實(shí)例解析托福閱讀推理題技巧
托福閱讀考試中有很多的題型，其中有一類題型讓考生有心理陰影和恐懼，尤其是其中的“推斷”兩個(gè)字，通過這兩個(gè)字大家有沒有想到柯南、福爾摩斯之類的帶有懸疑色彩的東西。但是托福閱讀推斷題真的有這么可怕嗎?我們應(yīng)該如何去應(yīng)對(duì)呢?一起來了解一下!
實(shí)例解析托福閱讀推理題技巧
應(yīng)對(duì)托福閱讀推斷題，考生要如何去應(yīng)對(duì)呢?毋庸置疑，推斷題一定有一定的難度所在，這點(diǎn)我們從托福考試官方指南(og)的改變上就可發(fā)現(xiàn)一些端倪。第三版og上，推斷題的考查數(shù)量為0-2題，第四版og已經(jīng)增加到1-3題，ets的用(yin)意(mou)所在可見一斑。
那么，我們改如何應(yīng)對(duì)推斷題呢?推斷題真的像我們想象的這么難么?
今天我們一起來從考查形式上來解刨一下推斷題。
題干特征：推斷題的題干經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)infer,suggest,imply, indicate這類單詞
考查形式主要分為兩大類：對(duì)比推斷和細(xì)節(jié)推斷，而后者出現(xiàn)的幾率更大。
考查形式一：對(duì)比推斷
A時(shí)間對(duì)比：一般有兩個(gè)形成對(duì)比的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，它們所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文會(huì)出現(xiàn)before1990的信息，而題目會(huì)問after 1990的信息?
解決方案：收集問題對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間點(diǎn)的信息，然后取反。
注意原文中出現(xiàn)的表示時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)的詞 before, after, not…until…
例題
The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main,the story of the expansion of American agriculture-of the development of new areas for theraising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficientway of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices werehigh, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to bebreaking up and moving westward,” observed an English visitor in 1817, during the first greatwave of migration. Emigration to the west reached a peak in the 1830’s, whereas in 1810 onlya seventy of the American people lived west of the Appalachian mountains, by 1840 more thana third lived there.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.
○They were able to sell their produce at high prices.
○They had not been successful in raising cattle.
○They did not operate in a national market economy.
答案D
對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)鍵句：After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmersto escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periodswhen commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
B直接對(duì)比：兩個(gè)或多個(gè)事物的特征——如原文會(huì)出現(xiàn)A的特點(diǎn)，然后會(huì)有B和A相比較的信息，然后題目問B的特點(diǎn)?
解決方案：收集題干所問的推斷對(duì)象(about后面的信息一般為推斷對(duì)象)的全部信息(一般為上述的B)，然后在原文所描述的與之相關(guān)的信息(一般為上述的A)的基礎(chǔ)之上取反。
注意原文中出現(xiàn)的表示對(duì)比的關(guān)系詞：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas,on the contrary, incomparison to, distinct from, different from等詞。
例題
Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-aremammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Theirstreamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowholecannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of seaotters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on landand at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fullymarine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walkingmammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearlyintermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
○There were great numbers of them.
○They lived in the sea only.
○They did not leave many fossil remains.
答案A
對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)鍵句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, andwalruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision whatthe first whales looked like.
考查形式二：細(xì)節(jié)推斷
考查細(xì)節(jié)判斷，事物的特點(diǎn)，屬性等。
解決方案：收集題干所提問的推斷對(duì)象(about后面的信息一般為推斷對(duì)象)的所有信息。如果推斷對(duì)象所涉及的信息比較多，難以抓到重點(diǎn)，則逐個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行定位篩選。
例題
Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground,filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoricwater; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoricwater is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain andsnow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, beforeemerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enoughspace in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walkon?
○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.
○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.
○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.
○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.
答案C
AThere it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.
BBy far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is thegroundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.
C At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” groundunderfoot to hold all this water.
DOrdinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, fromprecipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.
綜上所述，推斷題并沒有我們想象的那么晦澀。它仍然是關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)層面的題目，主要考查考生收集和題目相關(guān)的信息和梳理這些信息的能力。我們需要做到：
1把題干提問的推斷對(duì)象的信息收集完全，并理解到位。
2記住所看即所得，不要過分推斷，不要腦補(bǔ)。
3任何文章中出現(xiàn)的信息都有可能考查推斷，所以不要忽略任何一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。
托福閱讀的重點(diǎn)是透析上下文
考生做舊托福考試(TOEFL)閱讀或者平時(shí)的閱讀練習(xí)時(shí)，時(shí)常表現(xiàn)出一些不良的做題習(xí)慣。有些考生讀文章時(shí)喜歡在試題上劃線，似乎不做記號(hào)，閱讀就無法進(jìn)行，思維就停止活動(dòng)。不過在新托福網(wǎng)絡(luò)考試中，考生面對(duì)電腦就做不了任何標(biāo)志記號(hào)。
有些考生文章根本不讀完，直接做題。這種方法相當(dāng)于瞎子摸象，對(duì)文章只有局部的感覺，整個(gè)文章的概念無法獲得。要提醒考生的是，近年考試中針對(duì)整個(gè)文章提問的題量有所增加。所以，這種不看文章直接做題的方法是極其危險(xiǎn)的。
有些考生則喜歡把文章一字不漏地細(xì)讀之后再做題。這種方法僅適合于兩種情況，其一，考生已具備相當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x水平，長期以來運(yùn)用這種方法效果甚佳;其二，某一篇具體的文章是考生所熟悉的內(nèi)容，細(xì)讀文章并不會(huì)花太多的時(shí)間。一般來說，大部分考生采用細(xì)讀文章方法，做題時(shí)間嚴(yán)重不足?？忌粦?yīng)該忘記，閱讀理解測(cè)試速度和理解兩個(gè)方面。
在做詞匯題時(shí)，許多考生認(rèn)為做不對(duì)題與自己的詞匯量有關(guān)，認(rèn)識(shí)單詞能做對(duì)，不認(rèn)識(shí)單詞就會(huì)做錯(cuò)。事實(shí)上，那些認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞經(jīng)常做錯(cuò)，不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞反而能做對(duì)。原因是，做不認(rèn)識(shí)單詞時(shí)，考生會(huì)仔細(xì)研讀詞匯題的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。而做認(rèn)識(shí)單詞時(shí)，忽略上下文的重要性，往往是裝模作樣的看一下上下文，便匆匆做出抉擇。所以，做好詞匯題關(guān)鍵在于透徹分析上下文——詞匯題的句子以及上下一句話，有時(shí)候，個(gè)別詞匯題也許需要在文章其他段落尋找線索。
托福閱讀具體的提速技巧
關(guān)于閱讀方法只是對(duì)在有限時(shí)間內(nèi)有效閱讀托福文章的方法進(jìn)行一個(gè)簡單的介紹。閱讀技巧，特別是速度技巧中，有兩個(gè)重要的方法:Skimming&Scanning.
Skimming是只看主要大意的速讀。一篇文章的大意是有重點(diǎn)的。比如，當(dāng)出現(xiàn)first second的這種歸類總結(jié)的地方，或because，as a result這樣的因果關(guān)系，或是 but，however的語意轉(zhuǎn)折處，都需要格外留心。托福文章講述主要觀點(diǎn)之后通常會(huì)有for example來佐證，如果看懂了主要觀點(diǎn)，那么對(duì)示例所用的時(shí)間和精力就不需要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍閱讀文章意圖抓住文章大意時(shí)是非常重要的。
Scanning是“掃描”，但具體到閱讀中，大家最熟悉的莫過于查詞典時(shí)。在有意識(shí)地去查某個(gè)生詞的時(shí)候，我們不會(huì)去把它所在的頁上每一個(gè)字都看一遍才找到想要的。幾乎眼睛對(duì)詞典中的一頁掃一下，腦中只有要找的字，看到它，其他的地方都像沒有看到一樣。在托福的閱讀中，scanning的技巧在回答問題時(shí)，根據(jù)題干中問到的內(nèi)容，在文章中scan，可以幫助考生準(zhǔn)確地定位，找到答案。
托福閱讀的陷阱介紹
中的細(xì)節(jié)題其實(shí)不難，但前提是定位的點(diǎn)要對(duì)，比如下面這個(gè)例題：
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
這是一個(gè)典型的細(xì)節(jié)題，在該題題干中，有的考生會(huì)選擇Puget Sound作為關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，因?yàn)樗菍Ｓ忻~，在文中會(huì)比較顯眼。但是如果一旦選擇了這個(gè)地名，勢(shì)必會(huì)定位在該段的第一句話，托福細(xì)節(jié)題往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案，這樣的話考生是選不出正確答案的，因?yàn)槎ㄎ徊痪_。其實(shí)正確的關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)該是white-tailed deer，這個(gè)用連字符連接的詞在文章中也是比較醒目的，按該詞定位應(yīng)是該段最后一句話。所以根據(jù)它的意思應(yīng)該選D項(xiàng)。其中A項(xiàng)與原句意思不符，B和C都與定位句信息無關(guān)。我們?cè)賮砜戳硗庖粋€(gè)否定事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的例子：
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
這個(gè)題大家都會(huì)選擇用climax communities去定位，但在定位過程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)很多問題。首先考生要學(xué)會(huì)跳躍式定位，即根據(jù)文章中特殊的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)以及最醒目的詞來搜索我們真正需要的關(guān)鍵詞。文中的particular是加了陰影的，succession是在引號(hào)里面的，都非常醒目，通過看這兩個(gè)詞我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它們附近沒有我們需要的東西;再比較突出的就是數(shù)字及破折號(hào)，在500的上方有a climax community，但它是單數(shù)，與題干關(guān)鍵詞不完全匹配，細(xì)節(jié)題講究的是精確定位，所以我們應(yīng)該選擇500斜下方的Climax communities，即該段的最后一句話。
否定事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的出題思路有兩種：一是無中生有，即根據(jù)定位點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)只有一個(gè)沒有提到，這種思路多適用于選項(xiàng)比較簡短的題目;二是張冠李戴，即根據(jù)定位點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容表述，只有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)與之矛盾，這種思路多適應(yīng)于選項(xiàng)比較長的題目。就這個(gè)例題而言，根據(jù)定位的最后一句話，從表述上來說跟它相關(guān)的只有C和D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，D項(xiàng)的意思與原句相符，而C項(xiàng)與原句矛盾，所以正確答案是C。綜上所述，做新托福閱讀的細(xì)節(jié)題，最重要的一點(diǎn)就是要盡量地去精確定位。
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實(shí)例解析托福閱讀推理題技巧
