托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作題型分類(lèi)
如果我們能夠?qū)㈩}目合理分類(lèi),勢(shì)必能夠提高我們的學(xué)習(xí)效率,另外如果針對(duì)每一種題型總結(jié)出不錯(cuò)的寫(xiě)法,自然也就實(shí)現(xiàn)了投入少、收效快的目的。下面我們來(lái)看一下托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的具體題型分類(lèi)、考察頻率和題型特征。
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作題型分類(lèi)
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作備考過(guò)程中大家可能比較糾結(jié)的一個(gè)問(wèn)題就是題型分類(lèi)。如果我們能夠?qū)㈩}目合理分類(lèi),勢(shì)必能夠提高我們的學(xué)習(xí)效率,最少考試的時(shí)候不會(huì)出現(xiàn)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)的題型,從而減少恐慌;另外,如果針對(duì)每一種題型總結(jié)出不錯(cuò)的寫(xiě)法,自然也就實(shí)現(xiàn)了投入少、收效快的目的。
那么托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作一共有哪些題型呢?下表中匯總了2006年以來(lái)出現(xiàn)過(guò)的所有的獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作題型及其標(biāo)志詞,其中subject指的是主體:比如 people, students, employees, government等等。掌握了這些標(biāo)志詞自然就能很快的確定該題目屬于哪一種題型,從而有針對(duì)性的解題。
題型分類(lèi)標(biāo)志詞絕對(duì)詞 最高級(jí), never, only, all, always 比較類(lèi) more...than 隱藏絕對(duì)詞 Subject+should 三選一 abc or 123 四選一 abcd or 1234 今夕對(duì)比類(lèi) nowadays/in the past
明確了托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的考題分類(lèi),下面我們來(lái)了解一下各個(gè)題型的考察頻率。我們對(duì)近十年獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作題目進(jìn)行了分類(lèi)整理,當(dāng)然,這些數(shù)據(jù)是不去重的,最近幾年寫(xiě)作題目重復(fù)的其實(shí)特別多。
分類(lèi)數(shù)量百分比比較類(lèi) 159 41.09% 隱藏絕對(duì)詞 137 35.40% 今夕對(duì)比類(lèi) 48 12.40% 絕對(duì)詞 38 9.82% 三選一 4
1.03%
四選一 1 0.26% 總數(shù) 387 100%
我們可以看到考察頻率最高的是比較類(lèi)和隱藏絕對(duì)詞,那么我們?cè)诰唧w備考中就更能明確重點(diǎn)了。
有的同學(xué)可能覺(jué)得光給個(gè)標(biāo)志詞還是不太了解各個(gè)題型長(zhǎng)啥樣子,為了讓大家對(duì)各個(gè)題型有個(gè)更清楚的認(rèn)識(shí),我們針對(duì)每個(gè)標(biāo)志詞列出一些具體題目,大家可以對(duì)號(hào)入座一下:
A>B Being happy with a job ismoreimportantthanhaving a high salary. A or B Which one is more enjoyable, three long daysorfive shorter days per week? A=B Students' activities doas muchbenefitasacademic study. 隱藏絕對(duì)詞 People shouldnot pay to use public transportation. 今夕對(duì)比類(lèi) Agree or disagree, parentstodayare moreinvolved in their children’s education than they werein the past. 最高級(jí) The bestway to reduce air pollution is for the government to raise the cost of fuel. only Onlymovies that can teach us something about real life are worth watching. never There isnevera good reason to be impolite or rude to another people, what do you think? any Foranybusiness to be successful, it must spend more money on advertising. impossible It isimpossibleto becompletely honest with your friends. 三選一 Which way do you think is the best for a student to make new friends:a, joining a sports team;b, participating in community activities;c, travelling 四選一 Which one influences you most when you make a majorpurchase:a) recommendations from your friends or colleagues;b)informationfrom media (TV, newspapers, magazine);c) salesman in the marketd) decide all by yourself without other information.
托福寫(xiě)作高分技巧:從新概念開(kāi)始
在托??荚囍校?jiǎn)單句羅列,語(yǔ)句不連貫,邏輯混亂,內(nèi)容空洞等問(wèn)題比比皆是,制約著學(xué)生寫(xiě)作水平和應(yīng)試成績(jī)的進(jìn)一步提升。如果你遇到上述問(wèn)題,說(shuō)明你寫(xiě)作的基本功還不夠扎實(shí)。那么如何在短時(shí)間內(nèi)提高英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作水平呢?《新概念二冊(cè)》的寫(xiě)作練習(xí)則正是你的最佳選擇。
首先,我們先來(lái)介紹一下《新概念二冊(cè)》中的寫(xiě)作練習(xí)。
《新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè):時(shí)間與進(jìn)步》共4個(gè)單元,96篇課文,書(shū)中寫(xiě)作練習(xí)的目的是為了幫助學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)寫(xiě)簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句和段落。
其中,一至三段元主要訓(xùn)練學(xué)生寫(xiě)簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句,共有以下幾種練習(xí)形式:
1. 摘要寫(xiě)作 Summary Writing
這部分要求學(xué)生回答有關(guān)課文內(nèi)容的一系列問(wèn)題,然后將答案組成段落,即課文摘要,不超過(guò)55個(gè)單詞。第一單元的問(wèn)題用簡(jiǎn)單句回答即可(見(jiàn)書(shū)P13);第二單元的問(wèn)題給出并列連詞,要求用簡(jiǎn)單句和并列句回答(見(jiàn)書(shū)P123);第三單元的問(wèn)題給出了連詞和引導(dǎo)詞,要求用簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句回答(見(jiàn)書(shū)P233)。
2. 作文 Composition
從第二單元開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)作文練習(xí),其目的是幫助學(xué)生寫(xiě)復(fù)合句。按照難易程度循序漸進(jìn)的順序,作文練習(xí)分三種。
1) 選擇正確的動(dòng)詞和連詞。題目給出三個(gè)句子,句子中的動(dòng)詞和連接詞各給出兩個(gè)選擇,要求學(xué)生選出正確的詞,改寫(xiě)句子(見(jiàn)書(shū)P127)。
2) 將簡(jiǎn)單句合并為復(fù)合句。每個(gè)題目中給出兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句以及連詞,要求學(xué)生用給出的連詞改寫(xiě)成復(fù)合句(見(jiàn)書(shū)P171)。
托福寫(xiě)作技巧:取代said
如果在托福寫(xiě)作中你已經(jīng)徹底厭倦了某人said, said, said,那我們可以考慮一下其他闡述觀點(diǎn)的表達(dá)方式。但這并不意味著人名和動(dòng)詞的隨機(jī)排列組合,語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)氣態(tài)度在這里非常重要。下面為大家列舉一些在英國(guó)大學(xué)中廣泛認(rèn)可的表達(dá)方式以及適用語(yǔ)境,參考一下可以有效地避免過(guò)度重復(fù)以及語(yǔ)言不準(zhǔn)確不地道的問(wèn)題。
Ways of Presenting Ideas and Arguments
引入類(lèi)型
Types of writing
適用表述
Ways you might present this in your essay
1
當(dāng)作者對(duì)自己所陳述的內(nèi)容非??隙ǎ瑘?jiān)定不移時(shí)
When the writer is very committed, even passionate, about the ideas he/she writes
X asserts that…
X strongly argues that…
X firmly believes that…
X is committed to the idea that…
2
當(dāng)作者引述極為具體細(xì)致的論據(jù)來(lái)論證其觀點(diǎn)時(shí)
When the writer presents detailed evidence in support of his/her ideas
The work of X shows that…
X concludes that…
X found that…
X discovered that…
X learned that…
3
當(dāng)作者本身對(duì)其所引述或陳述的觀點(diǎn)持謹(jǐn)慎保留的態(tài)度時(shí)
When the writer is quite cautious and restrained about the ideas he/she puts forward
Research by X indicates that…
X suggests that…
4
當(dāng)作者僅憑個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)時(shí)
When the writer puts forward ideas based on their personal experiences only
The work of X indicates that…
X believes that…
X feels that…
5
當(dāng)作者引述在讀者看來(lái)值得質(zhì)疑的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)
When the writer puts forward ideas you are rather suspicious or skeptical about
X claims that…
X believes that…
According to X…
6
當(dāng)作者非常直率地陳述觀點(diǎn),并輔以相當(dāng)顯而易見(jiàn)且理由充分的論據(jù)支持時(shí)
When the writer appears to report something in a straight-forward way, backed up with apparently good reasons for the ideas presented
X states that…
X reports that…
X notes that…
X found that…
X observes that…
X concludes that…
As X points out, …
X has drawn attention to the fact that…
X argues that…
3) 寫(xiě)出復(fù)合句。題目給出與課文內(nèi)容有關(guān)的句子片段,讓學(xué)生寫(xiě)出2至3個(gè)句子(見(jiàn)書(shū)P241)。
其次,第四單元的寫(xiě)作練習(xí)則更注重訓(xùn)練學(xué)生寫(xiě)段落,共有兩種形式:
1. 摘要寫(xiě)作 Summary Writing
題目中給出了課文內(nèi)容的要點(diǎn),以及兩套不同的連接詞,要求學(xué)生用給出的要點(diǎn)和連詞寫(xiě)出兩個(gè)不同的段落,每段不超過(guò)80字(見(jiàn)書(shū)P343)。
2. 作文 Composition
題目以句子片段的形式,提供一些與課文內(nèi)容有關(guān)的想象情節(jié),要求學(xué)生按給出的思路寫(xiě)出150字左右的兩段文字(見(jiàn)書(shū)P343)。
由此可見(jiàn),《新概念第二冊(cè)》精心設(shè)計(jì)的寫(xiě)作練習(xí),不僅可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生寫(xiě)并列句、復(fù)合句的能力,還可以提高學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)文章重點(diǎn),概述文章內(nèi)容的能力,并灌輸給學(xué)生發(fā)展、把握段落、文章結(jié)構(gòu)的思路和方法。而這正是托福高分寫(xiě)作所最最需要的基本功。
熟悉托??荚嚨耐瑢W(xué)都知道,托福寫(xiě)作共分兩篇。其中一篇,要求考生在30分鐘內(nèi)就某一話題闡述自己的觀點(diǎn),字?jǐn)?shù)要求為300字以上。通過(guò)《新概念二冊(cè)》的寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練,學(xué)生已經(jīng)熟練掌握了簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句的寫(xiě)作能力,以及段落發(fā)展的基本思路。
另一篇寫(xiě)作則要求考生先閱讀一篇文章,并聽(tīng)與文章有關(guān)的課堂演講,之后在20分鐘內(nèi)寫(xiě)一篇作文,總結(jié)課堂演講的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù),并陳述這些論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)是如何反駁文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)的,字?jǐn)?shù)要求為150字到225字之間。這篇寫(xiě)作考察的正是學(xué)生概述文章的能力,也是《新概念第二冊(cè)》的寫(xiě)作練習(xí)中所重復(fù)涉及的。
托福寫(xiě)作解析:IF從句
總結(jié)了一些if的用法,大家考前看看
先看兩個(gè)例子:
[Scenery]Sue has lost her watch. She think it may be at Ann’s house.
SUE: I think I left my watch at your house. Have you seen it?
(1) ANN: no, but I’ll have a look when I get home. If I find it, I’ll tell you.
If I find…., I’ll……
(2) Ann says: If I found a wallet in the street, I’d take it to the police.
If I found……, I’d(=I would)……..(而不是if I find, I’ll…..)
這里兩個(gè)句子有著不同的意思,前者表示Ann覺(jué)得她有找到手表的真實(shí)可能性.因此才說(shuō)if I find….., I’ll…..
而后者是完全不同的情況.在這里Ann沒(méi)有考慮真實(shí)的可能性;她在虛擬這一個(gè)情景,并不認(rèn)為真的可以在街上揀到手表.于是才說(shuō):if I found……,I’d……
if I do……….和if I did………的區(qū)別
用if+過(guò)去式(if I found / if you were / if we didn’t等) 表示虛擬的事情,而不是指過(guò)去時(shí)間發(fā)生的事情:
What would you do if you won a million pounds?
I don’t really want to go to their party, but I probably will go. They’d be offended if I didn’t go
Sarah has decided not to apply for the job. She isn’t really qualified for it, so she probably wouldn’t get it if she applied.
If從句中一般不用would:
I’d be very frightened if somebody pointed a gun at me.(而非if somebody would point)
If I didn’t go to their party, they’d be offended(而非if I wouldn’t go)
If …….would可以表示用來(lái)請(qǐng)求某人做某事:
I would be grateful if you would send me your brochure as soon as possible.
“Shall I close the door?” “yes, please, If you would.”
Would(‘d) / wouldn’t用于句子的主句(不是if從句)
If you took more exercise, you’d (=you would) probably feel healthier.
Would you mind if I used your phone?
I’m not tired enough to go to bed yet. I wouldn’t sleep.
另外,if引導(dǎo)的條件句也能引起倒裝,如果要是在作文里用到,也是一個(gè)加分點(diǎn):
先看正常語(yǔ)序.
It would be a serious setback, if the talks were to fail.
If you should need more information, please telephone our main office.
If Alex had asked, I would have been able to help.
倒裝是要省略if
it would be a serious setback, were the talks to fail.
Should you need more information, please telephone our main office.
Had Alex asked, I would have been able to help
倒裝句比if-從句更加正式.
但是在否定句里面,不可以用縮寫(xiě)
e.g.
Had he not resigned, we should have been forced to sack him(不用hadn’t he…..)
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