閱讀一篇托福文章多久算合格
其實根據(jù)托福閱讀是否遇到加試有一定關(guān)系，托福閱讀的時間也是不一定的，但是基本上我們做閱讀的時候一篇最好不能超過20分鐘，也并不會嚴格計時每一篇閱讀的答題時間的。下面大家看一些具體的分析吧!
閱讀一篇托福文章多久算合格
閱讀部分：3——5篇學(xué)術(shù)文章，每篇700字左右，每篇12-14個問題，時間60-100分鐘。大至上也要3到4個小時如果仍有問題可上。對于無加試的閱讀部分，變化前后的時間總量沒有變化，都是60分鐘，對于有加試的閱讀部分，變化之前是一篇閱讀和兩篇文章再加加試的兩篇文章，時間總量為100分，變化之后是一篇閱讀和兩篇文章再加加試的一篇文章，時間總量為80分鐘，加試的文章量由以前的兩篇變?yōu)榱艘黄?/p>
各篇之間不再單獨計時
變化之前考試時間比較死板，第一篇文章必須在20分鐘以內(nèi)做完，等到第一篇文章做完后才能繼續(xù)在后40分鐘做后面兩篇文章，有加試的考生還必須等把第二次的兩篇文章做完后，才能繼續(xù)做加試部分的題，如果各部分超過時間還沒有做完的題，就不能算入成績。變化之后考試時間更為靈活，沒有加試的考生有60分鐘的考試時間做三篇文章，有加試的考生有80分鐘的時間做四篇文章，沒有強制規(guī)定先做哪篇后做哪篇。
提醒各位同學(xué)：考試做第一篇文章，不要超20分鐘
有一些考生必須把文章一字不漏的閱讀和翻譯之后才能做題，往往忽視了閱讀的速度，這種細讀的方法之適用于兩種情況：一種是這篇文章是你曾經(jīng)讀到過的，即使一字一句的讀也不會花太多時間，另外一種是考生已經(jīng)具備相當強的閱讀水平，而且長期運用這種方法。
很多人都認為詞匯題的做的好不好完全取決于自己的詞匯量，事實上詞匯量是占了相當一部分比重，但是不知道大家是否有過這樣的經(jīng)歷，有時候不認識的詞經(jīng)過對上下文的理解和分析也可以作對，反而是那些認識的詞匯經(jīng)常出錯，這是因為大家在面對自己有把握的詞匯時，往往忽略了上下文的重要性，憑感覺選出了一個自認為理所當然的答案。所以，做好詞匯題的關(guān)鍵就在于透徹分析上下文，有時候，個別詞匯題也許需要在文章其他段落尋找線索。
其實閱讀部分不僅是測試大家對托福文章的理解，還包括閱讀的速度，這兩方面都不能被忽視，光是具備扎實的基礎(chǔ)還遠遠不夠，還需要搭配運用巧妙的做題技巧才能取得閱讀高分。
例如當你看到一篇文章，首先要掃一下第一段，看看文章的難易程度，一般情況，平均每篇文章用時11分鐘左右，5篇文章中一定有2篇難度稍微大一些，所以首先定位文章的難度和分數(shù)的比重，有助于合理的安排做題時間，以便在相同的時間內(nèi)拿到最多的分數(shù)。
總的來說，這次結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整對我國學(xué)生來說是一件利好的事，取消了規(guī)定時限做一篇文章的方式，更符合中國學(xué)生的做題習(xí)慣，同時，加試部分減少了一篇文章也在一定程度上降低了考試 的難度。在考試中，考生最好快速對考題進行難易度判斷，先從簡單的文章入手，把時間盡量留給較難的文章，如果第一篇文章只花費了10分鐘，那么后面的空余時間就較多。如果某一個題目不能馬上解答，可以先跳過，最后再回來處理。
新托福閱讀背景知識：夢的背景
夢的背景知識
1953年，美國芝加哥大學(xué)，柯立行曼教授和他的研究生阿賽斯基(Reitman’s & Asterisk)正在用腦電波測量的方法研究睡眠，阿賽斯基負責(zé)觀察被試----是一些嬰兒----睡眠時的腦電圖。阿賽斯基也許是個很細心的人，再不然就是嬰兒可愛的面龐吸引了他。他在觀察腦電圖的同時，還看了嬰兒的臉，遇然間他發(fā)現(xiàn)，每當腦電上波出現(xiàn)快波時，嬰兒的眼球就會快束速運動，仿佛閉著眼睛在看什么東西。
這是怎么回事?柯立特曼和阿賽斯基猜想這或許和夢有關(guān)。他們把一些成人被試帶到實驗室里，在他們頭上接到電極，然后讓他們睡覺。當腦電圖出現(xiàn)快波時，他們的眼球也開始了快速運動?？铝⑻芈桶①愃够泵拘阉麄儯瑔査麄兪欠褡鰤?，他們回答說：是的。
而當沒有快速眼動的時候，被叫醒的被試大多數(shù)都說自己不是正在做夢。
由此，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，夢和腦電圖的快波和快速眼動是相聯(lián)系的。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一夜的睡眠過程是兩種睡眠的交替，在較短的快波睡眠后，是時間較長的慢波睡眠，然后又是快波睡眠，如此循環(huán)。慢波睡眠又可劃分為4個階段或稱4期。因此更具體他說，睡眠的程序是：覺醒→慢波、期→2期→3期→4期→快波睡眠，為第一個周期，然后再次重復(fù)慢波睡眠期→2期→3期→4期→快波睡眠，如此循環(huán)。一般從一次快波睡眠到下一次快波睡眠的間隔時為70-120分鐘，平均90分鐘。一夜大致要循環(huán)4-6次。越到后半夜，快波睡眠越長、越慢睡眠越短。
由于快波睡眠期是人做夢的時期，我們由睡眠過程的腦電圖可推斷，一個人每夜一般會做4-6個夢，前半夜的夢較短，后半夜的夢較長。根據(jù)研究，整夜共有約1-2小時的時間人是在做夢。
由于每個人正常睡眠時間都超過一個循環(huán)的時間，由此可知每個人每晚都要做夢。有些人自稱自己睡覺從不做夢，是因為他醒來后把夜里的夢忘記了。
早期的研究者們假設(shè)，只在在快波睡眠時才有夢。但是近斯的研究卻發(fā)現(xiàn)，慢波睡眠期也有夢。慢波睡眠的夢不像一般的夢那樣由形象構(gòu)，也不像一般的夢那么生動富于象征性。例如，一個從慢波睡眠中剛醒來的人會說“我正在想著明天的考試”，研究者還發(fā)現(xiàn)，大多數(shù)的夢游和夢話都是出現(xiàn)在慢波睡眠期。
腦電波可以指示出人是否在做夢，因此腦電波測測量是研究夢的一個主要手段。
但是腦電波卻不能說明夢和睡眠的生理機制，更無法告訴我們夢是什么，關(guān)于夢的生理機制目前還有極少研究，但是對睡眠的生理機制卻有很多的研究，這對我們的理解夢有一定的參考性價值。
早期的生理學(xué)家巴甫洛夫認為：睡眠就是大腦皮層神經(jīng)活動停止，也即所謂抑制。夢是大腦皮神經(jīng)活動停止時，偶爾出現(xiàn)皮層比做一個燃燒的火堆，那么按巴甫洛夫的觀點，睡眠就是這堆火熄滅了，而夢就是在木炭灰燼中偶爾亮起來的火星。
近十幾年來，通過對睡眠的生活機制的研究，人們知道巴甫洛夫的觀點是不準確的。睡眠不是覺醒狀態(tài)的終結(jié)，不是神經(jīng)活動的停止或休息，而是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中另一種形式的活動，是一個主動的過程。
腦具有一種負責(zé)清醒----轉(zhuǎn)換的中樞，即網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)。這是腦于中一群彌散的神經(jīng)核團，當它受到刺激時會使熟睡者醒過來。而當實驗者破壞了實驗動物的網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)是時，這個動物就會從此“一睡不醒”。
網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)的活動受到來自上下兩方面的神經(jīng)沖動的影響。上方，大腦皮層的活動會影響它，因此思慮過多憂心忡忡的人會失眠。下主，來自感覺器官的神經(jīng)沖動影響它，因此噪雜的聲音也會干擾人們的睡眠。除此之外，網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)的活動還受到兩個神經(jīng)中樞的控制，一個叫中縫核，另一個叫藍斑。中縫核可導(dǎo)致慢波睡眠。藍斑則導(dǎo)致快波睡眠，從而與夢有關(guān)系。
藍斑產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)興奮，主要通過腦的視神經(jīng)束。也許，這和人在夢中所見到的景色有關(guān)。另外，藍斑可能也起著在睡眠中抑制身軀運動的作用。
研究腦生化的科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，中縫核產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)主要是5--羥色胺。在電損毀動物中縫核前部后，腦5--羥色胺含量大減，同時，動物的慢波睡眠也明顯減少，如果把5--羥色胺直接射到動物的中縫核，則動物的慢波睡眠延長，可見5--羥色胺和慢波睡眠有關(guān)。
藍斑區(qū)域可產(chǎn)生去甲腎上腺素，它與快波睡眠有關(guān)。在損毀動物藍斑中后部時，去甲腎上腺素減少。同時，快波睡眠也減少。
去甲腎上腺素不僅與快波睡波有關(guān)，與覺醒狀態(tài)的維持也有關(guān)。當腦內(nèi)去甲腎上腺素含量增加是，實驗中的動物會從睡夢中醒來。
同生物的研究，似乎可以引向這樣一種推測，快波睡眠和覺醒有相似之處，當然，快波睡眠和覺醒決不是一回事。首先就是快波睡眠時運動是被抑制的。但是，和慢波睡眠相比，它和覺醒狀態(tài)在表現(xiàn)上共性還是稍多一些。它也有較多的心理活動。
對睡眠，特別是與夢有關(guān)的快波睡眠的生理層面的研究，使我們對夢的作用有了一定的理解。如果用藥物或其它技術(shù)抑制快波睡眠，被試者的注意、學(xué)習(xí)記憶功能就會到損害，同時，情緒會變得焦慮，憤怒，并造成處理人際關(guān)系能力下降。由此提示，夢對改善學(xué)習(xí)與記憶，對改善情緒和社會能力可能有作用。
還有一些研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)，快波睡眠和夢可能與新信息的編碼有關(guān)。一些沒有見到過的新形象在夢里得到“復(fù)習(xí)”和“整理”，然后存入長時記憶庫中去，根據(jù)這種假說，嬰兒每天見到的新東西多，所以就需要多做夢，老年人難得會見到什么新東西，因此就不必多做夢。實際上，嬰兒快波睡眠的時間占總睡眠時間的比例也確實遠大于老年人。實驗也發(fā)現(xiàn)，在環(huán)境豐富的條件下飼養(yǎng)大白鼠快波睡眠的總時間和百分比都比其它大白鼠更長更多。由此提示，至少“復(fù)習(xí)整理新形象和新知識”是夢的作用之一。
新托福閱讀背景知識：漢謨拉比法典
The code of Hammurabi
Hammurabi was the ruler who chiefly established the greatness of Babylon, the world's first metropolis. Many relics of Hammurabi's reign ([1795-1750 BC]) have been preserved, and today we can study this remarkable King....as a wise law-giver in his celebrated code . . .
by far the most remarkable of the Hammurabi records is his code of laws, the earliest-known example of a ruler proclaiming publicly to his people an entire body of laws, arranged in orderly groups, so that all men might read and know what was required of them. The code was carved upon a black stone monument, eight feet high, and clearly intended to be reared in public view. This noted stone was found in the year 1901, not in Babylon, but in a city of the Persian mountains, to which some later conqueror must have carried it in triumph. It begins and ends with addresses to the gods. Even a law code was in those days regarded as a subject for prayer, though the prayers here are chiefly cursing of whoever shall neglect or destroy the law.
Yet even with this earliest set of laws, as with most things Babylonian, we find ourselves dealing with the end of things rather than the beginnings. Hammurabi's code was not really the earliest. The preceding sets of laws have disappeared, but we have found several traces of them, and Hammurabi's own code clearly implies their existence. He is but reorganizing a legal system long established.
新托福閱讀背景知識：植物適應(yīng)沙漠
Plant adaptation to the desert(背景材料)
Cactus adaptations.
The secret to the superior endurance of cacti lies in their adaptations. Over millions of years, through natural selection, only the strongest and best adapted species survived.
As you know, it is very dry in the desert. Plants that adapt to this are known as xerophytes (from zeros, dry and python, plant). There are plants that avoid the dry season by sprouting from seed just after the spring rain and growing very fast so that by the time the dry season comes, they have already produced a lot of seeds and died. These seeds lie on the soil for the dry season and sprout again in spring and the cycle repeats. Other xerophytes simply drop their leaves and stay dormant for the winter. But there is another special type of xerophytes which stores water in its fleshy tissues. Such plants are called succulents (from success, juicy). The cactus is a typical example of a succulent.
If you cut a cactus open, you see a juicy, slimy tissue. This is where the moisture is stored for the dry season. The part between the middle circle (and pith) and just under the very green part of the plant (or palisade parenchyma) just under the skin is allocated for the storage of water and food for the plant. This is a type of spongy parenchyma and can take up to 85% of the plant's volume. This is a major adaptation in the desert. Because the plant remains completely alive during the dry season and there is no need for it to dry up and lose everything, makes it possible for the plant to grow to large sizes. Another advantage is that the plant retains supplies (in the form of starch) for the winter so that it can flower right away in spring without accumulating more supplies (as most plants need to do in spring). The whole purpose of storing supplies for the winter is mostly to energize flowering in spring but it also lets the cactus start growing much sooner.
Flowering plants breathe and transpire (evaporate water from their surface) through closeable microscopic pores called stoats on the leaves or stems. To do this, their pores have to be open. In most plants these are open all day and on warm nights. But for cacti this is inconvenient as in daytime it is very hot and thus the plant would lose a lot of water through evaporation. So the cactus must close them in the daytime. But then it cannot breathe or photosynthesize (the process where sugars are made from carbon dioxide and water and releasing oxygen using the sun's energy). Succulents have an adaptation to that. Their stoats are closed during the day and are open at night, when it is not that hot and store carbon dioxide in its tissues as crass lean acid and then turn it back to carbon dioxide in the daytime. This process is called crass lean acid metabolism or CAM and it is a very smart way of respiring in the desert.
If we look at the outside of the plant, we notice that there is a tough leathery skin covering the plant, we can also notice the presence of ribs and spines and sometimes fur. These are all very smart adaptations. They serve mainly for surviving heat but are also used as defense.
The tough leathery skin is very impermeable to water, thus reducing evaporation from the surface of the plant. This skin often has a layer of plant wax on it which is often lightly colored (Pilosocereus azures is an example of a plant with such wax), white or blue. This reflects light and also reduces evaporation from the inside.
The ribs are special structures that are also used for enduring extreme heat. The ribs (and spines) trap wind so that the plant is enveloped in a layer of extremely still air, and this is a very important factor in reducing evaporation. On very windy days even the ribs don't help and cacti sometimes wilt because of high water loss.
The spines have different functions. They not only help shade the plant from the sun but are also known to help the cactus absorb water. They do it like this. On cool nights, dew settles on the spines of the plant. The spines are actually known to draw droplets of water towards the areole (the point out of which the spines grow) and here the droplets are absorbed. You can try this at home. Spray the plants with a very fine mist of water and watch what happens to the droplets that settle on the spines. They literally get attracted to the areole along the spine. The spine's structure allows them to do this. Even spines pointing downwards seem to suck the droplets up themselves.
Adaptation features are visible in this Pilosocereus glauchochorous. Notice the spines, ribs, fur and wax (the blue coloration). The top of a typically adapted plant.
Some plants have fur; sometimes all over the plant, sometimes only near the top. This fur shades the plant even further and is also known to attract water towards the areole. Some plants only have fur near the top. This is very beneficial because the top of the plant is very sensitive to sunlight, new tissues get formed there. Young areoles, with their spines not even wooded yet can get dried up completely in the sun. When an areole is born near the top of the plant, it starts developing spines. At this time the fur appears as well. This fur accompanies the areole as it moves down the plant, shading the growing point inside. By the time the areole is about 15cm away from the top, the fur wears out completely and the now inactive areole gets exposed to the sun.
As for the roots of cacti, they are also fully adapted to living in the desert. Some species (especially plants from very dry deserts) have very shallow root systems that spread very far from the plant. This way the plant can take advantage of tiny amounts of moisture from dew or light rain as the roots spread far away and are very shallow (less than 10cm deep while spreading up to 5 meters from the parent plant). On the other hand, some cacti send their roots deep down (like many Echinocacti) to reach the ground water.
Rainforest cacti often have aerial roots that can collect water all the time when it rains (and it rains very often in South American forests).
The shape of cacti itself is an adaptation. You may have noticed that cacti have a barrel like or candle like shape. This allows for maximum internal volume with a minimum surface area, which is also very smart adaption as a cactus can store a lot of water and have a small external surface area to reduce water loss.
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