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      GRE閱讀高頻機(jī)經(jīng)原文：寂靜的春天

　　寂靜的春天

　　Fifty years ago, Rachel Carson wrote and published Silent Spring. Carson was ahead of her time. She said pesticides like DDT were damaging the environment and human health. Although the book became an inspiration for the environmental movement, the battle for the environment continues.

　　In the 1950s, the U.S. Department of Agriculture was spraying more than a quarter-million kilograms of pesticides each year. Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson, revealed that pesticides like DDT were lethal not only for insects but for all living things.

　　“Silent Spring essentially told the reading public that human beings could alter the natural world in ways that were quite deadly and that it could be potentially lethal to human beings as well as to other parts of the natural world,” said Linda Lear, the author of a biography on Carson.

　　More than six million copies of the book have been sold in the U.S. It's been translated into some 30 languages.

　　In the Washington suburbs, the house where Carson wrote Silent Spring is now a National Historic Landmark. Carson was a pathbreaker.“In Silent Spring, she is writing in a voice that I call apocalyptic writing," added Linda Lear. "She is trying to sound an alarm to get our attention.”

　　Thirty years after Silent Spring was published, public television, in its program The American Experience, called the book one of the most important of our time.

　　But there were dissenters. Norman Borlaug, the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize winner, led the defense of pesticides.“We’re having troubles now feeding this hungry world," said Borlaug. "If you remove DDT with the hysteria that is present in the USA, the U.S. will be importing food, only there won’t be any place from where to import it.” By 1972, DDT was banned for agricultural use in the U.S. But thousands of new chemicals were being developed. NFor years, the U.S. Senate's Committee on the Environment has been trying to ban or control hundreds of chemicals from agricultural products and consumer goods. "This committee heard from CDC [Centers for Disease Control] officials who told us their scientists found 212 industrial chemicals, including six carcinogens, coursing through Americans’ bodies," said Democratic Senator Frank Lautenberg. In 2006, the World Health Organization announced plans to use DDT again - indoors - in its campaign against malaria. Syngenta is a major producer of agricultural chemicals. Like others in the industry, it says its chemicals are safe if used properly. "We try to do every single study that is necessary to support the safety characteristics of the product." said Tim Pastoor, the company's principal scientist. Fifty years after Silent Spring, millions of kilograms of new pesticides and other chemicals are being sprayed across US farmlands. And the environmental movement is still fighting back.

　　GRE閱讀如何提高文章的默讀速度

　　想讀得快，咱先得看看人是咋讀書(shū)的。這叫追根溯源，由道及術(shù)，圣人之道也。人的讀書(shū)過(guò)程是一個(gè)左右腦配合的過(guò)程——左腦負(fù)責(zé)集中注意把焦點(diǎn)放到一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)單詞上，右腦負(fù)責(zé)周邊注意(余光，當(dāng)然叫旁光更親切一些，尤其是軍訓(xùn)時(shí)教官讓我們集中注意向前看，并且用旁光與邊上的同學(xué)對(duì)齊時(shí))。好的閱讀者會(huì)在讀書(shū)時(shí)讓左右腦充分協(xié)調(diào)配合(軍訓(xùn)的教官真有先見(jiàn)之明讓我們大一就開(kāi)始練英文閱讀了!)

　　讀書(shū)時(shí)在腦子中有兩種過(guò)程——默讀(subvocalisation)和思維之流(stream of thoughts)。默讀速度比較慢，在克服默讀的過(guò)程中你要達(dá)到臨在的狀態(tài)——即充分的意識(shí)和放松，認(rèn)識(shí)到自己那虛偽的自我感(這點(diǎn)東西可以算是心靈哲學(xué)的內(nèi)容吧，如果有興趣可以看看克里希那穆提的著作或俄克里特托利的《修煉當(dāng)下的力量》，沒(méi)有什么復(fù)雜的東西，關(guān)鍵說(shuō)白了就是四個(gè)字：放松意識(shí))。

　　讀是一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程，是符號(hào)信息與讀者內(nèi)心感受的交互。它要求有適當(dāng)?shù)倪壿嬇c積極的思考(要不然還怎么交互??)

　　大致分為以下幾個(gè)步驟：

　　1、Recognition：文字識(shí)別

　　2、Assimilation：物理輸入

　　3、Intra-integration：字面理解

　　4、Extra-integration：內(nèi)涵理解

　　5、Retention：記憶

　　6、Recall：回憶

　　7、Communication：默讀與一詞一詞地讀的最大缺點(diǎn)有二，一是慢二是容易走神。克服默讀之后，你的閱讀能力理論上可以提高五倍，大多數(shù)人可以做到每分鐘看1000個(gè)單詞。

　　提高默讀速度方法如下：

　　1、找一個(gè)沒(méi)有思想深度，遣詞造句比較簡(jiǎn)單的閱讀材料，比如休閑雜志、消遣小說(shuō)之類(lèi)的(注：平時(shí)用TS法，當(dāng)遇到無(wú)法理解的句子時(shí)大腦會(huì)自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)為SB法，注意感受這一過(guò)程有助于提高閱讀能力)

　　2、找一個(gè)沒(méi)有人的屋子——絕對(duì)不能再自習(xí)室進(jìn)行這一步，否則你真會(huì)被別人當(dāng)成SB——然后大聲數(shù)數(shù)，從一到十、再?gòu)囊坏绞?書(shū)上說(shuō)，斷續(xù)發(fā)eee...eee...eee...的音也可以，真是不為SB誓不罷休)，在這個(gè)過(guò)程中試著閱讀。大腦控制SB與控制喉嚨是同一個(gè)分區(qū)，當(dāng)你數(shù)數(shù)時(shí)就占用了這個(gè)分區(qū)，使大腦無(wú)法SB。

　　3、當(dāng)你可以熟練地做2時(shí)，可以在心中默數(shù)，這時(shí)就可以回自習(xí)室而不必?fù)?dān)心被看成SB了。

　　4、當(dāng)可以做3時(shí)就努力提高閱讀速度，當(dāng)超過(guò)每分鐘360個(gè)詞時(shí)，由于速度過(guò)快就會(huì)進(jìn)入一個(gè)抑制SB的良性循環(huán)。

　　5、針對(duì)高手，還可以加入除了TS之外的自己的思想補(bǔ)充文本內(nèi)容使自己在閱讀時(shí)身臨其境。6、直到有一天，你發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)可以明確區(qū)分SB與TS并自由選擇。最后你的瀏覽速度可以達(dá)到2000詞每分鐘。

　　攻克GRE閱讀之經(jīng)典長(zhǎng)難句練習(xí)1

　　1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of　descendants an individual will have and　hence the number of gene copies　transmitted. (難度系數(shù)5)

　　譯文：那種性別比例能在最大程度上增加一個(gè)個(gè)體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量。

　　難句類(lèi)型：倒裝、省略

　　a 本句的正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)當(dāng)是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)That sex　ratio之后的以which引導(dǎo)的修飾它的定語(yǔ)從句，如果按照以上語(yǔ)序，則有頭重腳輕之感。所以原文將此長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的從句倒裝成謂語(yǔ)will be favored之后。

　　b 在which引導(dǎo)的從句中，有兩處省略：第一處在maximize的第一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)the number of descendants that an individuall will have中，　an individuall will have是修飾descendants的定語(yǔ)從句，但是，因?yàn)閐escendants在從句中作have的賓語(yǔ)，所以引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。第二處省略是在第二個(gè)the number of 之前，省略了與前面一樣的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作為前面“最大化一個(gè)個(gè)體的后代的數(shù)目的”結(jié)果。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of　descendants an individual will have and　hence the number of gene copies　transmitted.

　　攻克GRE閱讀之經(jīng)典長(zhǎng)難句練習(xí)2

　　(This is) A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower . (5++)復(fù)雜+倒裝+省略;

　　(這是一種)照亮現(xiàn)實(shí)的欲望，此欲望從來(lái)就不會(huì)唐突的取代后面的那種欲望，后者是我們可以將其部分的理解為一個(gè)兼任小說(shuō)加和科學(xué)家的人想要去準(zhǔn)確并具體的記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和文理的那種意義上的欲望。

　　解釋?zhuān)罕揪渥拥碾y度在一切GRE、GMAT包括LSAT考試中所出現(xiàn)的難句中堪稱(chēng)登峰造極，可以確定地講，類(lèi)似此句子的難度的語(yǔ)言，在計(jì)算機(jī)考試的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)絕無(wú)可能出現(xiàn)。如果對(duì)此句話(huà)不感興趣，可以把其廢掉不讀。

　　A、 這句話(huà)讀起來(lái)別扭的第一個(gè)原因，是因?yàn)樗揪筒皇且粋€(gè)句子。句首省略了this is 。這種用一個(gè)詞代替一個(gè)句子的方式如果在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)，只能出現(xiàn)在高級(jí)英語(yǔ)中，因此我們以前的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中從未遇到過(guò)。其形式類(lèi)似于我們中文的“精彩”是“這句話(huà)真是精彩”的省略形式。

　　B、 desire后跟著兩個(gè)大的修飾成分，一個(gè)是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒裝到了over reality之后，正常應(yīng)是throw a light over reality.不過(guò)這個(gè)便裝部分與throw距離不遠(yuǎn)，讀者看得還算懂。關(guān)鍵是第二個(gè)修飾成分。注意：從that開(kāi)始直到句尾結(jié)束的長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句不是修飾其前的light的，而是修飾一開(kāi)始的desire的。

　　C、 第二個(gè)修飾成分中又來(lái)了一個(gè)倒裝，由于作者為了強(qiáng)調(diào)never,所以將其提前，引發(fā)了定語(yǔ)從句中的倒裝：正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是that might never be given away，倒裝后系動(dòng)詞was被提前，given因?yàn)樵谇閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞might之后所以變成了原型give。A give way to B，是A讓位于B，而A be given way to B，　則是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部分修飾后面的desire，what引導(dǎo)的從句現(xiàn)場(chǎng)閱讀時(shí)可以看成一個(gè)名詞。What從句中的不定式to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一個(gè)避免頭重腳輕的倒裝，正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely。

　　D、 就算能夠看懂這句話(huà)的結(jié)構(gòu)，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代(注：人名老的沖動(dòng)是一種簡(jiǎn)單的、說(shuō)明現(xiàn)實(shí)的欲望，新沖動(dòng)是一種即是小說(shuō)家又像科學(xué)家的仔細(xì)研究一個(gè)東西的特點(diǎn)那樣的欲望(新沖動(dòng))，前一種欲望是永遠(yuǎn)也不能取代后者的。

　　意群訓(xùn)練：(This is) A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower.

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