托福備考經(jīng)驗(yàn)：閱讀推理題解題策略
如何備考托?？荚嚫痈咚儆行?如何備考托福閱讀?托福閱讀有什么解題技巧?小編為大家?guī)硗懈淇冀?jīng)驗(yàn)：閱讀推理題解題策略，一起來看。
托福備考經(jīng)驗(yàn)：閱讀推理題解題策略
1、一般對(duì)比推理：根據(jù)兩個(gè)事情的對(duì)比特征，問其中一個(gè)事物的特征，只要將與之形成對(duì)比的另外一個(gè)事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、時(shí)間對(duì)比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個(gè)形成對(duì)比的時(shí)間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問一個(gè)時(shí)間段的特征時(shí)，只要將與之相反的時(shí)間段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一個(gè)大的集合的兩個(gè)方面形成對(duì)比，兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，也就是一個(gè)的增加意味著另一個(gè)的減少。反之，相同。這個(gè)比較抽象，我們來看一個(gè)例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例都增加了。由此可知農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例下降，所以(B)為正確答案。
托福備考經(jīng)驗(yàn)之解答托福閱讀推理題需要注意的信息點(diǎn)
1.日期和數(shù)字。
2.關(guān)鍵詞： 表示多少的副詞: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：may, can , could…;表示過去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
托福閱讀：淺談推理題中的類比邏輯關(guān)系
很多同學(xué)最近一直和我抱怨，托福閱讀中的推理題好難啊，很多題目的正確選項(xiàng)在文中都找不到，說好的忠于原文，說好的不用多想，不用為作者分憂解難呢?這時(shí)候我會(huì)偷笑，因?yàn)槟銈兣龅降氖羌?xì)節(jié)題的升級(jí)版本—─推理題!我們平時(shí)在閱讀教學(xué)中一直和同學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)，閱讀要忠于原文，不要大開腦洞，所有答案均出現(xiàn)在原文中。唯獨(dú)有一種題目即推理題，需要學(xué)生不僅在文中找到相關(guān)依據(jù)，還要根據(jù)這個(gè)依據(jù)走一步推理的過程，才能得出答案。
今天就想和大家分享一下閱讀推理題中涉及到的一種邏輯推理關(guān)系 — 類比關(guān)系，此類邏輯關(guān)系一般出現(xiàn)在對(duì)比類的文段中。即文章中出現(xiàn)A,B兩個(gè)比較對(duì)象， A與B有相同特征，于是我們可以根據(jù)A的特證來推斷B也有相同的特征。舉個(gè)例子：像小明一樣，小紅愛吃西瓜，于是乎我們可以從這句話里推斷出不僅小紅愛吃西瓜，小明也愛吃。接下去，我們就來看看這種邏輯關(guān)系在推理題中的應(yīng)用。
Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.
What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?
A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.
B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.
C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.
D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.
這道題目，題干問我們根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容我們可以對(duì)鯨魚作出何種推斷，于是乎我們根據(jù)解題技巧快速回到文中搜索定位詞whales, 找到以下這句話 ”the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle.” 這句話告訴我們leatherback turtle更像爬行的whales, 雖然此句沒有直接提到whales的特征，但我們可以根據(jù)剛剛提到的類比關(guān)系做一步邏輯推斷啊。既然leatherback turtle很像whales, 那么leatherback turtle的特征也應(yīng)該就是whales的特征，因此我們只要找到leatherback turtle的描述信息即可發(fā)現(xiàn)whales的特征。原文最后一句話提到， leatherback turtle會(huì)游到寒冷的南北海洋并且有特殊的處理冰水的能力。于是乎我們可以得出whales也有相同特征。答案對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)。
再來看一道稍難的題目吧
Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.
What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?
A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.
B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.
C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.
D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.
此題問我們，根據(jù)第四段我們可以對(duì)trumpeting of bull elk做出怎樣的推斷。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞trumpeting of bull elk我們快速找到原文最后一個(gè)單詞。既然是出現(xiàn)在文章的最后位置，那我們只好去往前推了。而前句又提到了一個(gè)我們非常熟悉的邏輯關(guān)系—─類比關(guān)系。來看這句話 The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.這句話告訴我們buck rub發(fā)出的olfactory signal和trumpeting of bull elk發(fā)出的auditory signal有相同的社會(huì)作用。根據(jù)前文我們知道buck rub可以反映年長(zhǎng)雄鹿在鹿群里的社會(huì)地位。于是乎我們便可以做進(jìn)一步推理，即trumpeting of bull elk也應(yīng)該有相似地功能。
托福閱讀：我們都是柯南，詳解推斷題
推斷題，顧名思義，就是要做一定的推理，于是，同學(xué)們沸騰了，推理啊!誰不會(huì)啊!毛利小五郎上身!神探夏洛克附體!我就是柯南!五花八門，無奇不有，無孔不入，似乎每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都很有道理!于是，陷入死循環(huán)，等到再遇到這樣的題型，只能憑感覺，看到哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)順眼，就選擇哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)。然后，你就錯(cuò)了。
那么，今天我們從一個(gè)最簡(jiǎn)單的角度來攻破推斷題，即反向推理。
反向推理，指當(dāng)事物A和事物B特征相反，現(xiàn)在已知事物A特征，問B特征時(shí)，那么B等于A的反向特征。而其中，最為明顯的在于時(shí)間前后的推理。我們先看一道非常簡(jiǎn)單的真題。
【Paragraph 1】The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. "Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward," observed an English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.
1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
A.They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.
B. They were able to sell their produce at high prices.
C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.
D. They did not operate in a national market economy.
本題中有非常明顯的信息可以幫助我們定位，即年份數(shù)字“1815”，定位到原文After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. 在1815年之后，改進(jìn)的交通方式使得越來越多的西部弄明逃開了自給自足的生活方式，進(jìn)入了國家市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。這是講在1815年之后的事情，而題干中問的是“prior to 1815”，即在1815年之前，那么根據(jù)反向推理原理，直接對(duì)1815年之后的事情取反，即“在1815年之前，交通方式還未改進(jìn)，人們是自給自足的生活方式，還未進(jìn)入國家市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)”，直接對(duì)應(yīng)D選項(xiàng)。所以本題選擇D選項(xiàng)。
在托福閱讀考試當(dāng)中，時(shí)間上的反向推理題還有很多很多，難度也可能會(huì)更高，比如，我們?cè)賮硪坏李}。
【Paragraph 1】It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but there have been some notable exceptions. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe. The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attention, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.
2. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period?
A. Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record.
B. Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.
C. The most dramatic extinction episode occurred.
D. Few microscopic species existed.
本題中我們可以根據(jù)專業(yè)詞匯“Cambrian period”定位到It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. 直到六億年前的寒武紀(jì)時(shí)期，肉眼可見的生物才在地球上大量出現(xiàn)并產(chǎn)生可以讓我們了解物種多樣性興衰的化石?？墒穷}干中用的是“before the Cambrian period”，即寒武紀(jì)之前，那么只要將原文中寒武紀(jì)之后的內(nèi)容取反，即“在寒武紀(jì)之前，肉眼可見的生物還沒有大量出現(xiàn)，我們還不能了解物種的多樣性”，對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)。
所以，當(dāng)問題或原句信息中出現(xiàn)了明確的在某種時(shí)間前后發(fā)生的事件時(shí)，大家要注意作者已經(jīng)在給出一定的提示了，我們可以通過前后的信息進(jìn)行推斷。
托福備考之閱讀技巧與方法介紹
一、 托福閱讀方法
1. 精讀的方法
精讀是指認(rèn)真地閱讀文章中的每一句話，掌握句子的含義，弄清句子間的邏輯關(guān)系，從而理解整段話甚至全文的內(nèi)容。精讀的基礎(chǔ)主要是詞匯量和語法。在閱讀理解中主要體現(xiàn)在長(zhǎng)難句的理解上。如果這些句子影響對(duì)文章的理解，就必須要花費(fèi)較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間認(rèn)真閱讀，以求獲得準(zhǔn)確的理解。
2. 意群閱讀法
語言是用來傳遞信息的，閱讀的目的就是為了獲取信息，因此只要能夠準(zhǔn)確地把握信息即可。要想在比較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握足夠多的信息，我們就必須學(xué)會(huì)意群閱讀法。這就要求我們?cè)陂喿x的時(shí)候不要把注意力放在每一個(gè)單詞上，而是要以意群(主要包括詞組、固定搭配和完整的句意組合)為單位，將注意力放在關(guān)鍵詞上，從而掌握該句所表達(dá)的含義。
二、托福閱讀技巧
1. 把握詞義
閱讀過程中我們不免會(huì)遇到生詞，有些考生在閱讀中一遇到生詞就停下來查字典，這種方法是不正確的。有些詞確實(shí)會(huì)影響到理解，查字典當(dāng)然是一種辦法，但是頻繁地查字典不僅會(huì)影響閱讀速度，還會(huì)影響對(duì)文章整體內(nèi)容的理解。所以，考生在平時(shí)要學(xué)會(huì)處理閱讀中的生詞，掌握猜測(cè)生詞的方法。
2. 理清結(jié)構(gòu)
閱讀時(shí)，要先辨別清楚文章的體裁，理清文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握主旨大意，找出文章的主題句。理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)有助于考生從整篇文章考慮，選出正確答案，避免因考慮不周或考慮片面而造成理解上的偏差。閱讀文章后的問題一般也是按照文章結(jié)構(gòu)順序提出的，所以理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)還有助于考生在盡量短的時(shí)間內(nèi)找到問題的答案。
3. 分析選項(xiàng)
學(xué)會(huì)分析選項(xiàng)對(duì)于提高閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)有著重要的意義。閱讀選項(xiàng)的干擾項(xiàng)可能是下面幾種情況：1)與文章細(xì)節(jié)部分相同、部分相悖;2)選項(xiàng)本身是正確的，但不是問題的答案，不符合題干的要求;3)與常識(shí)相符合，但在文章中沒有提及;4)明顯與文章信息不符等等。掌握題目選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)有助于考生在較短的時(shí)間里做出準(zhǔn)確的選擇。
4. 擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面
擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面對(duì)于提高閱讀題目正確率來說十分重要。如果考生對(duì)閱讀文章的話題一無所知，在做題的時(shí)候必然會(huì)感到很迷茫，理解文章大意時(shí)也會(huì)很困難。如果考生平時(shí)注意擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面，多了解各方面的知識(shí)，那么在閱讀時(shí)就會(huì)感到很輕松。
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