在托福閱讀考試當(dāng)中，大家都知道長(zhǎng)難句是最大的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，很多考生也為之頭疼不已。對(duì)于托福閱讀文章本來(lái)就很長(zhǎng)，對(duì)于一篇文章也只有20來(lái)分鐘的時(shí)間，其中就有12-14道題，給了考生很大的壓力。那么應(yīng)該如何應(yīng)對(duì)托福閱讀考試的這個(gè)長(zhǎng)呢?下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福閱讀備考之長(zhǎng)難句分析：舉行集會(huì)。

　　托福閱讀備考之長(zhǎng)難句分析：舉行集會(huì)

　　The focus of life was the agora, the open marketplace where assemblies could be held and where issues of the day, as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person. ( TPO43, 50)

　　assembly /?'sembl?/ n. 集合，集會(huì);裝配，安裝

　　大家自己先讀，不回讀，看一遍是否能理解

　　The focus of life was the agora, (the open marketplace) (where assemblies could be held) and (where issues of the day, as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person). ( TPO43, 50)

　　托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句解析

　　這個(gè)句子的主干就是：

　　The focus of life was the agora

　　修飾一：(the open marketplace) ，同位語(yǔ)

　　中文：開(kāi)發(fā)的市場(chǎng)

　　修飾二：(where assemblies could be held) ，從句

　　中文：在那里可以舉行集會(huì)

　　修飾三：(where issues of the day, as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person) ，從句

　　其中還有一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)：

　　as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom

　　中文：在那里討論當(dāng)天的問(wèn)題，以及像政府的目的或法律與自由的關(guān)系這樣的基本問(wèn)題，并且每個(gè)人都做出自己的決定。

　　托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句參考翻譯

　　生活的焦點(diǎn)是集會(huì)，集會(huì)是一個(gè)開(kāi)放的市場(chǎng)，在那里可以舉行集會(huì)，在那里討論當(dāng)天的問(wèn)題，以及像政府的目的或法律與自由的關(guān)系這樣的基本問(wèn)題，并且每個(gè)人都做出自己的決定。

　　這個(gè)句子的主要修飾成分就是從句、同位語(yǔ)和插入語(yǔ)，大家務(wù)必想清楚，每一個(gè)修飾成分修飾的是什么，才能看清楚這個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句分析 正確的解決方法介紹

　　首先：長(zhǎng)句子。

　　大家一開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)可能都知道句子的形成及結(jié)構(gòu)并沒(méi)有那么復(fù)雜，后來(lái)學(xué)得了修飾，就把之前學(xué)到句子稱(chēng)之為簡(jiǎn)單句，經(jīng)過(guò)修飾的句子為復(fù)雜句，而長(zhǎng)句子就是在簡(jiǎn)單句子經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)或者多個(gè)修飾之后形成的句子?？忌诿鎸?duì)一個(gè)難以理解的句子時(shí)，首先會(huì)想到的是這個(gè)句子的生詞多不多?如果有很多的生詞的話(huà)，那么我們從生詞開(kāi)始攻克。但是如果詞匯大家都認(rèn)識(shí)，但是句子的意思理解不了或者讀不下去，那么這時(shí)應(yīng)該如何辦呢?下面小編就通過(guò)例子來(lái)為大家講解一下：

　　A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.

　　這就是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句，這個(gè)句子詞匯并不難，但是句子理解難度卻不小，原因就是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)太復(fù)雜了，下面小編就帶大家一起來(lái)解剖一下：

　　A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need.

　　對(duì)于這樣一個(gè)句子，大家要做的就是找到這個(gè)句子的核心主干(即主謂賓)注意后半部分嵌入了倒裝句established in their respective communities the idea and the need，establish是及物動(dòng)詞，后面卻加了介詞in，說(shuō)明此處有倒裝，還原正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒裝出現(xiàn)的意義在于idea和need在原句中的后置定語(yǔ)(即藍(lán)色劃線(xiàn)部分)太長(zhǎng)，為了防止頭重腳輕。

　　在原句中，是有人名是并列的不知道大家有沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)，也是本句主語(yǔ)art collectors的同位語(yǔ)。其中還有一部分是colonists的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后置定語(yǔ)，還一個(gè)部分是插入語(yǔ)用來(lái)進(jìn)一步解釋art collectors。

　　綜上所述，本句運(yùn)用了多種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)(并列，倒裝，同位語(yǔ)，后置定語(yǔ)，插入語(yǔ))把主干部分分割得支離破碎，如果對(duì)這些語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)不熟悉的同學(xué)肯定會(huì)一下子摸不著頭腦。而如果能夠盡最大努力把握其用法，那么對(duì)閱讀的速度和正確率的提升都有很大幫助。

　　以上這個(gè)句子我們就可以這樣翻譯：幾位藝術(shù)收藏家(此處省略幾位藝術(shù)家名字)將歐洲藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)介紹給那些被特許參觀他們畫(huà)廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱負(fù)的藝術(shù)家們，并在他們各自的社區(qū)建立了藝術(shù)具有價(jià)值的觀念和致力于鼓勵(lì)其發(fā)展的機(jī)構(gòu)的需要。

　　其次：長(zhǎng)文章

　　新托福閱讀的文章篇幅一般都是在700字以上，而這么長(zhǎng)的文章主要就是由簡(jiǎn)單句和一些復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)難句組成，除了句子理解外，為了更好的解題考生還應(yīng)該了解文章段落和文章結(jié)構(gòu)。面對(duì)比較長(zhǎng)的段落和文章，要在短時(shí)間內(nèi)快速抓住重點(diǎn)信息，做對(duì)題目，那么對(duì)文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真題文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落為例來(lái)講解。

　　In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democratsdominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.

　　對(duì)于這種較長(zhǎng)的段落，如何快速辨別段落內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和句與句之間的邏輯是理解的關(guān)鍵。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，段落的主題常出現(xiàn)的位置在段首和段尾，但是也有例外，比如段落內(nèi)部出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折，那么要注意轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容與前面相反而且是重點(diǎn)。

　　這個(gè)段落，首句在講兩個(gè)黨派的社會(huì)組成是相似的，接著的第二三句出現(xiàn)了both、neither表示“都”、“都不”，提出了兩點(diǎn)相似之處。第四句出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵性的however，而該句以及接下來(lái)的句子主語(yǔ)也發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變，都變?yōu)閮蓚€(gè)黨派的其中一個(gè)。那么，可以推斷出however之后的內(nèi)容與前面相反，所以段落的主題落在了Democrats和Whigs社會(huì)組成的不同之處。

　　最后：長(zhǎng)題目

　　大家在備考托福閱讀時(shí)，或者在做真題(有可能是官方真題Official)大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有些題目有好幾行，其中的選項(xiàng)也有好幾行的，這時(shí)考生好不容易弄懂了文章 的意思，又碰到這么的題目和選項(xiàng)，瞬間眼前一黑，這時(shí)不會(huì)做題時(shí)只好去蒙答案了，就使得大家的答題正確率直線(xiàn)下降。

　　對(duì)于這種題目，主要的解題方法就是同義改寫(xiě)。同義，意味著核心意思保持一致;改寫(xiě)，意味著換一種說(shuō)法，簡(jiǎn)單的例如替換同義詞語(yǔ)，復(fù)雜的例如改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)。下面，我們結(jié)合前面所講的長(zhǎng)難句理解內(nèi)容來(lái)做一道句子簡(jiǎn)化題。

　　The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.

　　Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A. Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.

　　B. Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.

　　C. The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs' control of the market economy.

　　D. The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.

　　答案：選D

　　單詞：

　　integrate v. 使融合;使結(jié)合

　　dominate v. 主宰

　　semisubsistence n. 半自給自足

　　languish v. 失去活力

　　快速做法：

　　Step 1：根據(jù)邏輯排除A，因果邏輯無(wú)

　　Step 2：根據(jù)主干結(jié)構(gòu)排除C，主語(yǔ)不對(duì)

　　Step 3：細(xì)讀B和D，發(fā)現(xiàn)B與原句矛盾，排除。

　　詳細(xì)解析：

　　原句的結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單易懂，主語(yǔ)是紅色部分。句子邏輯是綠色的whereas，表示“然而”。所以這句話(huà)是在對(duì)比Whigs和Democrats勢(shì)力分布上的區(qū)別。

　　A選項(xiàng)的極端詞only、最高級(jí)wealthiest、because因果邏輯均無(wú)體現(xiàn)

　　B選項(xiàng)表示兩個(gè)黨派的勢(shì)力在城市和鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)各自自然分布，與原句前半句矛盾

　　C選賢偷換主干，原句主干不是farming areas

　　D選項(xiàng)涉及同義改寫(xiě)，whereas與while同義替換，邏輯對(duì)應(yīng)。poorer areas同義對(duì)應(yīng)原句的more isolated and languishing economically;market fully operating同義對(duì)應(yīng)原句的fully integrated into market economy

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