托福閱讀中不少題型之所以難度比較高考生經(jīng)常做錯(cuò)，很多情況下都是因?yàn)轭}目選項(xiàng)中有錯(cuò)誤干擾選項(xiàng)再影響大家的思路。如果考生能夠第一時(shí)間就辨識(shí)出這些選項(xiàng)答題正確率自然會(huì)有所提升。下面小編就來為大家講解具體的排除干擾選項(xiàng)的技巧。

托福閱讀陷阱：不相干選項(xiàng)的干擾

　　舉例一：

　　The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus

　　○ Lived later than Ambulocetus natans

　　○ Lived at the same time as Pakicetus

　　○ Was able to swim well

　　○ Could not have walked on land

　　Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs. An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans (“the walking whale that swam”) lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus….

　　這是一道事實(shí)信息題，根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞hind leg和Basilosaurus，本著“快、準(zhǔn)、狠”的原則，找到定位句Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long

　　Basilosaurus on land. (這樣的后肢太小了以至于不能支撐Basilosaurus在陸地上活動(dòng))，和選項(xiàng)做一個(gè)對照，發(fā)現(xiàn)D是對定位句的同義改寫，這樣就可以直接選出正確答案D。

　　然后我們以勝利者的姿態(tài)來看一下A選項(xiàng)，根據(jù)原文小盆友們可以知道這個(gè)選項(xiàng)有提到，說法也正確(Ambulocetus natans...lived…9 million before Basilosaurus)，但為什么不選呢?再來看下題干：Basilosaurus的后肢是個(gè)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)(a significant find)因?yàn)樗暮笾沂境鍪裁?A選項(xiàng)中說Basilosaurus晚于Ambulocetus natans，這和它的后肢是重要發(fā)現(xiàn)無關(guān)，所以是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。

　　舉例二：

　　All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to the longevity of an oak tree EXCEPT

　　○ The capacity to create shade

　　○ Leaves containing tannin

　　○ The ability to withstand mild droughts and fire

　　○ The large number of acorns the tree produces

　　Paragraph 7: The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire…

　　我們先來看題干，以下除了哪一個(gè)都是橡樹長壽的原因，大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)在原文中都有提及，這個(gè)時(shí)候不要亂了陣腳，通常有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)也就是正確答案與原文矛盾或者與題干不相關(guān)，看D選項(xiàng)在原文中的表述：雖然橡樹可以產(chǎn)生數(shù)以千計(jì)的橡子(acorns)，但是，它們對大量的橡子投入的能量，和用于樹葉、樹干和根部生長的能量相比，簡直微乎其微。這句話講的是橡樹能量的分配，和樹長壽沒有關(guān)聯(lián)，所以正確答案應(yīng)該是D，它并不是橡樹長壽的原因。

　　托福閱讀5大重點(diǎn)題型錯(cuò)誤干擾選項(xiàng)判斷技巧匯總

　　托福閱讀重點(diǎn)題型錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)判斷技巧：主旨題/總結(jié)題

　　主旨總結(jié)題中，選項(xiàng)為細(xì)節(jié)信息或者是支持性論述，而非主要觀點(diǎn)。

　　考生們在做此類題型時(shí)注意：該題主要考察考生對文章主要觀點(diǎn)及相對重要信息的理解和辨識(shí)能力，因此正確的答案綜合了文章的各個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，所以不會(huì)與文章中的任何一句話完全相符;欲選出正確答案考生需要在通篇文章中查找，并且在頭腦中形成文章的一個(gè)整體框架結(jié)構(gòu)，并且記清楚文章主要觀點(diǎn)和其他重要信息。

　　托福閱讀重點(diǎn)題型錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)判斷技巧：推論題

　　推論類問題中，選項(xiàng)重復(fù)原文信息，也就是選項(xiàng)為原文直接清楚表述的內(nèi)容，這樣的選項(xiàng)也容易誤導(dǎo)考生。

　　注意在解答此類問題時(shí)，不僅要理解作者所寫出的句子的字面意思，還必須搞清楚這些句子之間的邏輯性暗示。正確答案一定是從原文中已經(jīng)給出的內(nèi)容推論出來的。

　　托福閱讀重點(diǎn)題型錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)判斷技巧：直接事實(shí)題

　　直接事實(shí)題中，有的選項(xiàng)重復(fù)文章中的信息，但并沒有回答問題。這樣的選項(xiàng)最容易迷惑考生。

　　考生們最好在做直接事實(shí)題時(shí)直接排除那些本身就矛盾的選項(xiàng)，同時(shí)千萬不要因?yàn)槟硞€(gè)選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在文章中出現(xiàn)過就選擇該選項(xiàng)，一定要回答問題。

　　托福閱讀重點(diǎn)題型錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)判斷技巧：句子簡化題

　　句子簡化題中，有的選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容和原文相符，但忽略了原文重要信息，這樣的選項(xiàng)最容易誤導(dǎo)考生。

　　在做題時(shí)要仔細(xì)研讀文章中所標(biāo)識(shí)的句子，根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)和關(guān)聯(lián)詞，把句子按照義群，拆分為幾個(gè)部分，學(xué)會(huì)長句短讀，迅速找出句子的主句，也就是主謂賓或者主系表。

　　托福閱讀重點(diǎn)題型錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)判斷技巧：修辭目的題

　　修辭目的題中，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的是例子，即作者說了什么，但這種題考查的是作者為什么這樣說。

　　考生們在做題時(shí)注意字眼definition, example, to illustrate, to explain, to criticize 等。

　　托福閱讀：推斷題的解題方法

　　你還在害怕做推斷題嗎?

　　調(diào)查：你認(rèn)為哪種題目最難

　　托福閱讀中的推斷題一直是考生心理的陰影和恐懼，尤其是“推斷”兩個(gè)字，瞬間會(huì)讓大家聯(lián)想到柯南, 福爾摩斯之類帶有懸疑色彩的東西。據(jù)對所帶的學(xué)生進(jìn)行的調(diào)查，提到哪種閱讀題型最難做，將近50%的學(xué)生把票投給了推斷題。

　　毋庸置疑，推斷題一定有一定的難度所在，這點(diǎn)我們從托福考試官方指南(og)的改變上就可發(fā)現(xiàn)一些端倪。第三版og上，推斷題的考查數(shù)量為0-2題，第四版og已經(jīng)增加到1-3題，ets的用(yin)意(mou)所在可見一斑。

　　那么，我們改如何應(yīng)對推斷題呢?推斷題真的像我們想象的這么難么?

　　今天我們一起來從考查形式上來解刨一下推斷題。

　　題干特征：推斷題的題干經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)infer,suggest,imply, indicate這類單詞

　　考查形式主要分為兩大類：對比推斷和細(xì)節(jié)推斷，而后者出現(xiàn)的幾率更大。

　　考查形式一：對比推斷

　　A時(shí)間對比：一般有兩個(gè)形成對比的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，它們所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文會(huì)出現(xiàn)before1990的信息，而題目會(huì)問after 1990的信息?

　　解決方案：收集問題對應(yīng)的時(shí)間點(diǎn)的信息，然后取反。

　　注意原文中出現(xiàn)的表示時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)的詞 before, after, not…until…

　　例題

　　The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture-of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,” observed an English visitor in 1817, during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the west reached a peak in the 1830’s, whereas in 1810 only a seventy of the American people lived west of the Appalachian mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.

　　What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

　　○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.

　　○They were able to sell their produce at high prices.

　　○They had not been successful in raising cattle.

　　○They did not operate in a national market economy.

　　答案D

　　對應(yīng)關(guān)鍵句：After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.

　　B直接對比：兩個(gè)或多個(gè)事物的特征——如原文會(huì)出現(xiàn)A的特點(diǎn)，然后會(huì)有B和A相比較的信息，然后題目問B的特點(diǎn)?

　　解決方案：收集題干所問的推斷對象(about后面的信息一般為推斷對象)的全部信息(一般為上述的B)，然后在原文所描述的與之相關(guān)的信息(一般為上述的A)的基礎(chǔ)之上取反。

　　注意原文中出現(xiàn)的表示對比的關(guān)系詞：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas,on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等詞。

　　例題

　　Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

　　○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

　　○There were great numbers of them.

　　○They lived in the sea only.

　　○They did not leave many fossil remains.

　　答案A

　　對應(yīng)關(guān)鍵句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

　　考查形式二：細(xì)節(jié)推斷

　　考查細(xì)節(jié)判斷，事物的特點(diǎn)，屬性等。

　　解決方案：收集題干所提問的推斷對象(about后面的信息一般為推斷對象)的所有信息。如果推斷對象所涉及的信息比較多，難以抓到重點(diǎn)，則逐個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行定位篩選。

　　例題

　　Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?

　　○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.

　　○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.

　　○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

　　○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.

　　答案C

　　AThere it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.

　　BBy far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.

　　C At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

　　DOrdinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.

　　綜上所述，推斷題并沒有我們想象的那么晦澀。它仍然是關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)層面的題目，主要考查考生收集和題目相關(guān)的信息和梳理這些信息的能力。我們需要做到：

　　1把題干提問的推斷對象的信息收集完全，并理解到位。

　　2記住所看即所得，不要過分推斷，不要腦補(bǔ)。

　　3任何文章中出現(xiàn)的信息都有可能考查推斷，所以不要忽略任何一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。

如何排除托福閱讀干擾項(xiàng)相關(guān)文章：

1.托福閱讀怎么拿高分的方法