托福閱讀_心理學(xué)專業(yè)核心詞匯及真題梳理
托福閱讀涉及各學(xué)科范疇，心理學(xué)是托福閱讀考察頻次較高的一個學(xué)科范疇，下面我們就來看一看和心理學(xué)有關(guān)的核心詞匯及真題梳理。
托福閱讀|心理學(xué)專業(yè)核心詞匯及真題梳理
1. 心理的mental
Attitudes to mental illness have shifted in recent years.
最近幾年對精神病的態(tài)度已有所改變。
2. 身體的，物質(zhì)的，物理的physical
Poor housing and family stress can affect both physical and mental health.
住房條件差、家庭壓力大會影響身心兩方面的健康。
3. 心靈的spiritual
Although spiritual leader of millions of people, the Pope has no temporal power.
教皇雖然是億萬人的精神領(lǐng)袖，但沒有絲毫的世俗權(quán)力。
4. 從眾conformity
Excessive conformity is usually caused by fear of disapproval.
過于墨守成規(guī)通常都是由于擔(dān)心得不到認(rèn)可。
5. 多數(shù)人 majority
Independent candidates won the majority of seats on the local council.
無黨派候選人在地方議會選舉中贏得了多數(shù)席位。
6. 少數(shù)人 minority
Only a minority of the people supported the Revolution.
只有少數(shù)人支持這場革命。
7. (心理學(xué))初始性判斷 threshold judgment
Small diamond search and threshold judgment are used to this algorithm.該算法主要使用了小菱形窗的搜索策略和閾值判決方法。
8. subject 受實驗對象
The Subject was transported to the safe house in a'covert car.
試驗對象通過一輛‘秘密汽車’輸送到安全屋.
9. 心理學(xué) psychology
Psychology began as a purely academic offshoot of natural philosophy.
心理學(xué)最初是自然哲學(xué)一個純粹的學(xué)術(shù)分支。
10. 心理現(xiàn)象 mental phenomenon
We must experience directly the reality of this mental physical phenomenon.
我們必須直接體驗這身心現(xiàn)象的實相.
11. 心理過程 mental process
Speech comprehension is a complex mental process, which plays a significant part in our English study.
言語理解是一個復(fù)雜的心理過程, 同時在外語教學(xué)中發(fā)揮著重要的作用.
12. 心理狀態(tài) mental state
Sedentary can cause people to mental depression, Aichi Wumingzhihuo , poor mental state.
久坐會導(dǎo)致人心理壓抑,愛發(fā)無名之火, 精神狀態(tài)欠佳.
13. 心理活動 mental activity
Reading is a deep - going and complex mental activity and an important way of spreading information.
閱讀是一種深刻而復(fù)雜的精神活動,是信息傳播的有效手段.
14. 意識 consciousness
I was meditating, and reached a higher state of consciousness.
我在冥想，并進(jìn)入了一個更高的意識境界。
15. 內(nèi)部活動 internal activity
The human body maintains an internal surroundings favorable to normal cell activity.
人體保持著一個適宜于細(xì)胞正?；顒拥膬?nèi)部環(huán)境.
16. 普通心理學(xué) general psychology
The findings by Duke University researchers appeared appear in the Archives of General Psychology Psychiatry.
杜克大學(xué)研究人員的發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)表在普通精神病學(xué)紀(jì)要中.
17. 實驗心理學(xué) experimental psychology
The Department of Experimental Psychology aims for excellence in teaching and research.
實驗心理學(xué)系的宗旨在于優(yōu)等的教學(xué)與研究.
18. 行為科學(xué) behavioral science
Business etiquette is a behavioral science, and should seriously the systemic training.
商務(wù)禮儀是行為科學(xué), 應(yīng)充分重視訓(xùn)練的系統(tǒng)性.
19. 心身關(guān)系 mind-body relation
20. 遺傳 heredity
Do heredity and environment determine a man's character?
遺傳和環(huán)境決定一個人的性格 嗎 ?
21. 活動理論 activity theory
22. 中央處理器模型 central processor model
23. 信息儲存 information storage
24. 人工智能 artificial intelligence, AI
This method of AI is called propagation of error.
這種人工智能的方法稱為誤差傳播.
25. 計算機類比 computer analogy
26. 計算機模擬 computer simulation
27. 計算機模型 computer model
28. 測謊器 lie detector
29. 預(yù)期誤差 anticipation error
30. 正誤法 method of right and wrong cases
31. 反應(yīng) response
32. 訪談法 interview method
33. 問卷法 questionnaire
34. 表情法 method of expression
35. 提示法 anticipation method
36. 視覺 vision
37. 瞳孔 pupil
38. 可見光 visible light
39. 顏色匹配 color matching
40. 顏色對比 color contrast
41. 顏色混合 color mixture
42. 加色混合 additive color mixture
43. 色弱 color weakness
44. 紅色弱 red weakness
45. 色盲 color blindness
46. 紅色盲 red blindness
47. 藍(lán)黃色盲 blue-yellow blindness
48. 內(nèi)耳 inner ear
49. 中耳 middle ear
50. 反映 reflection
托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域的文本+題目+答案
托福閱讀文本：
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones.
Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?"
托福閱讀題目：
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A)A tool to assist in making complex decisions.
(B)A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions
(C) Research on how people make decisions
(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making
2. The word "essential" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) introductory
(B) changeable
(C) beneficial
(D) fundamental
3. The word "pertinent" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) relevant
(B) preceding
(C) insightful
(D) responsive
4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?
(A) Listing the consequences of each solution
(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution
(C) Deciding which consequences are most important
(D) Writing down all possible solutions
5.According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that
(A) has the fewest variables to consider
(B) uses the most decision worksheets
(C) has the most points assigned to it
(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people
6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of
(A) describing a process
(B) classifying types of worksheets
(C) providing historical background
(D) explaining a theory
7. The author states that "On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once
(lines 17-18) to explain that
(A) most decisions involve seven steps
(B) human mental capacity has limitations
(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions
(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice
8. The word "succinct "in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) creative
(B) satisfactory
(C) personal
(D) concise
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Proponents (line 5)
(B) Optimal (line 5)
(C) Variables (line 17)
(D) Long-range goals (line 25)
10. The word "it" in line 24 refers to
(A) worksheet
(B) problem
(C) distinction
(D) decision
11. The word "revise" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) ask
(B) explain
(C) change
(D) predict
托福閱讀答案：
ADADCABDBB C
托福閱讀之心理學(xué)知識
1.認(rèn)知
在托福聽力中認(rèn)知類文章首先會提出一種現(xiàn)象，然后分析這種現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因。一般情況下通過舉例子等方法進(jìn)行分析。例如，
TPO10 lecture 4關(guān)于兒童健忘癥的兩種解釋。一種是兒童在3歲之前的階段確實也形成了記憶，但是在我們長大的過程中就慢慢遺忘了;另一種是3歲以下的孩子缺乏記憶認(rèn)知能力。
TPO15 lecture 1做事情時的精力分散和怎么集中精力做事情。首先講的分散精力的一種遺忘;以電腦上敲字母為例子，后來又舉分辨字母大小寫的例子，講到大腦區(qū)域的一部分V5與注意力的關(guān)系。
2.條件反射
一般情況下，這類文章會根據(jù)一個例子，然后提出假設(shè)，接著用實驗驗證假設(shè)，最后得出結(jié)論，考生可以分析文章的假設(shè)的觀點，實驗的方法以及結(jié)論，這三部分加深對文章的理解。
TPO14 lecture 1舉了一個關(guān)于單詞的例子解釋了認(rèn)識能力，記憶力和想象力，這些都是引導(dǎo)我們熟悉某事物并相信其存在的內(nèi)在精神過程。每一個過程都有其局限性，可能會讓我們產(chǎn)生錯誤的新年或做出錯誤的預(yù)測。
TPO2 lecture 1肌肉運動規(guī)律反應(yīng)出我們的想法。約翰沃森認(rèn)為喉部的運動是我們思想的符號。這是因為我們
解決問題的時候喉部肌肉運動增加。威廉詹姆斯認(rèn)為人們都有自己意識不到的動作和活動，但是這些結(jié)論都是不確定的。
心理學(xué)高頻詞匯
psychology n. 心理學(xué);心理狀態(tài)
behaviorism n. 行為主義
muscular adj. 肌肉的;肌肉發(fā)達(dá)的;強健的
amnesia n. 健忘癥，[內(nèi)科] 記憶缺失
cognitive adj. 認(rèn)知的，認(rèn)識的
psychology n. 心理學(xué);心理狀態(tài)
infants n. 嬰兒(infant的復(fù)數(shù));嬰幼兒
cognitive adj. 認(rèn)知的，認(rèn)識的
distraction n. 注意力分散;消遣;心煩意亂
心理學(xué)家從事基礎(chǔ)研究的目的是描述、解釋、預(yù)測和影響行為。應(yīng)用心理學(xué)家還有第五個目的--提高人類生活的質(zhì)量。這些目標(biāo)構(gòu)成了心理學(xué)事業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)。
心理學(xué)符號的含義：符號在希臘語里是靈魂的意思，后來變成英文psyche。
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