看懂托福閱讀內(nèi)容卻做不對(duì)題
托?？荚嚨目忌荒甓嘤谝荒?，學(xué)習(xí)啦為大家整理了了《看懂托福閱讀內(nèi)容卻做不對(duì)題》，希望大家能加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練，加油!
看懂托福閱讀內(nèi)容卻做不對(duì)題
不考生認(rèn)為在做閱讀的時(shí)候弄懂了文章的意思，但是做題總是出錯(cuò)，為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況?
有時(shí)候，一些人在講話(huà)或者是說(shuō)事的時(shí)候，總是不會(huì)很直白地表達(dá)出自己的意思。這是為什么?就是因?yàn)橹v話(huà)的人會(huì)覺(jué)得用直白的方式講出來(lái)，一是會(huì)顯得自己講話(huà)沒(méi)有檔次，二是講話(huà)的技巧就是如此，總喜歡留一些東西讓聽(tīng)者去思考。如果按這樣的方式來(lái)說(shuō)的話(huà)，那么，接下來(lái)講英語(yǔ)閱讀的時(shí)候，就好說(shuō)了。
一個(gè)人對(duì)同一件事情的理解有萬(wàn)萬(wàn)千千，畢竟，我們生活的環(huán)境以及我們接受到的教育或者是思維方式都有特別大的區(qū)別，所以，在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案前，我們所有的被說(shuō)成是理解了的東西，都是不理解。
因此對(duì)于托福閱讀備考來(lái)講，也是自然的，許多同學(xué)覺(jué)得，這篇文章怎么這么容易理解呀，太輕易了吧，于是，很著急很自信地就把后面的選擇題給做掉了，做完了后，感覺(jué)良好。但是，實(shí)際上，最好得到的分?jǐn)?shù)卻差得讓他受不了。就是因?yàn)樗皇亲x懂了其中的表面意思，而沒(méi)有讀懂里面的深層意思。
那么如何改變托福閱讀備考中這種狀況呢?
最好的托福閱讀備考辦法就是做大量的托福閱讀練習(xí)或者是往年的托福真題。你做完后，認(rèn)真地看答案，認(rèn)真地看講解，然后必須要找到自己在哪些方面是欠缺的。
托福閱讀備考重點(diǎn)筆記內(nèi)容
一、推理題的標(biāo)志
推理題的題干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等詞，分為有共性的推理題和無(wú)共性的推理題兩大類(lèi)。
二、推理題的做法
對(duì)于無(wú)共性的推理題，也就是題干中無(wú)線索的，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過(guò)排除法得出正確答案。
對(duì)于有共性的推理題，也就是題干中有線索的，可以先圈定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。推理題主要有下列思路：
1.一般對(duì)比推理
ETS設(shè)計(jì)推理題的手段不多，根據(jù)兩個(gè)事物的對(duì)比特征出題是其中之一。問(wèn)其中一個(gè)事物的特征時(shí)，只要將與之形成對(duì)比的另一個(gè)事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如：
It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.
2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
There were great numbers of them.
They lived in the sea only.
They did not leave many fossil remains.
根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知sea otters和pinnipeds兩種動(dòng)物與whales形成對(duì)比，而且很難想象原始的whales的樣子;根據(jù)“一般對(duì)比推理”思路， 可以推出“原始的sea otters的樣子不難想象”。第一個(gè)選項(xiàng)表達(dá)了此意，為正確答案。
2.時(shí)間對(duì)比推理
這種思路常被考到。在這種推理中，一般有兩個(gè)形成對(duì)比的時(shí)間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問(wèn)一個(gè)時(shí)間段的特征時(shí)，只要將與之相反的時(shí)間段的特征否定掉就可以了。
例一：
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….
…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.
…
It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
(A)families were larger.
(B)population statistics were unreliable.
(C)the population grew steadily.
(D)economic conditions were bad.
工業(yè)革命之后與工業(yè)革命之前兩個(gè)時(shí)間形成對(duì)比。既然工業(yè)革命之后西方世界的家庭變小了，那么工業(yè)革命之前的家庭一定比較大。因此(A)為正確答案。
例二：
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.
What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?
(A) They were truly “silent.”
(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.
(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.
(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.
1927年前后形成對(duì)比。既然1927年以前的電影只有音樂(lè)而沒(méi)有配音，那么1927年之后的電影一定有。所以(C)為正確答案。
例三：
“…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals )with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …”
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
They did not smoke when they were burned.
They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
They were not available to all.
They contained sulfuric acid.
問(wèn)題：關(guān)于19世紀(jì)以前的蠟燭，從第一段可以推出下列哪一點(diǎn)?
這道題的題干中有“19世紀(jì)以前”這一時(shí)間，由此可見(jiàn)它屬于“時(shí)間對(duì)比推理”思路。原文首句指出：“…19世紀(jì)帶來(lái)了大量新發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)明，使蠟燭業(yè)發(fā)生了革命性的變化，所有人都能用蠟燭照明?！?根據(jù)“時(shí)間對(duì)比推理”思路，由于19世紀(jì)以前的情況與19世紀(jì)形成對(duì)比，而19世紀(jì)所有人能用蠟燭照明，那么在19世紀(jì)之前，并非所有人都能用上蠟燭。第三個(gè)選項(xiàng) “They were not available to all”表達(dá)了這一意思，為正確答案。
2.集合概念推理
集合概念推理也可以稱(chēng)之為百分比推斷，它指的是在一個(gè)集合中，包含兩個(gè)相對(duì)的方面，共同構(gòu)成一個(gè)大的集合。一方所占的比例減少意味著另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味著另一方所占比例的減少。根據(jù)這一思路，可以由集合中一方的數(shù)量變化推斷另一方的消減。
例一：
A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.
22.What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?
(A) They value folk cultures.
(B) They have no social classes.
(C) They have popular cultures.
(D) They do not value individualism.
原文談到folk culture 和popular culture兩種文化，它們之間形成對(duì)比。既然美國(guó)和加拿大不再存在folk culture，那么它們就有popular culture。因此(C)為正確答案。
例二：
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例都增加了。由此可知農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例下降了。所以(B)為正確答案。
托福正確閱讀文章的方法
關(guān)于閱讀方法只是對(duì)在有限時(shí)間內(nèi)有效閱讀托福文章的方法進(jìn)行一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的介紹。閱讀技巧，特別是速度技巧中，有兩個(gè)重要的方法:Skimming&Scanning.
Skimming是只看主要大意的速讀。一篇文章的大意是有重點(diǎn)的。比如，當(dāng)出現(xiàn)first second的這種歸類(lèi)總結(jié)的地方，或because，as a result這樣的因果關(guān)系，或是 but，however的語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)折處，都需要格外留心。托福文章講述主要觀點(diǎn)之后通常會(huì)有for example來(lái)佐證，如果看懂了主要觀點(diǎn)，那么對(duì)示例所用的時(shí)間和精力就不需要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍閱讀文章意圖抓住文章大意時(shí)是非常重要的。
Scanning是“掃描”，但具體到閱讀中，大家最熟悉的莫過(guò)于查詞典時(shí)。在有意識(shí)地去查某個(gè)生詞的時(shí)候，我們不會(huì)去把它所在的頁(yè)上每一個(gè)字都看一遍才找到想要的。幾乎眼睛對(duì)詞典中的一頁(yè)掃一下，腦中只有要找的字，看到它，其他的地方都像沒(méi)有看到一樣。在托福的閱讀中，scanning的技巧在回答問(wèn)題時(shí)，根據(jù)題干中問(wèn)到的內(nèi)容，在文章中scan，可以幫助考生準(zhǔn)確地定位，找到答案。
以上兩種是在托福閱讀中最常用也是最有效的技巧。
托福的文章長(zhǎng)度大多在300-400字之間。以平均每篇讀10分鐘計(jì)算，按照每分鐘閱讀150字的速度，一篇文章從頭到尾通讀，至少需2-3分鐘。這可了解文章的大意，但不一定保證讀得透徹。在第一遍通讀的過(guò)程中，考生不要期望每個(gè)字都一定要理解，遇到不懂的字不必多逗留或苦思冥想可能的意思，這樣會(huì)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間的。只需一直往下看，用前面介紹到的skimming原則，掌握文章的主旨即可。這個(gè)過(guò)程中，文章的第一段，尤其是每段的第一句話(huà)往往起著提綱挈領(lǐng)或起承轉(zhuǎn)合的作用，是閱讀時(shí)要多留心的地方。
托福閱讀文章的練習(xí)：THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
The geologic timescale is marked by significantgeologic and biological events, including the origin of Earth about 4.6 billionyears ago, the origin of life about 3.5 billion years ago, the origin ofeukaryotic life-forms (living things that have cells with true nuclei) about 1.5billion years ago, and the origin of animals about 0.6 billion years ago. Thelast event marks the beginning of the Cambrian period. Animals originatedrelatively late in the history of Earth – in only the last 10 percent of Earth’shistory. During a geologically brief 100-million-year period, all modern animalgroups (along with other animals that are now extinct) evolved. This rapidorigin and diversification of animals is often referred to as “the Cambrianexplosion.”
Scientists have asked important questions about thisexplosion for more than a century. Why did it occur so late in the history ofEarth? The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple stepcompared to the origin of life itself. Why does the fossil record not documentthe series of evolutionary changes during the evolution of animals? Why didanimal life evolve so quickly? Paleontologists continue to search the fossilrecord for answers to these questions.
One interpretation regarding theabsence of fossils during this important 100-million-year period is that earlyanimals were soft bodied and simply did not fossilize. Fossilization ofsoft-bodied animals is less likely than fossilization of hard-bodied animals,but it does occur. Conditions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animalsinclude very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment thatdiscourages decomposition. In fact, fossil beds containing soft-bodied animalshave been known for many years.
The Ediacara fossil formation, whichcontains the oldest known animal fossils, consists exclusively of soft-bodiedforms. Although named after a site in Australia, the Ediacara formation isworldwide in distribution and dates to Precambrian times. This700-million-year-old formation gives few clues to the origins of modern animals,however, because paleontologists believe it represents an evolutionaryexperiment that failed. It contains no ancestors of modern animalgroups.
A slightly younger fossil formation containing animal remains isthe Tommotian formation, named after a locale in Russia. It dates to the veryearly Cambrian period, and it also contains only soft-bodied forms. At one time,the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animalgroups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils representunique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared beforethe end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.
Athird fossil formation containing both soft-bodied and hard-bodied animalsprovides evidence of the result of the Cambrian explosion. This fossilformation, called the Burgess Shale, is in Yoho National Park in the CanadianRocky Mountains of British Columbia. Shortly after the Cambrian explosion, mudslides rapidly buried thousands of marine animals under conditions that favoredfossilization. These fossil beds provide evidence of about 32 modern animalgroups, plus about 20 other animal body forms that are so different from anymodern animals that they cannot be assigned to any one of the modern groups.These unassignable animals include a large swimming predator called Anomalocarisand a soft-bodied animal called Wiwaxia, which ate detritus or algae. TheBurgess Shale formation also has fossils of many extinct representatives ofmodern animal groups. For example, a well-known Burgess Shale animal calledSidneyia is a representative of a previously unknown group of arthropods (acategory of animals that includes insects, spiders, mites, andcrabs).
Fossil formations like the Burgess Shale show that evolutioncannot always be thought of as a slow progression. The Cambrian explosioninvolved rapid evolutionary diversification, followed by the extinction of manyunique animals. Why was this evolution so rapid? No one really knows. Manyzoologists believe that it was because so many ecological niches were availablewith virtually no competition from existing species. Will zoologists ever knowthe evolutionary sequences in the Cambrian explosion? Perhaps another ancientfossil bed of soft-bodied animals from 600-million-year-old seas is awaitingdiscovery.
Paragraph1: The geologic timescale is marked bysignificant geologic and biological events, including the origin of Earth about4.6 billion years ago, the origin of life about 3.5 billion years ago, theorigin of eukaryotic life-forms (living things that have cells with true nuclei)about 1.5 billion years ago, and the origin of animals about 0.6 billion yearsago. The last event marks the beginning of the Cambrian period. Animalsoriginated relatively late in the history of Earth – in only the last 10 percentof Earth’s history. During a geologically brief 100-million-year period, allmodern animal groups (along with other animals that are now extinct) evolved.This rapid origin and diversification of animals is often referred to as “theCambrian explosion。
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