to care for it -- its mother. it even makes its cries sound like the mother's language, which may further endear the baby to the mother, and which may give the baby a head start in the critical task of learning how to understand and speak its native language.

but it's not just sounds that fetuses are learning about in utero. it's also tastes and smells. by seven months of gestation, the fetus' taste buds are fully developed, and its olfactory receptors, which allow it to smell, are functioning. the flavors of the food a pregnant woman eats find their way into the amniotic fluid, which is continuously swallowed by the fetus. babies seem to remember and prefer these tastes once they're out in the world. in one e_periment, a group of pregnant women was asked to drink a lot of carrot juice during their third trimester of pregnancy, while another group of pregnant women drank only water. si_ months later, the women's infants were offered cereal mi_ed with carrot juice, and their facial e_pressions were observed while they ate it. the offspring of the carrot juice drinking women ate more carrot-flavored cereal, and from the looks of it, they seemed to enjoy it more.

a sort of french version of this e_periment was carried out in dijon, france where researchers found that mothers who consumed food and drink flavored with licorice-flavored anise during pregnancy showed a preference for anise on their first day of life, and again, when they were tested later, on their fourth day of life. babies whose mothers did not eat anise during pregnancy showed a reaction that translated roughly as "yuck." what this means is that fetuses are effectively being taught by their mothers about what is safe and good to eat. fetuses are also being taught about the particular culture that they'll be joining through one of culture's most powerful e_pressions, which is food. they're being introduced to the characteristic flavors and spices of their culture's cuisine even before birth.

now it turns out that fetuses are learning even bigger lessons. but before i get to that, i want to address something that you may be wondering about. the notion of fetal learning may conjure up for you attempts to enrich the fetus -- like playing mozart through headphones placed on a pregnant belly. but actually, the nine-month-long process of molding and shaping that goes on in the womb is a lot more visceral and consequential than that. much of what a pregnant woman encounters in her daily life -- the air she breathes, the food and drink she consumes, the chemicals she's e_posed to, even the emotions she feels -- are shared in some fashion with her fetus. they make up a mi_ of influences as individual and idiosyncratic as the woman herself. the fetus incorporates these offerings into its own body, makes them part of its flesh and blood. and often it does something more. it treats these maternal contributions as information, as what i like to call biological postcards from the world outside.

so what a fetus is learning about in utero is not mozart's "magic flute" but answers to questions much more critical to its survival. will it be born into a world of abundance or scarcity? will it be safe and protected, or will it face constant dangers and threats? will it live a long, fruitful life or a short, harried one? the pregnant woman's diet and stress level in particular provide important clues to prevailing conditions like a finger lifted to the wind. the resulting tuning and tweaking of a fetus' brain and other organs are part of what give us humans our enormous fle_ibility, our ability to thrive in a huge variety of environments, from the country to the city, from the tundra to the desert.

to conclude, i want to tell you two stories about how mothers teach their children about the world even before they're born. in the autumn of 1944, the darkest days of world war ii, german troops blockaded western holland, turning away all shipments of food. the opening of the nazi's siege was followed by one of the harshest winters in decades -- so cold the water in the canals froze solid. soon food became scarce, with many dutch surviving on just 500 calories a day -- a quarter of what they consumed before the war. as weeks of deprivation stretched into months, some resorted to eating tulip bulbs. by the beginning of may, the nation's carefully rationed food reserve was completely e_hausted. the specter of mass starvation loomed. and then on may 5th, 1945, the siege came to a sudden end when holland was liberated by the allies.

the "hunger winter," as it came to be known, killed some 10,000 people and weakened thousands more. but there was another population that was affected -- the 40,000 fetuses in utero during the siege. some of the effects of malnutrition during pregnancy were immediately apparent in higher rates of stillbirths, birth defects, low birth weights and infant mortality. but others wouldn't be discovered for many years. decades after the "hunger winter," researchers documented that people whose mothers were pregnant during the siege have more obesity, more diabetes and more heart disease in later life than individuals who were gestated under normal conditions. these individuals' prenatal e_perience of starvation seems to have changed their bodies in myriad ways. they have higher blood pressure, poorer cholesterol profiles and reduced glucose tolerance -- a precursor of diabetes.

why would undernutrition in the womb result in disease later? one e_planation is that fetuses are making the best of a bad situation. when food is scarce, they divert nutrients towards the really critical organ, the brain, and away from other organs like the heart and liver. this keeps the fetus alive in the short-term, but the bill comes due later on in life when those other organs, deprived early on, become more susceptible to disease.

but that may not be all that's going on. it seems that fetuses are taking cues from the intrauterine environment and tailoring their physiology accordingly. they're preparing themselves for the kind of world they will encounter on the other side of the womb. the fetus adjusts its metabolism and other physiological processes in anticipation of the environment that awaits it. and the basis of the fetus' prediction is what its mother eats. the meals a pregnant woman consumes constitute a kind of story, a fairy tale of abundance or a grim chronicle of deprivation. this story imparts information that the fetus uses to organize its body and its systems -- an adaptation to prevailing circumstances that facilitates its future survival. faced with severely limited resources, a smaller-sized child with reduced energy requirements will, in fact, have a better chance of living to adulthood.

the real trouble comes when pregnant women are, in a sense, unreliable narrators, when fetuses are led to e_pect a world of scarcity and are born instead into a world of plenty. this is what happened to the children of the dutch "hunger winter." and their higher rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease are the result. bodies that were built to hang onto every calorie found themselves swimming in the superfluous calories of the post-war western diet. the world they had learned about while in utero was not the same as the world into which they were born.

here's another story. at 8:46 a.m. on september 11th, __, there were tens of thousands of people in the vicinity of the world trade center in new york -- commuters spilling off trains, waitresses setting tables for the morning rush, brokers already working the phones on wall street. 1,700 of these people were pregnant women. when the planes struck and the towers collapsed, many of these women e_perienced the same horrors inflicted on other survivors of the disaster -- the overwhelming chaos and confusion, the rolling clouds of potentially to_ic dust and debris, the heart-pounding fear for their lives.

about a year after 9/11, researchers e_amined a group of women who were pregnant when they were e_posed to the world trade center attack. in the babies of those women who developed post-traumatic stress syndrome, or ptsd, following their ordeal, researchers discovered a biological marker of susceptibility to ptsd -- an effect that was most pronounced in infants whose mothers e_perienced the catastrophe in their third trimester. in other words, the mothers with post-traumatic stress syndrome had passed on a vulnerability to the condition to their children while they were still in utero.

now consider this: post-traumatic stress syndrome appears to be a reaction to stress gone very wrong, causing its victims tremendous unnecessary suffering. but there's another way of thinking about ptsd. what looks like pathology to us may actually be a useful adaptation in some circumstances. in a particularly dangerous environment, the characteristic manifestations of ptsd -- a hyper-awareness of one's surroundings, a quick-trigger response to danger -- could save someone's life. the notion that the prenatal transmission of ptsd risk is adaptive is still speculative, but i find it rather poignant. it would mean that, even before birth, mothers are warning their children that it's a wild world out there, telling them, "be careful."

let me be clear. fetal origins research is not about blaming women for what happens during pregnancy. it's about discovering how best to promote the health and well-being of the ne_t generation. that important effort must include a focus on what fetuses learn during the nine months they spend in the womb. learning is one of life's most essential activities, and it begins much earlier than we ever imagined.

thank you.

ted演講稿5

壓力大，怎么辦?壓力會(huì)讓你心跳加速、呼吸加快、額頭冒汗!當(dāng)壓力成為全民健康公敵時(shí)，有研究顯示只有當(dāng)你與壓力為敵時(shí)，它才會(huì)危害你的健康。心理學(xué)家kelly mcgonigal 從積極的一面分析壓力，教你如何使壓力變成你的朋友!

stress. it makes your heart pound, your breathing quicken and your forehead sweat. but while stress has been made into a public health enemy, new research suggests that stress may only be bad for you if you believe that to be the case. psychologist kelly mcgonigal urges us to see stress as a positive, and introduces us to an unsung mechanism for stress reduction: reaching out to others.

kelly mcgonigal translates academic research into practical strategies for health, happiness and personal success.

why you should listen to her：

stanford university psychologist kelly mcgonigal is a leader in the growing field of “science-help.” through books, articles, courses and workshops, mcgonigal works to help us understand and implement the latest scientific findings in psychology, neuroscience and medicine.

straddling the worlds of research and practice, mcgonigal holds positions in both the stanford graduate school of business and the school of medicine. her most recent book, the willpower instinct, e_plores the latest research on motivation, temptation and procrastination, as well as what it takes to transform habits, persevere at challenges and make a successful change.

she is now researching a new book about the "upside of stress," which will look at both why stress is good for us, and what makes us good at stress. in her words: "the old understanding of stress as a unhelpful relic of our animal instincts is being replaced by the understanding that stress actually makes us socially smart -- it's what allows us to be fully human."

i have a confession to make, but first, i want you to make a little confession to me. in the past year, i want you to just raise your hand

if you've e_perienced relatively little stress. anyone?

how about a moderate amount of stress?

who has e_perienced a lot of stress? yeah. me too.

but that is not my confession. my confession is this: i am a health psychologist, and my mission is to help people be happier and healthier. but i fear that something i've been teaching for the last 10 years is doing more harm than good, and it has to do with stress. for years i've been telling people, stress makes you sick. it increases the risk of everything from the common cold to cardiovascular disease. basically, i've turned stress into the enemy. but i have changed my mind about stress, and today, i want to change yours.

let me start with the study that made me rethink my whole approach to stress. this study tracked 30,000 adults in the united states for eight years, and they started by asking people, "how much stress have you e_perienced in the last year?" they also asked, "do you believe that stress is harmful for your health?" and then they used public death records to find out who died.

(laughter)

okay. some bad news first. people who e_perienced a lot of stress in the previous year had a 43 percent increased risk of dying. but that was only true for the people who also believed that stress is harmful for your health. (laughter) people who e_perienced a lot of stress but did not view stress as harmful were no more likely to die. in fact, they had the lowest risk of dying of anyone in the study, including people who had relatively little stress.

now the researchers estimated that over the eight years they were tracking deaths, 182,000 americans died prematurely, not from stress, but from the belief that stress is bad for you. (laughter) that is over 20,000 deaths a year. now, if that estimate is correct, that would make believing stress is bad for you the 15th largest cause of death in the united states last year, killing more people than skin cancer, hiv/aids and homicide.

(laughter)

you can see why this study freaked me out. here i've been spending so much energy telling people stress is bad for your health.

so this study got me wondering: can changing how you think about stress make you healthier? and here the science says yes. when you change your mind about stress, you can change your body's response to stress.

now to e_plain how this works, i want you all to pretend that you are participants in a study designed to stress you out. it's called the social stress test. you come into the laboratory, and you're told you have to give a five-minute impromptu speech on your personal weaknesses to a panel of e_pert evaluators sitting right in front of you, and to make sure you feel the pressure, there are bright lights and a camera in your face, kind of like this. and the evaluators have been trained to give you discouraging, non-verbal feedback like this.

(laughter)

now that you're sufficiently demoralized, time for part two: a math test. and unbeknownst to you, the e_perimenter has been trained to harass you during it. now we're going to all do this together. it's going to be fun. for me.

okay. i want you all to count backwards from 996 in increments of seven. you're going to do this out loud as fast as you can, starting with 996. go! audience: (counting) go faster. faster please. you're going too slow. stop. stop, stop, stop. that guy made a mistake. we are going to have to start all over again. (laughter) you're not very good at this, are you? okay, so you get the idea. now, if you were actually in this study, you'd probably be a little stressed out. your heart might be pounding, you might be breathing faster, maybe breaking out into a sweat. and normally, we interpret these physical changes as an_iety or signs that we aren't coping very well with the pressure.

but what if you viewed them instead as signs that your body was energized, was preparing you to meet this challenge? now that is e_actly what participants were told in a study conducted at harvard university. before they went through the social stress test, they were taught to rethink their stress response as helpful. that pounding heart is preparing you for action. if you're breathing faster, it's no problem. it's getting more o_ygen to your brain. and participants who learned to view the stress response as helpful for their performance, well, they were less stressed out, less an_ious, more confident, but the most fascinating finding to me was how their physical stress response changed. now, in a typical stress response, your heart rate goes up, and your blood vessels constrict like this. and this is one of the reasons that chronic stress is sometimes associated with cardiovascular disease. it's not really healthy to be in this state all the time. but in the study, when participants viewed their stress response as helpful, their blood vessels stayed rela_ed like this. their heart was still pounding, but this is a much healthier cardiovascular profile. it actually looks a lot like what happens in moments of joy and courage. over a lifetime of stressful e_periences, this one biological change could be the difference between a stress-induced heart attack at age 50 and living well into your 90s. and this is really what the new science of stress reveals, that how you think about stress matters.

so my goal as a health psychologist has changed. i no longer want to get rid of your stress. i want to make you better at stress. and we just did a little intervention. if you raised your hand and said you'd had a lot of stress in the last year, we could have saved your life, because hopefully the ne_t time your heart is pounding from stress, you're going to remember this talk and you're going to think to yourself, this is my body helping me rise to this challenge. and when you view stress in that way, your body believes you, and your stress response becomes healthier.

now i said i have over a decade of demonizing stress to redeem myself from, so we are going to do one more intervention. i want to tell you about one of the most under-appreciated aspects of the stress response, and the idea is this: stress makes you social.

to understand this side of stress, we need to talk about a hormone, o_ytocin, and i know o_ytocin has already gotten as much hype as a hormone can get. it even has its own cute nickname, the cuddle hormone, because it's released when you hug someone. but this is a very small part of what o_ytocin is involved in. o_ytocin is a neuro-hormone. it fine-tunes your brain's social instincts. it primes you to do things that strengthen close relationships. o_ytocin makes you crave physical contact with your friends and family. it enhances your empathy. it even makes you more willing to help and support the people you care about. some people have even suggested we should snort o_ytocin to become more compassionate and caring. but here's what most people don't understand about o_ytocin. it's a stress hormone. your pituitary gland pumps this stuff out as part of the stress response. it's as much a part of your stress response as the adrenaline that makes your heart pound. and when o_ytocin is released in the stress response, it is motivating you to seek support. your biological stress response is nudging you to tell someone how you feel instead of bottling it up. your stress response wants to make sure you notice when someone else in your life is struggling so that you can support each other. when life is difficult, your stress response wants you to be surrounded by people who care about you.

okay, so how is knowing this side of stress going to make you healthier? well, o_ytocin doesn't only act on your brain. it also acts on your body, and one of its main roles in your body is to protect your cardiovascular system from the effects of stress. it's a natural anti-inflammatory. it also helps your blood vessels stay rela_ed during stress. but my favorite effect on the body is actually on the heart. your heart has receptors for this hormone, and o_ytocin helps heart cells regenerate and heal from any stress-induced damage. this stress hormone strengthens your heart, and the cool thing is that all of these physical benefits of o_ytocin are enhanced by social contact and social support, so when you reach out to others under stress, either to seek support or to help someone else, you release more of this hormone, your stress response becomes healthier, and you actually recover faster from stress. i find this amazing, that your stress response has a built-in mechanism for stress resilience, and that mechanism is human connection.

i want to finish by telling you about one more study. and listen up, because this study could also save a life. this study tracked about 1,000 adults in the united states, and they ranged in age from 34 to 93, and they started the study by asking, "how much stress have you e_perienced in the last year?" they also asked, "how much time have you spent helping out friends, neighbors, people in your community?" and then they used public records for the ne_t five years to find out who died.

okay, so the bad news first: for every major stressful life e_perience, like financial difficulties or family crisis, that increased the risk of dying by 30 percent. but -- and i hope you are e_pecting a but by now -- but that wasn't true for everyone. people who spent time caring for others showed absolutely no stress-related increase in dying. zero. caring created resilience. and so we see once again that the harmful effects of stress on your health are not inevitable. how you think and how you act can transform your e_perience of stress. when you choose to view your stress response as helpful, you create the biology of courage. and when you choose to connect with others under stress, you can create resilience. now i wouldn't necessarily ask for more stressful e_periences in my life, but this science has given me a whole new appreciation for stress. stress gives us access to our hearts. the compassionate heart that finds joy and meaning in connecting with others, and yes, your pounding physical heart, working so hard to give you strength and energy, and when you choose to view stress in this way, you're not just getting better at stress, you're actually making a pretty profound statement. you're saying that you can trust yourself to handle life's challenges, and you're remembering that you don't have to face them alone.

thank you.

(applause)

chris anderson: this is kind of amazing, what you're telling us. it seems amazing to me that a belief about stress can make so much difference to someone's life e_pectancy. how would that e_tend to advice, like, if someone is making a lifestyle choice between, say, a stressful job and a non-stressful job, does it matter which way they go? it's equally wise to go for the stressful job so long as you believe that you can handle it, in some sense?

kelly mcgonigal: yeah, and one thing we know for certain is that chasing meaning is better for your health than trying to avoid discomfort. and so i would say that's really the best way to make decisions, is go after what it is that creates meaning in your life and then trust yourself to handle the stress that follows.

ca: thank you so much, kelly. it's pretty cool. km: thank you.

(applause)

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