2017初中英語語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納
2017初中英語語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納
2017初中英語語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納？為了幫助同學(xué)們更好的復(fù)習(xí)英語語法，以下是小編總結(jié)的初中英語語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)，希望對(duì)于同學(xué)們的英語學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助和裨益，祝大家的學(xué)習(xí)越來越好!和學(xué)習(xí)啦小編一起來看看吧。
初中英語名詞語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
一、名詞(n.) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名稱的詞
(一)名詞的分類
名詞分為普通名詞和專有名詞,其中普通名詞包括可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，可數(shù)名詞可用作單數(shù)，也可用作復(fù)數(shù)。
可數(shù)名詞包括個(gè)體名詞(表示一類人或物的個(gè)體。如：boy,desk,cat,window)和集體名詞(由若干個(gè)體組成的集合體。如：family,class,police)。
不可數(shù)名詞包括物質(zhì)名詞(表示無法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物。如：water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名詞(表示性質(zhì)、行為、狀態(tài)、感情或其它抽象概念。如：work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework)
專有名詞表示個(gè)人、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等。如：Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States)
(二)名詞的數(shù)
1.可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式，其復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成主要有以下幾種：
(1)一般情況下,在詞尾加s.
eg.book——books,dog——dogs,pen——pens,boy——boys
以輕輔音結(jié)尾的名詞后的s的讀音為[s]，以濁輔音和元音結(jié)尾名詞后的s讀音為〔z〕。
(2)以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的詞名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),要在詞尾加es.
eg.beach——beaches,brush——brushes,bus——buses,box—boxes(es讀音為〔iz〕
(3)以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞,先變y為i,再加es.
eg.city——cities,family——families,documentary——documentaries,country——countries,
strawberry——strawberries(ies讀音為[iz])
(注：以“元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞，直接在詞尾加-s.eg.boys,holidays,days)
(4)以o結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)情況如下：
?、?.tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes, hero—heroes negro ——negroes mongo——mongoesp
②結(jié)尾是兩個(gè)元音字母的加s,eg.zoo—zoos,radio——radios
?、勰承┩鈦碓~變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)詞尾加s,eg. piano—pianos
④一些名詞的縮寫形式變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，詞尾加s,
eg.photo(photograph)——photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos
?、輟ero變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，既可加s,也可加 eg.zeros/zeroes
(5)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),先把f或fe變?yōu)関,再加es.
eg.wife——wives,leaf leaves,half——halves,knife—knives,thief——thieves(res讀音為[vz]
(注意：roof的復(fù)數(shù)為roofs; scarf的復(fù)數(shù)為scarfs/scarves)
(6)有些名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，不是在詞尾加s或es,而是變換其中的字
eg.man——men,woman——women,policeman——policemen,Englishman——Englishmen,Frenchman——Frenchmen, foot——feet, tooth——teeth, child——children,mouse—mice,Ox—Oxen(公牛)
(7)還有一些名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。
eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish
(8)另一些名詞本身即是復(fù)數(shù)形式，不可用作單數(shù)。
eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors
另外,①當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞作定語說明另一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般用單數(shù)。
eg.an apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister
但是，當(dāng)man和woman作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，就要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。
eg.two men teachers,three women doctors
?、诳捎?ldquo;量詞+of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量。
eg.a room Of students,two boxes Of pencils
2.不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，它的“量”的表示方式如下。
(1)表不定數(shù)量時(shí),一般用much,(a)little,a lot of/lots of,some,any等詞修飾。
eg,much money,a little bread
(2)表確定數(shù)量時(shí),一般用“數(shù)詞+量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞。如：two/three/…+量詞復(fù)數(shù)十of+不可數(shù)名詞。
eg.a bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water
3.有些名詞既可作可數(shù)名詞也可作不可數(shù)名詞，但詞義有所不同。
eg： fruit水果——fruits表示不同種類的水果;food食物——foods各種食品;fish魚——fishes魚的種類;drink飲料、酒——a drink一杯/一份飲料、一杯酒; cloth布——,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙——sands沙灘; tea茶——a tea一杯茶;chicken雞肉——a chicken小雞;orange橘汁——an orange橘子; glass玻璃——a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼鏡; paper紙——a paper試卷、論文;wood木頭——a wood小森林;room空間、余地——a room房間
(三)名詞的所有格(表示人或物的所屬關(guān)系)
(1)有生命的名詞所有格以及表示時(shí)間、距離、城鎮(zhèn)、國家等的名詞所有格。
?、俨皇且詓結(jié)尾的名詞變成所有格時(shí)，在詞尾加’s.
eg.Mike’s watch;Women’s Day
②以s結(jié)尾的名詞變成所有格時(shí),只加’。
eg.teachers’office,students’rooms
?、蹆蓚€(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞并列,表示共同所有，只需在最后一個(gè)名詞后加’s.
eg.Tom and Mike’s room湯姆和邁克的房間(表示湯姆和邁克共有一間房)
④兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞并列，表示分別所有，需在幾個(gè)名詞后都加’s.
eg.Mary’s and Jenny’s bikes瑪麗和詹妮的自行車(表示瑪麗和詹妮各自的自行車)
(2)無生命的事物的名詞所有格常用of結(jié)構(gòu)
eg.a map Of China,the beginning Of this game,the door Of the room
(3)特殊形式
?、倏捎?rsquo;s和of短語表示的名詞所有格
eg.the boy’s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字)
the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)
China’s population=the population Of China(中國的人口)
China’s capital=the capital of China(中國的首都)
②雙重所有格
eg.a fiend of my mother’s我媽媽的一個(gè)朋友
a picture of Tom’s湯姆的一張圖片
初中英語副詞語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
初中英語副詞的用法：
?、?修飾動(dòng)詞，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式、頻度等。一般位于動(dòng)詞之后，如果動(dòng)詞有賓語，則要位于賓語之后。頻度副詞常位于助動(dòng)詞和連系動(dòng)詞be 之后或?qū)嵙x動(dòng)詞之前。例如：He arrived only yesterday. 他是昨天才到的。There were clothes lying here and there on the floor. 地板上到處都是衣服。I have been terribly worried about you all day. 我一整天都非常為你擔(dān)心。She plays the piano very well. 她鋼琴彈得很好。The boy is always asking his parents for money. 那個(gè)男孩老是向他父母要錢。She never goes to the cinema. 她向來不看電影。
?、?修飾形容詞、副詞、介詞短語，一般前置，只有enough例外，需要后置。例如：She seems quite happy. 她看上去相當(dāng)愉快。You've done rather badly in the test. 你考得夠糟糕的。The wind was right in our faces. 風(fēng)迎面吹來。This girl is not old enough to go to school. 這個(gè)女孩還沒有到上學(xué)的年齡。He didn't run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不夠快，沒有趕上火車。
?、?用作表語，多為與介詞同形的副詞和表示方位的副詞。例如：Is anybody in? 里面有人嗎?有人在家嗎?Father is away. 父親離家在外。I am downstairs and my brother is upstairs. 我住樓下，我哥哥住樓上。My friend is still abroad. 我的朋友還在國外。
⑷ 少數(shù)表示地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的副詞還可用作定語，一般位于名詞之后。例如：I hope you'll enjoy your stay here. 希望你在這里過得愉快。I met a friend of mine on my way home. 在我回家的路上，我碰到一位朋友。What did you think of the meeting yesterday? 你覺得昨天的會(huì)開得怎樣?
?、?副詞的比較等級(jí)用法與形容詞一樣。
初中英語副詞的分類
1、 時(shí)間和頻度副詞:
now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday.
2、 地點(diǎn)副詞:
here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on.
3、方式副詞:
carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly
4、 程度副詞，放在被修飾詞之前:
much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly.
5、 疑問副詞，一般放在句首：
how, when, where, why.
6、關(guān)系副詞，一般放在句首：
when, where, why.
7、連接副詞:
how, when, where, why, whether.
初中語法重點(diǎn)副詞注釋：
1.as…as…常構(gòu)成一些詞組：as soon as…(一旦…就…), as well as…(同樣), as+形容詞/副詞+as possible(盡可能……地)。如：Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(請(qǐng)你一到北京就給我寫信。)/ Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐盡快地趕到了校門口。)
[注釋] "as long / much as + 名詞"可以表示"長達(dá)/多達(dá)…"的含義。如：The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花費(fèi)高達(dá)50萬元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他們呆在山洞里長達(dá)兩周。)
2. later、after、ago、before的用法：①"一段時(shí)間+later/ago"分別表示"(多久)以后/以前",主要用于過去時(shí)態(tài)。②"after/before+某個(gè)時(shí)刻"分別表示"在某時(shí)刻之后/之前",此時(shí)兩個(gè)詞是介詞。③ago與before：ago只能用于過去時(shí),before用于完成時(shí)。如：He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一個(gè)事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(數(shù)年后這個(gè)男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before?(你從前到過那兒嗎?)/ After a few years he gave up smoking.(過了幾年他戒了煙。)
3.above、below、over、under的用法：在上下方用above和below,在高低處用over和under.如：The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高掛在空中) / A plane flew over quickly.(一架飛機(jī)從頭頂飛過。)
當(dāng)above、below、over、under是介詞性質(zhì)時(shí),意義相似。
4. too、also、either、nor的用法：too("也")用于肯定句和疑問句的末尾,且用逗號(hào)隔開;also("也")用于肯定句句子謂語動(dòng)詞之前;either("也")用于否定句末尾,也用逗號(hào)隔開;nor("也不")用于倒裝句句首;如：Are you American,too?(你也是美國人嗎?)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) / He didn't watch the football game. Nor did I.(他沒有看足球賽,我也沒有。)/ You can also find the market is very good.(你還可以發(fā)覺那個(gè)市場(chǎng)很好。)
5. enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法： enough ("足夠,十分")放在形容詞或副詞之后;too("太")、very("非常")、quite("相當(dāng)")、so("如此地")等放在形容詞或副詞之前,very much("非常")放在動(dòng)詞之后。如：It's too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太貴/那么貴/非常貴/相當(dāng)貴。)/ I don't like sweets very much.(我不很喜歡糖果)
[注意] very與 much的區(qū)別：very修飾形容詞、副詞的原級(jí)和現(xiàn)在分詞形容詞,much修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí);much還可以修飾疑問句和否定句中的動(dòng)詞,very不可以。如：He is very stupid.(他很笨)/ The film was very moving and everyone swept.(電影非常動(dòng)人,大家都哭了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得學(xué)習(xí)更努力,不然你考不進(jìn)那所好學(xué)校)/ I don't like him much.(我不太喜歡他)
6. sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法：sometimes(有時(shí))用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、 sometime(在將來某時(shí))用于將來時(shí)、 some times(數(shù)次)表示次數(shù)、some time(一些時(shí)間)表示一段時(shí)間。如：Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.(他們有時(shí)徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time.(我會(huì)在這兒呆些時(shí)候的。)/ I will meet your father sometime.(我什么時(shí)候要見見你的父親。)
7. how、what用于感嘆句的用法：對(duì)句子中的形容詞或副詞感嘆時(shí)用how,對(duì)人或事物(可能含有形容詞作修飾語)進(jìn)行感嘆用what. 如：What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天氣真好!) / How difficult (the problem is)!((問題)真難呀!)
8.already、yet的用法：在完成時(shí)中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑問句。如：Have you done it already?(你已經(jīng)做好了?) / I have not had my breakfast yet.(我還沒有吃早飯呢。)
9. hard與hardly的用法：hard作為副詞意思是："努力地,猛烈地",hardly是否定詞,意思是："幾乎不",一般與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could連用。如：They study English very hard.(他們英語學(xué)得很刻苦)/ You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共場(chǎng)所你幾乎看不到一個(gè)人隨地吐痰)
10. like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法：三個(gè)短語分別表示"非常喜歡"、"更喜歡"、"最喜歡"。如：I like baseball very much.(我非常喜歡棒球)/ Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like hamburgers best.
11."quite/what+a+形容詞+名詞"的用法：記?。孩賟uite/such/what...+a+形容詞+名詞;②too/so/how+形容詞+a+名詞;③rather+a+形容詞+名詞 = a+ rather+形容詞+名詞。如：I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我從未見過這樣奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk.(這真是散步的好日子)
中考英語語法易錯(cuò)易混知識(shí)點(diǎn)
1.Because he was ill yesterday, so he didn’t go to work. (×)
Because he was ill yesterday, he didn’t go to work. (√)
He was ill yesterday, so he didn’t go to work. (√)
[析] 用though, but表示“雖然……，但是…… ”或用because, so 表示“因?yàn)?hellip;…，所以……”時(shí)，though和but 及because和so 都只能擇一而用，不能兩者同時(shí)使用。
2.The Smiths have moved Beijing. (×)
The Smiths have moved to Beijing. (√)
[析] 不及物動(dòng)詞后接名詞或代詞作賓語時(shí)，要在動(dòng)詞之后加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~;但不及物動(dòng)詞后接home, here, there等副詞作賓語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞之后不必加任何介詞。
3.The box is too heavy for him to carry it. (×)
The box is too heavy for him to carry. (√)
[析] the box既是這句話的主語, 也是不定式to carry的邏輯賓語，若句末再加上it，就和the box重復(fù)了。
4.Each of the boys have a pen. (×)
Each of the boys has a pen. (√)
[析] 復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有表個(gè)體的each of, one of, every，either of等詞組修飾，或有表否定的neither of, none of 等詞組修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。
5.Neither he nor you is good at English. (×)
Neither he nor you are good at English. (√)
[析] either... or..., neither... nor..., not only..., but also... 等詞組連接句子的兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞遵循“就近一致原則”, 即由靠近謂語的那個(gè)主語決定謂語的人稱和數(shù)用何種形式。
6.Ten minus three are seven. (×)
Ten minus three is seven. (√)
[析] 用英語表示加(plus)、減(minus)等數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)形式。
7.The number of the workers in this factory are about 5,000. (×)
The number of the workers in this factory is about 5,000. (√)
[析] the number of表示“……的數(shù)量”，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;a number of 的意思是“若干”或“許多”，相當(dāng)于some或a lot of，和復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
8. Hello! I have important something to tell you. (×)
Hello! I have something important to tell you. (√)
[析] 形容詞或動(dòng)詞不定式修飾不定代詞作定語時(shí)，修飾成分要置于不定代詞之后。
9. His son is enough old to go to school. (×)
His son is old enough to go to school. (√)
[析] enough作形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，可以放在名詞前，也可放在名詞后;作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，只能放在形容詞或副詞之后。
10.Here is your sweater, put away it.(×)
Here is your sweater, put it away. (√)
[析] put away, pick up, put on等“動(dòng)詞+副詞”構(gòu)成的詞組后接代詞作賓語時(shí)，代詞只能放在動(dòng)詞和副詞之間。
11. Look! Here the bus comes.(×)
Look! Here comes the bus.(√)
[析] 在以here, there引起的陳述句中，若句子的主語是名詞，要用倒裝語序，即用“Here /There+動(dòng)詞+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu);但主語若是代詞時(shí)，則不用倒裝語序, 即用“Here/There +代詞+動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
12. I do well in playing football, _______. (我妹妹也行。)A. so my sister does(×)B. so does my sister(√)
Li Lei is really a football fan. --- _______. (確實(shí)這樣.) A. So is he(×) B. So he is(√)
[析] “so+be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語”的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)表示前面所述情況也適用于后者，意為“……也是這樣”;“so+主語+be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞”的陳述結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)前述情況的肯定，意為“……確實(shí)如此”。
13.重慶比中國的其他城市都大。
Chongqing is larger than any city in China. (×)
Chongqing is larger than any other city in China. (√)
[析] “any city in China”包括了重慶這座城市, 同一事物自己與自己不能做比較，只有在city 前加上other才能表示重慶和中國的其它城市比較大小。
The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than Beijing. (×)
The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than that in Beijing . (√)
[析] 表示比較時(shí)，句子中的兩個(gè)比較對(duì)象必須一致，不同的比較對(duì)象不能做比較。錯(cuò)誤句的比較對(duì)象分別為the weather in Guangzhou和Beijing，這兩個(gè)不同類的事物之間不能做比較。
14, His sister married with a teacher last summer.(×)
His sister married a teacher last summer. (√)
[析] 表達(dá)“A和B結(jié)婚”，要用A married/will marry B。這時(shí)務(wù)必要避免受漢語影響使用A married/will marry with B。
15. There is going to have a film tonight. (×)
There is going to be a film tonight. (√)
[析] 一般將來時(shí)用在 There be 句式中時(shí)，be going to或will之后的動(dòng)詞原形只能用be,也就是說要用There is (are) going to be.... / There will be....。
16. I’ll go hiking if it won’t rain next Sunday. (×)
I’ll go hiking if it doesn’t rain next Sunday.(√)
[析] 習(xí)慣上在含有時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句中，如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用了一般將來時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作。
17. Teacher told us yesterday that the earth went around the sun. (×)
Teacher told us yesterday that the earth goes around the sun. (√)
[析] 習(xí)慣上在含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句中，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用了一般過去時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。但如果從句表述的是一客觀事實(shí)或客觀真理時(shí)，則不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的影響，而用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
18. All the balls are not round. 翻譯成漢語：
所有的球都不是圓的。(×)并不是所有的球都是圓的。(√)
[析] all, every, both等詞和not連用時(shí)，not通常放在all, every, both的后面，一般情況下表示部分否定，意為“并非……都……”。
19. --- He didn’t go to school yesterday, did he?-- _______, though he didn’t feel very well.
A. No, he didn’t (×) B. Yes, he did (√)
--- Don’t you usually come to school by bike?-- _______. But I sometimes walk.
A. No, I don’t (×) B. Yes, I do (√)
[析] 習(xí)慣上英語中的yes意為“是的”，no意為“不”，但在“前否后肯”的反意疑問句或否定疑問句中，yes意為“不”，no意為“是的”。
20.---- Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here?---- No，it's about _______.
A. 7 minutes walk B. 7 minute walk C. 7 minutes' walk D. 7 minute's walk
答案為C。本題考查名詞所有格用法。當(dāng)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)以-s結(jié)尾時(shí)，則只需要加“'”即可，則“7分鐘的距離”為“7 minutes' walk”。
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