英語總動(dòng)員不可忽略的數(shù)詞
英語中的數(shù)詞包括基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩大類,它們的用法非常復(fù)雜,接下來,小編給大家準(zhǔn)備了英語總動(dòng)員不可忽略的數(shù)詞,歡迎大家參考與借鑒。
英語總動(dòng)員不可忽略的數(shù)詞
一、基本構(gòu)成
(一)基數(shù)詞——從1數(shù)到N
1.1—12的基數(shù)詞是獨(dú)立的單詞,即: one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight, nine,ten,eleven,twelve。
2.13—19的基數(shù)詞以-teen結(jié)尾。如: fourteen,seventeen等,但13,15,18較特殊, 13—thirteen 15—fifteen 18—eighteen。
3.20—90的整十位均以-ty結(jié)尾。如: sixty,ninety,但20,30,40,50,80較特殊, 20—twenty, 30—thirty, 40—forty ,50—fifty ,80—eighty。
4.十位數(shù)與個(gè)位數(shù)之間要加連字符號“-”,如:28—twenty-eight,96—ninety-six。
5.百位和十位(若無十位則和個(gè)位)之間加and,如:148—one hundred and forty-eight ,406—four hundred and six。
6.hundred(百),thousand(千),million(百萬),billion(十億)等前面即使有具體的數(shù)詞,也不能在它們的后面加s。如:600—six hundred,8百萬—eight million。
7.1000以上的數(shù)字,從后往前數(shù)每三位加一個(gè)逗號“,”第一個(gè)逗號前為千(thousand),第二個(gè)逗號前為百萬(million),第三個(gè)逗號前為billion(十億)。英語中無“萬”這個(gè)詞,我們可以用“幾十個(gè)千(thousand)”表示幾萬,“幾百個(gè)千(thousand)”表示“幾十萬”。如:2,510=two thousand five hundred and ten;84,296=eighty-four thousand two hundred and ninety-six;274,350=two hundred and seventy-four thousand three hundred and fifty。
8.hundred,thousand,million用復(fù)數(shù)形式修飾名詞時(shí)要用“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”,如:數(shù)以百計(jì)的年輕人hundreds of young people;數(shù)以千計(jì)的書thousands of books。注意:hundreds of /thousands of/millions of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞,其前面不能加具體的數(shù)詞,但可加several或 many。
Hundreds of new buildings have sprung up here this year.
Thousands upon thousands of people in South Africa are rising against their oppressors.
Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the city every day.
Millions of dollars have gone into the building of this factory.
(二)序數(shù)詞——由基數(shù)詞轉(zhuǎn)變而來,表示“這是第N個(gè)”
1.口訣巧記基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞:“一、二、三,特殊記,八去“t”,九去“e”,“ve”要用“f”替,見“y”變成“i”和“e”,詞尾加上“th”,若是遇到幾十幾,只變個(gè)位就可以?!钡谝?、第二、第三分別:first,second,third,eight—eighth nine—ninth,five—fifth,twelve—twelfth,twenty—twentieth,forty—fortieth,twenty-five—twenty-fifth。
2其余情況均在基數(shù)詞后加th。如: six—sixth, nineteen—nineteenth , hundred— hundredth, thousand—thousandth等。
3.序數(shù)詞有時(shí)用縮寫形式:
first----1st, twenty—second-------22th.
二、基本用法
(一)基數(shù)詞的基本用法
1.定語
Fifty thousand London dockers are out on strike.
2.主語
數(shù)詞作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
如: Two months is quite a long time.
Five is an odd number.
3.賓語或介詞賓語
How many do you want? -----Eight, please.
The city has a population of four million.
4.表語
We are altogether fourteen.
Five plus seven is twelve.
5.同位語
What work are you to assign us three?
Is there room for us two?
6.基數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞+形容詞構(gòu)成合成形容詞。如:一個(gè)五歲的男孩a five-year-old boy;一座800米長的橋an 800-metre-long bridge;女子400米接力girls'400-metre relay1 race。
7.句型:主語+is +about(大約)/ over =more than(超過)/nearly(接近)+具體數(shù)詞+metre(s)/kilometre(s)/kilo(s)long / high /tall /deep /away等。如:長江長6300公里。
The Changjiang River is 6,300 kilometres long.
8.表示“。。。。。。十”的數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以用來表示人的歲數(shù)或年代:
He is in his early thirties.
He died still in his forties.
This took place in the 1930s.
(二)序數(shù)詞的基本用法
1.序數(shù)詞主要用作定語,前面一般要加定冠詞(或物主代詞):
Tom is their second son.
They celebrated2 the 10th anniversary of the founding of the republic.
I will never give up, not even on the 1,000th or 10,000th try.
2.有時(shí)前面可以加一個(gè)不定冠詞來表示“再一”, “又一”這樣的意思:
We’ll have to do it a second time.
Shall I ask him a third time?
When I sat down, a fourth man rose to speak.
3.First,second 等有時(shí)可用來表示“第一個(gè)人(批)”“第二個(gè)人”等:
She was among the first to come and settle in Dujiashan.
You will be the second to speak.
4.如果數(shù)字較長,序數(shù)詞總避免使用,而且讀的方法也常常簡化:
第201房間: Room 201
第319面: page 319
第一拖拉機(jī)廠:the Number I Tractor Works
第六號車廂:Carriage No.6
南京路1490號:1490 Nanjing Road
電話號碼55――2347:telephone number : 55—2347
5. 在談編了號的東西時(shí),我們可以用基數(shù)詞表示順序:
the first part------part one
the third squad------squad three
the twenty-third section----section twenty-three
三、特殊數(shù)字的表示法
(一)年 月 日表示法
1. 年代 年代前用 in.
( in ) 897 讀作 ( in ) eight hundred and ninety-seven
( in ) 1961 讀作 ( in ) nineteen sixty-one (或 in nineteen hundred and sixty-one)
( in ) 1905 讀作(in ) nineteen and five
( in ) 1800 讀作( in ) eighteen hundred
2. 月份 月份開頭第一個(gè)字母須大寫,表示“在某月”時(shí), 月份前面用 in。下面月份后附有縮寫式。
( in ) January Jan. ( in ) March Mar3. ( in ) December Dec.
3. 日期 用序數(shù)詞(前需要加the)表示; “ 在某日”, 前面用介詞on.
( on ) the first ( on ) the eighteenth ( on ) the thirty-second
4. 某年 某月 某日
in Sep. 1954 on May 17, 1960 on Oct. 1, 1949(讀作on October the first, nineteen forty-nine)
注:當(dāng)年月日完全用數(shù)字表示時(shí), 美國人把月放在日前。 8,6,79在英國表示June the eighth (79年6月8日), 但是在美國卻表示August the sixth (79年8月6日)。
(二)時(shí)刻表示法
1.英語通常用at所引導(dǎo)的表示時(shí)刻。如:
( at ) six or six o’clock
( at ) eight or eight o’clock
2.如說幾點(diǎn)幾分,用下面的方法
a)表示幾點(diǎn)過幾分,用介詞, 但分?jǐn)?shù)須在半小時(shí)以內(nèi)包括半小時(shí)。如:
eleven past seven
a quarter past eight
half past nine
b)表示幾點(diǎn)差幾分,用介詞to, 但分?jǐn)?shù)需要在半小時(shí)以上不包括半小時(shí)。 如:
two to seven
a quarter to eight
eighteen to nine
注:上午可以用am表示,下午用pm表示,例如:
9.50am 11.05pm
(三)分?jǐn)?shù)詞表示法
1.分?jǐn)?shù)詞是以基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞合成的,基數(shù)詞代表分子,序數(shù)詞代表分母,除了分子是“1”的情況外,序數(shù)詞都是用復(fù)數(shù),(分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞,分子大于“1”,分母則加“s”)如:
1/4 one-fourth 2/3 two-thirds 7/9 seven-ninths 5/12 five-twelfths
2.另外還有下面一些表示法:
1/2 (one) a half 1/4 a (one ) quarter 3/4 three-quarters
(四)小數(shù)的表示法
7.8 ------seven point eight
0.4---------zero point four
0.125----- zero point one two five
603.09---six hundred and three point oh nine
小數(shù)作定語時(shí)較多:
Its total industrial output value was up 5.6 times in these years.
Our grain output is now 2.4 times that of 1970.
(五)百分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法
百分?jǐn)?shù)由per cent 表示,常常和by連用,作狀語也可單獨(dú)作狀語:
Its total output value increased by 11.5 per cent over the previous year.
The output of cars in the U. S. last year was 24 per cent less than in 1973.
有時(shí)用作定語 賓語等:
The loss of metal has been reduced to less than 20%.
The March figure for output value registered a 37% increase over February.
(六)倍數(shù)的表示法:
一倍用once,兩倍用 twice,兩倍以上用基數(shù)詞+times。如:5倍five times。
(七)一些數(shù)學(xué)公式的讀法:
3+8=11 Three plus eight is eleven.
9-7=2 Nine minus seven is two.
a>b a is more than b.
a
(八)約數(shù)的表示法
?、?“多于”用more than 或over
This room can hold more than (=over) 500 people.這間屋子能容納500多人。
⑵ “少于”用less than
There are less than thirty balls in the basket.籃子里不到三十個(gè)球。
?、?“或……以上”用or more
The music hall can hold 7000 people or more.音樂廳能容納7000人或7000人以上。
?、?“或……以下”用or less
The house can hold 50 people or less. 這座房子可容納50人或50人以下。
?、?“大約”用about, around, nearly等
The box weights about 50 pounds.這個(gè)箱子重約50磅。
⑹ “左右”用or so
In the past ten years or so , they have changed a lot.在過去的十年左右的時(shí)間里,他們改變了許多。
擴(kuò)展:寒假英語總動(dòng)員如何跳出命題者設(shè)下的陷阱
一。細(xì)心審題,解析每一考查點(diǎn),分析題干。
中考題大多靈活多樣,是對學(xué)生分析題目的能力的檢驗(yàn),所以要認(rèn)真思考提供的全部信息,避免亂套語法規(guī)則。
例:Would you like __________ pears, please?[吉林]
A. any B. some C .much D. little
(析):有些學(xué)生沒有認(rèn)真審題,就亂套語法規(guī)則,認(rèn)為疑問句中必須用any,而忽略了表示征求意見、請求等應(yīng)用some.故正確答案為B.
二、多向思維,分析"陷阱" .
一些"陷阱題",往往是根據(jù)同學(xué)們思維上的弱點(diǎn)而設(shè)計(jì)的,對于中學(xué)生來
說,要注意克服思維上存在著習(xí)慣、單一 、片面、混亂的缺陷。
例:The radio is too noisy. Would1 you please turn it ____a little? [遼寧]
A .on B. off3 C. up D. down
(析):學(xué)生們一看此題很高興,馬上想到了有關(guān)turn 的短語,向?qū)斑呎f聲音大,那肯定是關(guān)上了,于是就選了C,關(guān)上,而忽略了句末有a little一詞,故不可選用off,而應(yīng)選down,指把音量"關(guān)小一點(diǎn) ",而不是 “關(guān)掉一點(diǎn)”,故答案是D.
三、考查個(gè)別易混、易錯(cuò)詞,或容易造成思維定向的特殊詞。
好多學(xué)生對知識的把握非常死,乍一看題目簡單,心里很是高興,馬上拿筆就答,但往往是錯(cuò)誤的,說明他們的靈活應(yīng)變能力很弱,稍微變一下形就出錯(cuò),所以對做表面上看似容易的題更要小心謹(jǐn)慎。
例:She is a good student, she study ____,but the problem4 is hard, she ______ work it out by herself5. (江西)
A. hardly6, hard B. hard ,hard C. hardly, hardly D. hard, hardly.
(析):有的學(xué)生只知道hard是形容詞,誤認(rèn)為hardly是它的副詞形式就選C,而忽略了hard 既是形容詞也是副詞,而hardly的意思是“幾乎不”的意思,再依據(jù)句意,所以選擇D.
四、去偽存真,排除障礙。
魚目混珠的"陷阱題",大多數(shù)是以選擇題的形式出現(xiàn),因此,對基本知識點(diǎn), 要徹底搞懂 了為止,這樣才會分清選擇題目中的魚目及珍珠,避免出錯(cuò)。
例:--The newspaper said7 that the famous8 singer would come here this evening.
---Yes. It is really ______ that he didn’t .
A. wrong B. sorry C. strange9 surprised10
(析):乍一看題目,學(xué)生很容易想到“很抱歉,他沒來。”但是主語是it,指他要來這件事,而不是sb,故排除;如用surprised, 主語也應(yīng)是sb, wrong 不符合句意,故選C.指他沒來這件事情。
五、加強(qiáng)驗(yàn)證,走出迷宮。
"迷宮"總能使一些人落入"迷失方向",怎么辦?在平時(shí)訓(xùn)練中,應(yīng)注意掌
握走出"迷宮"的方法,加強(qiáng)驗(yàn)證,就是一種行之有效的方法。
例:_______will be the population11 of China in the year 2010?(陜西)
A. What B. How many
C. How much D. Which
(析): 同學(xué)們很容易想到“多少”應(yīng)用How many, How much提問,而人是可數(shù)名詞,所以選B.這樣就正中了圈套,通常情況下我們對可數(shù)名詞提問用How many沒問題,但是要依據(jù)特殊用法,語境來做答,應(yīng)用What,故正確答案為A.
相關(guān)連接
比較級常見誤區(qū)
1)要避免重復(fù)使用比較級。 (錯(cuò)) He is more cleverer than his brother. (對) He is more clever than his brother. (對) He is clever than his brother.
2)要避免將主語含在比較對象中。 (錯(cuò)) China is larger that any country in Asia12. (對) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)要注意對應(yīng)句型,遵循前后一致的原則。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan13 than to carry it out.
4)要注意冠詞的使用,后有名詞的時(shí)候,前面才有可能有名詞。 比較:Which is large, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.
易錯(cuò)題分析::
1.I have to speak to my gramdma loudly because there's ____________ with her ears.
A.something wrong B. nothing wrong C. anything D. wrong something
分析: 修飾something, anything, nothing等復(fù)合不定代詞的定語后置。此題選A。
2.They have built14 a bridge15 __________ long.
A.a hundred meters16 B. one-hundred-metre C. one-hundred-metres17 D. hundred metres
分析: 形容詞作定語時(shí),位置要放在所修飾的名詞前面,但當(dāng)它帶有表示量度的詞或詞組時(shí),定語后置,因此選A。 若量度詞組變成合成語時(shí),作定語用,則放在名詞前。
3.The climate18 of Kunming in summer is not so hot as2 _____________.
A. Shanghai B. of Shanghai C. in Shanghai D. that of Shanghai
分析: 此題考查的是比較成分的協(xié)調(diào)一致性,這里參加比較的事物是the climate of Kunming 和 that (the climate) of Shanghai,因此答案為D。
4.This is _____interesting book.
A.a B. an C. the D./
分析: interesting以元音[!]開頭,所以冠詞用an,此題選B。
5.____________ all like travelling19.
A.Young B. A young C. The young D.Youngs
分析: 有些形容詞可以和定冠詞連用,表示一類人或事物。這時(shí),它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞,可以作主語或賓語。 表示一類人時(shí),看作復(fù)數(shù)。 例如: the young 年輕人 the sick 病人 the deaf 聾子 the blind 盲人 the aged 老人 the smooth 順事 the impossible 不可能的事