托福寫(xiě)作主體段常見(jiàn)寫(xiě)法
托福寫(xiě)作的主體段是作者表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)、論述觀點(diǎn)的段落。這部分一般來(lái)說(shuō)是三個(gè)小的自然段,段落之間存在著邏輯關(guān)系。主體段作為托福寫(xiě)作的核心內(nèi)容,需要考生學(xué)會(huì)搭建文章的結(jié)構(gòu),從而在論觀點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的時(shí)候,能夠更加富有邏輯性。接下來(lái),小編和大家分享托福寫(xiě)作主體段常見(jiàn)的寫(xiě)作方法。
托福寫(xiě)作主體段常見(jiàn)寫(xiě)法
1、主體段內(nèi)并列
段內(nèi)并列的特點(diǎn)是主體段內(nèi)的幾個(gè)分論點(diǎn)屬于同級(jí)并列關(guān)系。這種邏輯寫(xiě)起來(lái)比較“方便”,所以也被考生們用得最多。它的標(biāo)志詞就是大家耳熟能詳?shù)腇irst,(注意在美國(guó)用Firstly比較少)/First of all,/In the first place,/To start with,/To begin with,/Second,/Also,…/…as well./.…too/Another reason is.../“one thing,…For another,.…/Third,/Lastly, / Finally以及朋友們很偏愛(ài)的Last but not least這些連詞連接段落之間的關(guān)系。
段內(nèi)并列的標(biāo)志詞最大的特色其實(shí)就是讓讀者一眼看出文章的架構(gòu),了解主體段三個(gè)自然段落之間的關(guān)系。不過(guò)段內(nèi)并列本來(lái)就是比較直白的一種邏輯,在考生中使用的頻率相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)較高,而且深入論證時(shí)適當(dāng)加些好句型和好詞匯調(diào)節(jié)一下就可以了。
段內(nèi)并列的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是在實(shí)戰(zhàn)中操作方便,不容易出現(xiàn)失誤。但缺陷是使用的考生較多,特色不夠明顯。而且比較適合用來(lái)寫(xiě)“折中式”作文的主體段。而不太適合寫(xiě)“一邊倒“作文的主體段。如果打算使用這種段內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu),那么分論點(diǎn)后面的支持句應(yīng)該盡量多用些連接詞或者好句型。
2、主體段內(nèi)遞進(jìn)
這種寫(xiě)法和段內(nèi)并列并沒(méi)有本質(zhì)區(qū)別,只是分論點(diǎn)間的層次感更加清晰。段內(nèi)遞進(jìn)的標(biāo)志詞有The primary(首要的)reason is...(請(qǐng)注意primarily這個(gè)詞一般是用在句中,極少用在句首)/ The principal(最主要的)factor is... / The main concern is... /The chief consideration is.../Moreover .../ Furthermore, .._/ Further, ...(用Further的考生明顯要比用Furthermore的少,其實(shí)這個(gè)詞在美國(guó)大學(xué)寫(xiě)作中也相當(dāng)常見(jiàn))/ Apart from...,…/Aside from...,Additionally,/Besides,…/What's more,…/Plus,…/In addition,…/段內(nèi)遞進(jìn)一般也多用于折中式作文,但較少用于“一邊倒”文章的主體段。折中式的文章主要是能夠照顧正反觀點(diǎn),這樣的話,遞進(jìn)比較會(huì)更好。
3、主體段內(nèi)因果
因果關(guān)系是人類邏輯中基礎(chǔ)的關(guān)系之一。所以,在新托福作文主體段中也一再高調(diào)亮相,即“辯證”的手法。因果關(guān)系主要是指在段落內(nèi)部進(jìn)行原因和結(jié)果的論述。我們?cè)诿恳粋€(gè)段落開(kāi)頭給出分論點(diǎn)的同時(shí),后面緊接著的一定是針對(duì)這個(gè)分論點(diǎn)的論據(jù)內(nèi)容。這種結(jié)構(gòu)是最基本的,也是考生最常用的論述方式。最大的特點(diǎn)就是簡(jiǎn)單,比較好表述。
4、主體段內(nèi)讓步
讓步的標(biāo)志詞:Granted,…(誠(chéng)然……);Admittedly,…(我承認(rèn)……);I tend to agree that...;It's true that...;To be sure,…;Surely,…;Few can deny that...需要提醒各位的是,托福作文中主體段內(nèi)一般都是通過(guò)這些詞制造出虛假妥協(xié)氣氛,之后通常都還要用下列詞匯轉(zhuǎn)折:However,…Yet...(注意Yet后面不要加逗號(hào))Nevertheless,…Nonetheless,…Even so,. Still,…(這里不是“仍然”“而是”“盡管如此”的意思)Despite that,…等。
以上四種托福寫(xiě)作主體段的論述方式是考生比較常用,也是能夠幫助考生更好地論述文章內(nèi)容的方式。主體段之間的邏輯關(guān)系,無(wú)非是并列、遞進(jìn)、因果和讓步。考生在使用這些論述方式的時(shí)候,一定要針對(duì)每一種論述方式的特點(diǎn),避免出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作主體段怎樣展開(kāi)中心觀點(diǎn)的論述:、
If children spend too much time watching TV, their time for study will naturally be reduced. Hence, the limitation from parents is meaningful.
分析中心論點(diǎn)的主要內(nèi)容:
1.因果關(guān)系以及對(duì)事物的影響。例如:…benefits…. Thus, I agree/disagree/prefer…
2.因?yàn)椤?所以……不好。例如:Because…. Thus, I agree/disagree/prefer…….
PART2:specific reasons具體的例證
例證主要是可以有邏輯地推出論點(diǎn)的思路和想法。Specific reasons are sentences which are different from the topic sentence and not the content of example, belong to specific reasons.例證有三個(gè)途徑,分別是:解釋說(shuō)明、例證展開(kāi)以及拓展延伸。當(dāng)具體原因已經(jīng)足夠支撐本段,可以使用概括性的例子或者是不使用例子。
PART3:examples舉例的方法
這里分享一下人物事例的舉例方法,人物事例包括名人事例和個(gè)人事例。名人事例具有權(quán)威性、客觀的特點(diǎn);個(gè)人事例則具有親切、主觀的特點(diǎn)。例如:It is not surprising to find many coach potatoes in school. Peter, my classmate, is one of them. Watching TV too much has impaired his vision and he has to wear glasses now, which is not convenient for him to play basketball, his favorite sport activity.這個(gè)事例中運(yùn)用了個(gè)人事例,例子是作者的同學(xué)。引用個(gè)人事例讓人更有同感,也會(huì)覺(jué)得更加有說(shuō)服力。但是,在使用的時(shí)候,一定要注意事例闡述的準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔,不要車轱轆話一堆。如果沒(méi)有適合題目的事例,也可以根據(jù)實(shí)際生活編造例子,但是要注意是有可能發(fā)生的事例。
PART4:conclusion總結(jié)段的寫(xiě)法
總結(jié)段主要是強(qiáng)調(diào)主題或總結(jié)結(jié)果。總結(jié)的結(jié)果一般是從中間部分得出的結(jié)論,而強(qiáng)調(diào)主題則是達(dá)到和首段呼應(yīng)的效果,讓整篇文章看起來(lái)更加緊湊。例如:To sum up, watching TV at will exerts negative influences on children; therefore, control from parents is indispensable.
托福寫(xiě)作備考策略之獨(dú)立話題
選取2016年9月獨(dú)立機(jī)經(jīng)部分題目
1.Somestudents prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their grades determined by only afew large ones. Which do you prefer and why?
2.An effective leader tries to make others feel they are parts of a decision.
3.If a city has an amount of money, which option listed in the following do you prefer?
Build a public garden to provide quiet environment to benefit all
Build a sports field for students in high school which doesn’t have its own.
4.Governmenthas done enough to educate people the importance of a balanced lifestyle and healthy eating.
5.In the past,people were more interested in improving their neighborhoods than they are today.
6.In the past,young people depended on their parents for making decisions. Today young people are better able to make decisions on their own.
7.It is better to relax by watching TV or reading a book than by doing physical exercises.
8.We should state our honest opinions even though people may disagree with us.
9.In order to succeed in a new job, the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment ismore important than excellent knowledge.
10.People spend too much time communication through social media and text messages.
11.There is noreason to be rude to another person.
12.Technology designed to make people’s life simpler in fact make peoples life morecomplicated.
13.Movies andTV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to moviesand programs made in other countries.
14.It is as important for older people to study and lean new things as it is for youngpeople.
15.To remain happy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important than to achieve success.
16.It is important to know what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect your personal life.
實(shí)用方法介紹
丨1.常用論點(diǎn)/理由
針對(duì)獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的常見(jiàn)話題,大致可歸成三類:個(gè)人類(關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)、工作、休閑、做人的選擇);古今類(題目中有明顯的now… past … 讓考生判斷現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去在某一方面的比較);決策類(題目中通常有g(shù)overnment這個(gè)詞出現(xiàn),討論政府的投資或者政策,有些題目雖然沒(méi)有g(shù)overnment這個(gè)詞出現(xiàn),但如果涉及的是有社會(huì)影響力的話題,也可以劃為政府類,比如 A/D Professional athletes such as the football playerand basketball player deserve high salaries that they are paid.)
1)個(gè)人類常用理由
學(xué)知識(shí)、練技能、拓展視野……..
工作機(jī)會(huì)、賺錢…….
交朋友、陪伴家人……. (合作、溝通) …….
品質(zhì)(自信,獨(dú)立,堅(jiān)持,樂(lè)觀 ) / 興趣愛(ài)好
身體健康、放松心情…….
省時(shí)間、省錢、省精力………..
2)古今類常用理由
現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的優(yōu)點(diǎn):
教育: 先進(jìn)全面鼓勵(lì)個(gè)性
工作:種類豐富機(jī)會(huì)多
醫(yī)療:治愈緩解更多疾病
技術(shù):網(wǎng)絡(luò)電子產(chǎn)品汽車
公共設(shè)施:便利的交通娛樂(lè)購(gòu)物餐飲
法律制度:保障個(gè)人權(quán)利
媒體:揭露真相傳播信息
人與人:互動(dòng)頻繁、方便
經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步:更充裕的錢和無(wú)助
世界和平:更少的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)傷亡
現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的缺點(diǎn):
環(huán)境問(wèn)題(污染,能源消耗)
生活壓力(學(xué)習(xí),工作)
欺騙敲詐
3)決策類常用思路
注:除了使用個(gè)人類常用理由,針對(duì)決策類這種和政府相關(guān)有社會(huì)影響力的題目,建議多角度討論,一下是常見(jiàn)的討論角度:
1.大眾 individuals
對(duì)我們有什么用?(放松健康省錢知識(shí)關(guān)系等等)
是不是我們每個(gè)人都需要的?(大多數(shù)/ 小眾)
2. 相關(guān)群體relativegroups
題目中談?wù)摰降谋热鏰rtists,scientists, athletes 等等
3. 企業(yè)companies
企業(yè)有錢,可以代替政府去投資有利可圖的領(lǐng)域
4. 社會(huì) Society
Economy(tourism), culture, safety, improvement …
丨2.對(duì)比段
通常來(lái)說(shuō),托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的論證寫(xiě)3段,上文介紹了最基本的常用理由,但有時(shí)候,因?yàn)楦鞣N原因只想出2個(gè)理由的時(shí)候,可以寫(xiě)一段對(duì)比段,即把對(duì)比論證寫(xiě)一段。
具體案例參考第三部分的機(jī)經(jīng)詳解
丨3.讓步段
除了對(duì)比段之外,讓步段也可以解決只有2個(gè)理由缺少第三個(gè)段落的問(wèn)題。
具體案例參考第三部分的機(jī)經(jīng)詳解
丨4.拆分法/分情況討論
針對(duì)一些比較抽象的獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作話題,我們可以分情況討論,或者對(duì)于關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行定義和拆分,在更加具體的情況下方便論證。
具體案例參考第三部分的機(jī)經(jīng)詳解
丨5.檢驗(yàn)論點(diǎn)
沒(méi)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案,這是獨(dú)立解題最自由的地方。但這并不意味著什么樣的理由都可以作為論點(diǎn)并且展開(kāi)段落的。課堂上,一些學(xué)生可以馬上相處三個(gè)理由,但仔細(xì)探究,可能只有一個(gè)理由是可以作為論點(diǎn)的。
這里說(shuō)一下三個(gè)檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1.支持觀點(diǎn) 2. 論點(diǎn)相互不重疊 3. 易于展開(kāi)
丨6.靈活調(diào)整
根據(jù)ETS的出題,我們知道,題目是千變?nèi)f化的,為了幫助學(xué)生更好的應(yīng)對(duì),老師們會(huì)總結(jié)出一些實(shí)用方法,對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),比死記硬別、生搬硬套更重要的是,在題目的練習(xí)中,去運(yùn)用這些方法,并且靈活的調(diào)整。
如果覺(jué)得一些常用理由不適合支持某一道題,那么就放棄這個(gè)理由;
如果只想出兩個(gè)理由,那么可以加一個(gè)讓步段或者對(duì)比段;
如果一道題直接用常用理由去支持很難,可以試著拆分法;
如果完全同意/不同意很難,可以試著兩邊倒;
如果題目中有絕對(duì)詞,可以部分同意/不同意。
... ...
實(shí)用方法在題目中的具體運(yùn)用
使用第一部分的9月機(jī)經(jīng)部分題目
1.Some students prefer to havetheir final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas othersprefer to have their grades determined by only a few large ones. Which do youprefer and why?
觀點(diǎn):small assignments
論點(diǎn)1:輕松
論點(diǎn)2:知識(shí)(學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí);老師備課)
論點(diǎn)3:對(duì)比段/讓步段
2.An effectiveleader tries to make others feel they are parts of a decision.
觀點(diǎn):agree
論點(diǎn)1:來(lái)自領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的尊重要員工更快樂(lè)積極
論點(diǎn)2:?jiǎn)T工的參與促進(jìn)想法的完善
論點(diǎn)3:對(duì)比段
3.If a city has an amount ofmoney, which option listed in the following do you prefer?
1)Build a publicgarden to provide quiet environment to benefit all
2)Build asports field for students in high school which doesn’t have its own.
版本A:
觀點(diǎn):選1)
論點(diǎn)1:relaxing
論點(diǎn)2:used byeveryone
論點(diǎn)3:讓步段(承認(rèn)2的好處指出顯著缺點(diǎn)即優(yōu)惠了一小部分人不公平)
版本B:
觀點(diǎn):選2)
論點(diǎn)1:healthy
論點(diǎn)2:mentality
論點(diǎn)3:補(bǔ)充建議(允許周末開(kāi)放給市民)
4.Governmenthas done enough to educate people the importance of a balanced lifestyle andhealthy eating.
觀點(diǎn):Disagree
論點(diǎn)1: knowledge 宣傳健康飲食的知識(shí)( 課程廣告 )
論點(diǎn)2: pressure 減少學(xué)習(xí)和工作壓力
論點(diǎn)3: money 建設(shè)更多更便宜的運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)所減輕人們的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)
注:這道題,用個(gè)人類的常用理由就可以解決,那么久不用多角度思考了~
5.In the past,people were more interested in improving their neighborhoods than they aretoday.
觀點(diǎn):Disagree
論點(diǎn)1:經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步大家有時(shí)間和精力改善社區(qū)
論點(diǎn)2:溝通方便更好的解決社區(qū)問(wèn)題
論點(diǎn)3:普遍受過(guò)教育有能力解決問(wèn)題
注:三個(gè)古今類的常用理由,現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)
6.In the past, young people depended ontheir parents for making decisions. Today young people are better able to makedecisions on their own.
觀點(diǎn):Agree
論點(diǎn)1:Internet –豐富信息
論點(diǎn)2:Education – 培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立
論點(diǎn)3:對(duì)比段
7.It is betterto relax by watching TV or reading a book than by doing physical exercises.
版本A:
觀點(diǎn):Physical exercise
論點(diǎn)1:health
論點(diǎn)2:cooperation
論點(diǎn)3:make friends
論點(diǎn)4:release pressure
論點(diǎn)5:讓步段/對(duì)比段
注:有些題目,可以相處很多個(gè)有效論點(diǎn),那就選擇自己覺(jué)得好寫(xiě)的展開(kāi)~
版本B:
觀點(diǎn):TV book
論點(diǎn)1:convenience;
論點(diǎn)2:knowledge andinspiration
論點(diǎn)3:讓步段/對(duì)比段
8.We shouldstate our honest opinions even though people may disagree with us.
觀點(diǎn):agree
論點(diǎn)1:家庭
論點(diǎn)2:朋友
論點(diǎn)3:學(xué)習(xí)/工作
注:用拆分法解這道題,即把說(shuō)實(shí)話放在生活中的三大場(chǎng)景下,便于進(jìn)行具體論證
9.In order tosucceed in a new job, the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment ismore important than excellent knowledge.
版本A:
觀點(diǎn):Bothimportant
論點(diǎn)1:知識(shí)– 獨(dú)立解決問(wèn)題&自信
論點(diǎn)2:適應(yīng)能力–效率&輕松
注:兩邊倒的題目,兩個(gè)支持對(duì)象的各寫(xiě)一段,每一段設(shè)立有1-2個(gè)小論點(diǎn),這樣不用擔(dān)心字?jǐn)?shù)~
版本B:
觀點(diǎn):Agree
論點(diǎn)1:get alongwith different people
論點(diǎn)2:learn newknowledge
論點(diǎn)3:adjustmentality
注:對(duì)適應(yīng)能力進(jìn)行拆分,解讀成和不同的人相處的能力、學(xué)習(xí)新知識(shí)的能力、調(diào)整心態(tài)的能力,這些都比固有的接觸知識(shí)更重要,因?yàn)?,世界一直在變啊~
10.Peoplespend too much time communication through social media and text messages.
觀點(diǎn):Disagree
論點(diǎn)1:Relaxing
論點(diǎn)2:Improvefriendship
論點(diǎn)3: Learning
11.There is noreason to be rude to another person.
版本1:Agree 常用理由 -mood - efficiency - opportunity
版本2:Agree 拆分法- 家庭禮貌- 工作禮貌 - 社交禮貌
12.Technologydesigned to make people’s life simpler in fact make peoples life morecomplicated.
agree
1) car –traffic jam; air pollution
2) internet – too much information to handle; false and misleading
3) digital devices – distraction (music; games; chat; online shopping)
注:把technology 拆分成三個(gè)主要方面,汽車、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、電子設(shè)備
13.Movies andTV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to movies andprograms made in other countries.
觀點(diǎn):both interesting
Own country:1 共鳴理解2 喜歡的演員
Foreign country:1拓展視野2精彩的畫(huà)面
14.It is asimportant for older people to study and lean new things as it is for youngpeople.
Agree
版本1:拆分法(對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)新知識(shí)詮釋)
1 學(xué)習(xí)健康知識(shí)
2 培養(yǎng)愛(ài)好
3 學(xué)習(xí)使用電腦上網(wǎng)
版本2:常用理由
1 mentalhealth
2improve convenience
3communication with young people
15.To remainhappy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important than to achievesuccess.
Agree
1)mentalhealth
2)stimulateimprovement
3 )讓步段(承認(rèn)成功是可喜的但是生活的常態(tài)就是一直失敗、努力、克服苦難、獲得成功,也就是說(shuō),成功是個(gè)結(jié)果,那么占據(jù)生活主要的是那個(gè)過(guò)程,所以為了健康以及持久的成功,樂(lè)觀積極更重要)
16.It is importantto know what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect yourpersonal life.
Agree
版本1:常用理由
1)relaxing
2)knowledge
3)communication
版本2:拆分法
1)medicalnews – health
2)political news – safety
3)economic news – money
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