托福寫作：利弊問(wèn)題論證思路
托福寫作中，利弊話題的討論也是常考題型之一，下面，小編為大家整理托福寫作利弊題的論證思路，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
托福寫作：利弊問(wèn)題論證思路
常見(jiàn)的托福寫作利弊類文章有以下一些問(wèn)法：
Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
Do you think its benefits exceed its drawbacks?
Does the usefulness outweigh the limitations?
Is it positive or negative?
……
主要討論
effect， influence， development， situation，phenomenon，decision，……
如：Do you think it is a positive or negative development? 等等
如果遇到這樣的題目或相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞(黑體)，那么該題就一定是利弊題目。
關(guān)于托福寫作利弊題目有以下幾個(gè)需要注意的方面：
一.確定觀點(diǎn)
托福題目的寫作都需要有觀點(diǎn)，但僅憑第一直覺(jué)是沒(méi)辦法完成整篇文章的。brainstorming 和outlining的重要性在這里就不多說(shuō)明了，在課堂上我們已經(jīng)重復(fù)過(guò)多次原因和如果brainstorming以及outlining。
對(duì)于利弊題目需要注意的是：無(wú)論題目中是否指明"outweigh"或"exceed"，都需要討論這個(gè)事物的利弊兩方面。因?yàn)槭澜缟蠜](méi)有完全絕對(duì)的事情，議論文必然有對(duì)立雙方，所以不可能只討論其中一邊，比如只有利或只有弊。這樣看起來(lái)貌似很強(qiáng)勢(shì)，但是其實(shí)是缺少辯證能力的表現(xiàn)。
二.利弊大戰(zhàn)
確定了觀點(diǎn)以后，接下來(lái)就要通過(guò)利與弊的權(quán)重來(lái)證明你的觀點(diǎn)，到底是利與弊哪個(gè)更重。
A.數(shù)量之戰(zhàn)
最直觀地判定利與弊大小就是在篇幅和內(nèi)容上。按照一般托福四段式的結(jié)構(gòu)為例，主體段每段寫兩到三"點(diǎn)"是比較合理的。"點(diǎn)"太多容易論證不充分，"點(diǎn)"太少容易語(yǔ)言啰嗦或字?jǐn)?shù)不夠。那么利與弊的較量首先就是"點(diǎn)"的數(shù)量。比如說(shuō)，觀點(diǎn)為"利大于弊"，那么利寫三條，弊寫兩條;要么利寫兩條，弊寫一條(前提是有足夠論證內(nèi)容)。
比如：
More and more people choose to work at home and students study from home as the development of computer technology makes it more convenient and cheaper. Do you think it is a positive or negative development?
(Around the world it is likely that more adult work from home, more children study from home, as computer technology cheaper and more accessible, is it a positive or negative development? )
關(guān)于在家用電腦進(jìn)行工作和學(xué)習(xí)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)相比離大家生活并不遙遠(yuǎn)。通過(guò)brainstorming，我們能夠列出以下一些優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)：
+ -
家里環(huán)境舒適 不與人溝通很悶
時(shí)間靈活，可以兼顧家庭事務(wù) 自控性不強(qiáng)，效率不高
節(jié)省上下班/學(xué)的時(shí)間和費(fèi)用 電腦輻射對(duì)身體不好
公司節(jié)省辦公室租金 缺乏戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)
減緩交通壓力 企業(yè)掌控力有限
…… ……
那么從里面挑出一些更加直接相關(guān)并且自己英語(yǔ)能力能夠達(dá)到的"點(diǎn)"，按照自己的觀點(diǎn)選擇適當(dāng)數(shù)量的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，在每一個(gè)點(diǎn)里進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展論述。如果認(rèn)為利大于弊好寫一些，那么就在"+"里面選3條擴(kuò)展，在"-"里面選2條擴(kuò)展。
B.語(yǔ)氣之戰(zhàn)
但是僅僅這樣還是不夠的，考生通常都會(huì)想，"我寫點(diǎn)利，寫點(diǎn)弊，利寫多點(diǎn)不就完了。"這種觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)的。比方說(shuō)，我買某一束花的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，優(yōu)點(diǎn)3條：色彩艷麗，香味撲鼻，物美價(jià)廉，但是有一條缺點(diǎn)：我對(duì)花過(guò)敏。那么優(yōu)點(diǎn)寫再長(zhǎng)，一條缺點(diǎn)就決定了我不應(yīng)該買這束花。所以在對(duì)于優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)描述的語(yǔ)氣上也要注意態(tài)度：色彩特別艷麗，香味沁人心脾，絕對(duì)物超所值。這樣就把優(yōu)點(diǎn)實(shí)實(shí)在在地釘在讀者心里。關(guān)于缺點(diǎn)呢，就改成，我有可能對(duì)花過(guò)敏。這樣這個(gè)缺點(diǎn)就不是那么致命了。
也就是說(shuō)在語(yǔ)氣上，觀點(diǎn)側(cè)重的部分要十分肯定(must, definitely, undoubtedly, absolutely, affirmatively, surely, extremely, ……)，而小于的部分要減小可能性(may, could, might, probably, possibly, to some extent, ……)。這樣，強(qiáng)勢(shì)的那部分有進(jìn)一步占了上風(fēng)。
C.徹底擊敗
論文，就是要證明自己的觀點(diǎn)是對(duì)的，也就是說(shuō)，要最大限度地不讓反對(duì)者有機(jī)可乘。如果觀點(diǎn)為利大于弊，那么認(rèn)為弊很重要的就是反對(duì)者。所以如果就把弊擺在那里不管是不行的，必須想辦法徹底擊敗缺點(diǎn)，這樣優(yōu)點(diǎn)才能以絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)大于缺點(diǎn)。以"利大于弊"的觀點(diǎn)為例，進(jìn)一步擊敗的方法有三：
1.不重要：出現(xiàn)的缺點(diǎn)根本不算什么。比如上文說(shuō)到買花過(guò)敏，如果過(guò)敏無(wú)非就是打兩個(gè)噴嚏，不要緊，那么最終還是買花的優(yōu)點(diǎn)占了上風(fēng)。
2.可解決：出現(xiàn)的缺點(diǎn)很容易就可以解決。買花過(guò)敏了，我把它放在玻璃柜里就沒(méi)事了，仍然可以欣賞到它的美，這樣就可以買花了。在家用電腦工作缺乏與人溝通，但現(xiàn)在電腦科技發(fā)達(dá)，可以視頻、通話、網(wǎng)絡(luò)會(huì)議等等，一點(diǎn)不缺乏溝通的真實(shí)性。這樣還是在家工作的好處多。
3.可轉(zhuǎn)化：出現(xiàn)的缺點(diǎn)其實(shí)從另一個(gè)角度來(lái)看其實(shí)是優(yōu)點(diǎn)。比如果學(xué)生在家學(xué)習(xí)自控力差，學(xué)習(xí)效率不高。其實(shí)這恰恰是一種鍛煉學(xué)生自學(xué)能力甚至是獨(dú)立自主能力的好方法，如果能有好的引導(dǎo)和監(jiān)督，那么還是這些學(xué)生比在老師實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)督下的學(xué)生更懂得如何學(xué)習(xí)。這樣，優(yōu)點(diǎn)就更占優(yōu)勢(shì)了。
以上這三個(gè)方法同樣適用于弊大于利的觀點(diǎn)，也就是要把"利"削弱掉。比如說(shuō)，家里環(huán)境舒適，但是好的辦公室或者學(xué)校的環(huán)境對(duì)于工作和學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)說(shuō)更合適(不重要);家里通常沒(méi)有工作和學(xué)習(xí)所需要的豐富資料(可解決);家里舒適反而讓人好逸惡勞(可轉(zhuǎn)化)。針對(duì)不同需要削弱的點(diǎn)，應(yīng)該選擇不同的策略，而且針對(duì)一個(gè)點(diǎn)的削弱，不需要三種方法全部用上，做到削弱即可。
所以，通過(guò)以上三個(gè)方面的比較：數(shù)量、語(yǔ)氣、進(jìn)一步削弱，認(rèn)為大于的那一方就會(huì)以絕對(duì)性優(yōu)勢(shì)支持了觀點(diǎn)。這就是托福寫作利弊文的分析方式，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
Some people think that children should begin their formal education at a very early age and should spend most of their time on school studies. Others believe that young children should spend most of their time playing. Compare these two views. Which view do you agree with? Why?
Should children play more or study more? The question is what will be better for the child. There are benefits to both activities, but the answer depends on the details of the situation.
There are many things that could affect the outcome of the argument. What kind of a school is it? It could be a school where children sit at their desks all day long memorizing dates and facts. Or it could be a school where the teacher helps the children learn what they want to learn. I think the second kind is a lot better for a child than the first kind.
Similarly, what kind of play are we talking about? The child could be alone all day long watching television, which could make him or her bored and lonely. Or the child could be involved in group activities with neighborhood children of the same age, which could help him or her learn how to get along with others.
I think both study and play are valuable, so I mould prefer to send my child to a school where there is a combination. I think a variety of activities makes learning easier for anyone at any age.
托福獨(dú)立寫作范文：你的社區(qū)建大學(xué)
Some people think that your community would be a good place to locate the university. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of establishing a new university in your community. Use specific details in your discussion.
The first advantage of having a new university built in my community would be the jobs it would bring to the community. Initially, the jobs would be those connected with the actual building of the university structures, such as brick layers and carpenters. Once the buildings were completed, the jobs would be those on the campus itself. Those would include teachers, office workers, custodians, and librarians.
Not all of the people the university hired would already be members of the community, so that would mean a lot of new people coming to town. Of course, a lot of students would come too. Two advantages of new people in town would be more taxpayers and a more diverse population. With more people paying taxes, there would be more money for schools, libraries and other community needs. With a more diverse population, there would be new stores, new restaurants (to serve different tastes) and new cultural influences.
Of course, there would also be disadvantages. More people living in the community could mean more houses being built. There would be more traffic on the streets, with the combination of new residents and students who bring their cars. Plus, more people would mean more public services would be needed. These services could include everything from trash collection to more schools to hold all the children of the new residents. New services might mean local taxes would have to go up, even though there would be more taxpayers.
Another disadvantage is that the personality of our community would change. It would go from being a place where everybody knows everybody else to a place where a lot of people are strangers. It would become a place with a lot of short-term residents, like the university students, who might not care as much about the town.
Communities always change over time, though, and overall I like the atmosphere of a "college town. "A new university would bring a lot of challenges, but I think it would be worth it.
托福獨(dú)立寫作范文：青少年成長(zhǎng)影響因素
Some people think that the family is the most important influence on young adults. Other people think that friends are the most important influence on young adults. Which view do you agree with? Use examples to support your position.
Although friends make an impression on your life, they do not have the same influence that your family has. Nothing is as important to me as my family. From them, I learned everything that is important. I learned about trust, ambition, and love.
Your family is with you forever. They are not going to leave you because they find another daughter they like better. They are not going to leave you because they think you are too much trouble. A family is permanent, while friends come and go.
Your parents are your role models. They will encourage you to do your best, to push yourself, and to improve yourself. Friends want you to stay the same; they don't want you to be different. A family is ambitious for you. Friends are not.
Your family teaches you about love. A family's love is not judgmental. They love you for everything you are. Friends may love you because you have a new car or because you go out with them on Saturdays. A family loves you. Friends only like you.
Without my family, I wouldn't know what to do. I wouldn't feel as secure. I might not have the ambition to go to school. I probably would be afraid to love. My family is my greatest influence.
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