托福閱讀該讀嗎
托福閱讀該讀嗎?為了幫助大家備考托福,下面小編就給大家分享一下,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助!
托福閱讀該讀嗎
對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)而言,沒有輸入就沒有產(chǎn)出。一個(gè)人不能通過聽和讀獲得語(yǔ)言知識(shí),他就不能具有說和寫的表達(dá)能力。因此,對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的同學(xué)而言,英語(yǔ)閱讀具有雙重功能,它既是我們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)希望獲得的技能之一,同時(shí)又是我們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)和發(fā)展其他英語(yǔ)技能的重要途徑,這就決定了學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)閱讀的復(fù)雜性和多層次性。不了解這—點(diǎn),我們就只能籠統(tǒng)地講提高閱讀能力,而不能夠有系統(tǒng)地、有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行閱讀訓(xùn)練。
在我國(guó)目前的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)環(huán)境里,閱讀首先是一種最重要、最基本、使用最頻繁的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法。我們大部分人都是通過閱讀去學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的。在這個(gè)層面上,閱讀的主要對(duì)象是各級(jí)英語(yǔ)教材中的課文,閱讀方法主要是精讀。
所謂精讀,就是把閱讀的文本作為語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)象來研究、分析和記憶。國(guó)內(nèi)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)界把這種形式的教學(xué)法叫作“精讀教學(xué)法”,對(duì)應(yīng)翻譯成intensive reading。其實(shí),英美國(guó)家的intensive reading和我國(guó)的精讀并不是一回事。在他們看來,把英語(yǔ)文本當(dāng)作研究對(duì)象,研究其詞匯、語(yǔ)法、結(jié)構(gòu)、修辭、文體、主題思想,等等,那根本不是普通讀者或?qū)W生做的事情,那應(yīng)該是語(yǔ)言學(xué)者、文論家、語(yǔ)文專家的工作。對(duì)他們來說,認(rèn)真、仔細(xì)地閱讀文本,領(lǐng)會(huì)其信息和思想內(nèi)涵,并以批判的眼光(critical attitude)對(duì)其觀點(diǎn)和思想加以思考和取舍,那就已經(jīng)是讀得很精了(intensive)。因此,我國(guó)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)上的這種精讀法,英美國(guó)家是沒有的。但是在我國(guó)目前的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)條件下,精讀法的確是一種有效的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法。
精讀法的學(xué)習(xí)要點(diǎn)是:從詞匯學(xué)起,首先掌握每一課單詞的發(fā)音、拼寫、詞性、詞義、搭配、用法等,要反復(fù)誦讀、記憶,直到爛熟于心;然后是第一遍默讀課文,要有一定速度,抓住文章主題和大意,不過分糾纏細(xì)節(jié),若有生詞或難句,可以在旁邊打上問號(hào);再是第二遍默讀課文,逐句逐句地讀,讀懂每一個(gè)句子,每一個(gè)單詞,讀懂文章的中心論點(diǎn)和每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié);分析文章段落的發(fā)展模式和文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)??傊?,要從語(yǔ)言和意義兩個(gè)角度對(duì)課文加以理解、分析和記憶。根據(jù)老師的講解和安排,還應(yīng)該提出問題,參與討論并完成課外練習(xí)。其中一項(xiàng)重要練習(xí)任務(wù)是大聲朗讀課文。朗讀是加強(qiáng)記憶、培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)感的好方法。能夠背誦課文固然是好事情,但背誦一定要達(dá)到滾瓜爛熟才有實(shí)際意義;結(jié)結(jié)巴巴的背誦還不如清晰、流暢的朗讀對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)有幫助。
精讀,實(shí)際上是一系列閱讀方法的集合體,它包括了研讀、默讀、朗讀和誦讀。通過研讀和默讀獲取信息,通過朗讀和誦讀鞏固記憶。應(yīng)該承認(rèn),精讀對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)、消化和吸收英語(yǔ)知識(shí)是有效的,但它對(duì)英語(yǔ)閱讀技能的發(fā)展與提高是有阻礙的。主要問題是,精讀培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生一種很特殊的閱讀習(xí)慣,即在閱讀過程中會(huì)自發(fā)地把文本翻譯成漢語(yǔ)或肢解成語(yǔ)法樣本。不翻譯就讀不懂,不分析語(yǔ)法就不放心。這樣,閱讀速度十分緩慢,既不適應(yīng)真實(shí)的閱讀,又不適應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化水平考試中的閱讀理解,因?yàn)檫@兩種情況都不可能給學(xué)生大量的時(shí)間慢慢讀。
托福閱讀技巧:托福閱讀全部題型盤點(diǎn)
1 詞匯題
問法:The word/phrase _X is closest inmeaning to____
技巧:
(1)首先看是否認(rèn)識(shí), 如果在認(rèn)識(shí), 在選項(xiàng)中找同義或近義詞, 并代入原文檢驗(yàn)。
(2)如果不認(rèn)識(shí),將4個(gè)選項(xiàng)代入原文, 看上下文是否合理。
(3)看原詞所在句子前后2句, 找重復(fù)對(duì)應(yīng)。
(4)如果懸想中有2個(gè)懸想都在上下文中合理,選擇在含義上與原詞沾邊的詞。
(5)選項(xiàng)中不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞不輕易去選。
做題順序:
看單詞,看選項(xiàng),原文驗(yàn)證。
2 指代題
問法:The word they/ their/ it/ its/ some in the passage refers to
技巧:
(1)單復(fù)數(shù)
it找單數(shù)名詞或名詞性詞組。
they找復(fù)數(shù)名詞或名詞性詞組。
(2)在主從復(fù)合句, 并列句中, 后半句的代詞主語(yǔ)優(yōu)先指代前半句主語(yǔ)的核心詞(有例外, 要從意義判斷)。
(3)簡(jiǎn)單句中,代詞優(yōu)先指代主語(yǔ)核心詞, 次之制代賓語(yǔ)核心詞。
(4)代詞所在句子找不到合適的指代, 優(yōu)先指代前一句主語(yǔ), 次之指代后一句賓語(yǔ)。
(5)一句話中, 相同的代詞指代相同。
3 直接事實(shí)題
問法:According to the passage, what/ which/ why/ when?
技巧:定位原文, 細(xì)讀。
4 infer題(需要精確理解)
注意:既然是infer, imply, 就一定不是原文中明確說的。
技巧:
(1)時(shí)間前后推理。
(2)排除法。
(3)不要加入自己的觀點(diǎn)。
5 舉例說明概述題 (例子的作用)
技巧:
(1)重點(diǎn)不是例子本身, 而是舉例子的目的及例子的服務(wù)對(duì)象。
(2)概述的同義改寫就是答案。
6 EXCEPT列舉題
技巧:重視文中三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的列舉 (遇到的話就做筆記記下來---Sissi如是說)。
定位:核心關(guān)鍵詞 such as n1, n2, n3………A, B, and/ or C.
7 插入句子題
技巧
(1)待插入的句子中, 代詞 this, these their, it, such, he, another 這些通常是上一句]提過的,所以才特指。
(2)因果, 轉(zhuǎn)折等過渡詞 therefore, so, however, as a result, consequently, on the contrary.
(3)遞進(jìn)擴(kuò)展詞 furthermore, also, as well, too, other, in addition, moreover, besides, even,additionally.
(4)結(jié)構(gòu)配對(duì)詞on the one hand…. On the other handsome…others.
(5)關(guān)鍵同義詞 重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的名詞、副詞、形容詞。
8 句子要點(diǎn)題
問法:which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlightedsentence.
錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng):
(1) 有新內(nèi)容, 或有相反內(nèi)容。
(2) 遺漏了原文中重要信息。
9 全文總結(jié)題
(1)注意段首句, 注意自己歸納總結(jié)。
(2)關(guān)注文章結(jié)構(gòu),特別是先總后分式。
10 信息歸類題
特點(diǎn):
(1)通常文章采用對(duì)比寫法。
(2)有無用的選項(xiàng)。
關(guān)鍵:排除無用選項(xiàng)。
托福閱讀技巧:表格題答題思路
一、表格題分為兩大類:總結(jié)表格題和對(duì)比表格題。
1、總結(jié)表格題
相對(duì)而言, 總結(jié)表格題的出現(xiàn)頻率要高于對(duì)比表格題,這是由它們自身特點(diǎn),出題方式和原文是否具備對(duì)比對(duì)照關(guān)系這三方面的因素決定的。
2、題的出題模式有兩種:
一種是針對(duì)全文內(nèi)容出題,答案由全文的主題,細(xì)節(jié)和重點(diǎn)支持段落的概述三部分組成。另外一種是針對(duì)文章中的重點(diǎn)支持性段落出題,答案由這些重點(diǎn)支持性段落主題,段落結(jié)論,以及重點(diǎn)支持性例子的概述三部分組成。這里我們重點(diǎn)看第一種出題模式。
The Atlantic Cod Fishery
Off the northeastern shore of North America, from the island of Newfoundland in Canadasouth to new England in the United States, there is a series of shallow areas called banks.Several large banks off Newfoundland are together called Grand Banks, huge shoals on theedge of North American continental shelf, where the warm waters of the Gulf Stream meet thecold waters of Labrador Current. As the currents brush each other, they stir up mineral fromthe ocean floor, providing nutrients for plankton and tiny shrimp-like creatures called krill, whichfeed on the plankton. Herring and other small fish rise to the surface to eat the krill.Groundfish, such as the Atlantic cod, live in the ocean’s bottom layer, congregating in theshallow waters where they prey on krill and small fish. This rich environment has producedcod by the millions and once had a greater density of cod than anywhere else on Earth.
Beginning in the eleventh century, boats from the ports of north western Europe arrived tofish the Grand Banks. For the next eight centuries, the entire Newfoundland economy takingfish back to European markets. Cod laid out to dry on wooden “flakes” was a common sight inthe fishing villages dotting the coast. Settlers in the region used to think the only sea creatureworth talking about was cod, and in the local speech the word “fish” became synonymous withcod. Newfoundland’s national dish was a pudding whose main ingredient was cod.
By the nineteenth century, the Newfoundland fishery was largely controlled by merchantsbased in the capital at St. John’s. They marketed the catch supplied by the fishers working outof more than 600 villages around the long coastline. In return, the merchants provided fishingequipment, clothing, and all the food that could not be grown in the island’s thin, rocky soil.This system kept the fishers in a continuous state of debt and dependence on themerchants.
Until the twentieth century, fishers believed in the cod’s ability to replenish itself andthought that overfishing was impossible. However, Newfoundland’s cod fishery began to showsigns of trouble during the 1930s, when cod failed to support the fishers and thousands wereunemployed. The slump lasted for the next few decades. Then when an international agreementdecided to build up the modern Grand Banks fleet and make fishing a viable economic base forNewfoundland again. All of Newfoundland’s seafood companies were merged into oneconglomerate. By the 1980s, the conglomerate was prospering, and cod were commandingexcellent prices in the market. Consequently, there was a significant increase in the number offishers and fish—processing plant workers.
However, while the offshore fishery was prospering, the inshore fishermen found theircatches dropping off. In 1992, the Canadian government responded by closing the Grand Banksto groundfishing. Newfoundland’s cod fishing and processing industries were shut down in a bidto let the vanishing stocks recover. The moratorium was extended in 1994, when all of theAtlantic cod fisheries in Canada were closed, except for one in Nova Scotia, and strict quotaswere placed on other species of groundfish. Canada’s cod fishing industry collapsed, andaround 40,000 fishers and other industry workers were put out of work.
Atlantic cod stocks had once been so plentiful that early explorers joked about walking onthe backs of the teeming fish. Today, cod stocks are at historically low levels and show no signsof imminent recovery, even after drastic conservation measures and severely limited fishing.Fishermen often blame the diminishing stocks on seals, which prey on cod and otherspecies, but scientists believe that decades of overfishing are to blame. Studies on fishpopulations have shown that cod disappeared from Newfoundland at the same time that stocksstarted rebuilding in Norway, raising the possibility that the cod had migrated. Still, no one canpredict whether and when the cod will return to the Grand Banks.
托福閱讀技巧:閱讀效率如何提升
如何提高托福閱讀效率?托福閱讀高分至少六級(jí)詞匯量
第一是因?yàn)橥懈i喿x中有一種題目叫做詞匯題,詞匯題是這樣的一種題:你認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞就肯定能做對(duì),而且能很快地做對(duì)。你不認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞就是經(jīng)過層層推斷,耗費(fèi)了很多時(shí)間還很容易得到錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)果,所以說解決詞匯題的王道就是認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞。那么詞匯題在托福閱讀中究竟有多重要呢?是占了25%以上的比例的。OG上說,每篇閱讀題有3-6個(gè)單詞題(每篇托福閱讀總共只有13個(gè)題呀),可見詞匯題的重要性--只要把詞匯題解決了,就能輕松拿下托福閱讀中的一大塊分?jǐn)?shù),還為做其它題節(jié)省了寶貴的時(shí)間。托福閱讀的詞匯題中考到的詞匯是什么難度呢?大概是6級(jí)的詞匯,也有稍難一些的。所以為了保險(xiǎn)起見,單詞的水平要達(dá)到6級(jí)以上,這樣就可以把閱讀中單詞題的分?jǐn)?shù)拿滿。
第二是閱讀速度的問題。對(duì)于中國(guó)考生,托福閱讀的一大障礙在于時(shí)間不夠用,讀文章的速度太慢了。不是說認(rèn)識(shí)單詞就能快速讀懂文章,而是說單詞量太小閱讀速度必然大打折扣!
如何提高托福閱讀效率?托福詞匯需要專業(yè)但不偏
第一是托福閱讀考察的詞匯是偏于專業(yè)性質(zhì)的,原因是這樣:托??荚囀菫榱丝纯忌挠⒄Z(yǔ)水平能否保證其在大學(xué)中順利學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)知識(shí),因此考察的內(nèi)容是偏重學(xué)術(shù)的方面的,而閱讀文章也多從大學(xué)課本的簡(jiǎn)易內(nèi)容中選取。所以在背單詞的時(shí)候?qū)τ趯W(xué)術(shù)詞匯給予一定程度的重視是合理的。
第二是托福閱讀考察的專業(yè)詞匯難度有限。這點(diǎn)也是很自然的,因?yàn)橥懈.吘故且婚T英語(yǔ)水平考試,又不是專業(yè)考試。托福閱讀高分技巧? 難度較大的專業(yè)詞匯在閱讀中確實(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn),但根本不是考察的內(nèi)容,而且其意思可以很容易地猜出來。
舉個(gè)例子:Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans--whales,porpoises,anddolphins--aremammals,這是OG閱讀題中的一個(gè)原句。這句話中的cetacean就是一個(gè)過分專業(yè)而無需背的單詞,你只要認(rèn)識(shí)了whales,dolphins,mammals就知道了cetacean是生活在水里(海里的)動(dòng)物,而且是哺乳動(dòng)物,這就相當(dāng)于知道了cetacean的意思了。如何提高托福閱讀效率?需要記憶的是mammal,whale,dolphin這種比較常用的專業(yè)詞匯,而不是cetacean這種生僻的類型,把精力放在背這種艱澀的單詞上是很不值得的。
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