托福閱讀句子插入題實(shí)例剖析
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托福閱讀句子插入題實(shí)例剖析
每篇閱讀文章的倒數(shù)第二題為句子插入題。此題給出一個(gè)額外的句子，并且在原文的幾個(gè)句子間給出四個(gè)方塊，每個(gè)方塊分別代表前后兩個(gè)句子之間的空位。我們需將這個(gè)句子放入其中的某一個(gè)位置，作為最佳答案。
這種題長(zhǎng)這樣：
怎么做插入句子題?
題目給出的句子(后文直接稱之為“插入句”)能被放入其中一個(gè)位置的原因，就是這個(gè)句子與正確位置的前后文存在著某種語(yǔ)義上的聯(lián)系。在閱讀原文之前，若能根據(jù)一些信息詞找出這種聯(lián)系，并且推測(cè)前后文的信息，則我們?cè)谡掖鸢傅臅r(shí)候就會(huì)更準(zhǔn)確。
做插入句子題時(shí)的步驟應(yīng)該是醬紫的：
1)仔細(xì)閱讀插入句，準(zhǔn)確理解句意
2)根據(jù)句內(nèi)信息詞，推斷插入位置前或后可能出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容
3)尋找復(fù)合推測(cè)的位置
4)將句子放入，講插入句及前后兩句話連起來(lái)通讀一遍，檢驗(yàn)是否流暢邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、語(yǔ)意流暢
信息詞是啥?如何根據(jù)這類詞推測(cè)?
插入句子題中出現(xiàn)的信息詞分兩類：1. 代詞;2. 邏輯詞
1)指代詞
這里的指代詞指的是：1. 代詞;2. 定冠詞the+名詞所組成詞。
代詞(Pronoun)是代替名詞或一句話的一種詞類。the+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，在文中有時(shí)會(huì)起指代前文的作用。大部分出現(xiàn)指代詞的插入句子題非常簡(jiǎn)單。
當(dāng)題目的句子中出現(xiàn)指代詞，插入位置前面必然會(huì)提到其指代的內(nèi)容。這個(gè)時(shí)候，若我們能根據(jù)代詞的種類、指代詞的詞義和插入句的句意推斷出指代的具體內(nèi)容，那么只需要將插入句放入出現(xiàn)該內(nèi)容的句子之后的位置，即可滿足指代關(guān)系，得到答案
# 情況1
如果四個(gè)位置中，只有一個(gè)位置前面出現(xiàn)句中指代詞的指代對(duì)象，則這個(gè)位置就是我們的正確答案。
例題如下：
句中出現(xiàn)代詞“this massive population”，這巨大的群體數(shù)量來(lái)自于“twelve pairs of imported rabbits”，則插入位置前面必然提到巨大的兔群數(shù)量。
只有第一個(gè)位置前面的句子提到“hundreds of millions of European rabbits”，可以構(gòu)成指代的對(duì)象。所以A就是妥妥的正確答案。
# 情況2(較少出現(xiàn))
如果四個(gè)位置中有多個(gè)位置的前面存在著“可能成為”指代詞的指代對(duì)象的信息，那么往往只有其中一個(gè)內(nèi)容能夠符合指代詞的“特性”。
例題如下：
句中出現(xiàn)代詞“this period”，插入位置前面必然提到某一個(gè)時(shí)期。同時(shí)，我們還要注意，句子還提到，這個(gè)時(shí)期里Sweden和Denmark經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展特別好。
原文前三個(gè)位置之前的句子都提到了時(shí)期，分別是18世紀(jì)、19世紀(jì)上半葉和19世紀(jì)下半葉。然而前兩句話所說(shuō)的時(shí)期中，Sweden和Denmark都是處在落后的位置。而第三句話however轉(zhuǎn)折之后的信息提到，19世紀(jì)下半葉，尤其是最后二三十年，它們(指的是Netherlands、Denmark、Norway和Sweden)發(fā)展特別快。也就是說(shuō)，19世紀(jì)下半葉才是插入句中this period指代的內(nèi)容，前兩個(gè)時(shí)期都不能復(fù)合指代內(nèi)容的特性。所以C是正確答案。
# 情況3
有些插入句由于代詞性質(zhì)比較特殊，又或?qū)τ诖~的描述信息較少，故無(wú)法直接準(zhǔn)確的推測(cè)出代詞所指的內(nèi)容，只能得到一個(gè)大概的方向。此時(shí)需要結(jié)合原文句意，逐個(gè)位置確認(rèn)和排除。
例題如下：
句中出現(xiàn)“for this reason”，前文所提到的信息導(dǎo)致“相同面積下，desert中的the total amount of plant material比temperate forest中的the total amount of plant material低100倍”。此時(shí)并不能直接得出this reason所指信息具體內(nèi)容，但可知，該reason為插入句的原因，正確位置必然能滿足這個(gè)因果關(guān)系。
找到1、2位置之間的句子“Water controls the volume of plant matter produced.”。其中the volume of plant matter和the total amount of plant material意思相同，其次由于water的控制作用，確實(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致兩個(gè)水量不同的地區(qū)(desert和forest)產(chǎn)生差別，前后邏輯非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，所以B是正確答案。
2)邏輯詞
邏輯詞僅僅是為了簡(jiǎn)(zhuang)潔(bi)而起的一個(gè)名字，指的是能夠表示句間邏輯關(guān)系的那些詞，如however、but、therefore、also、then等等。
出現(xiàn)這些邏輯詞的時(shí)候，代表著插入句的句意和其前句或后句在信息上存在著某種邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)找到的邏輯關(guān)系，結(jié)合插入句的句意，可以大致推測(cè)一下前文或后文的句意，以此作為尋找正確答案的指向性信息。
例題1
句中出現(xiàn)“also”，根據(jù)句意，可以推測(cè)正確位置之前至少會(huì)提到與動(dòng)物相關(guān)的某種特性，所以才會(huì)緊跟插入句所說(shuō)的“also有雄性O(shè)動(dòng)物的call”。發(fā)現(xiàn)第二個(gè)位置前面提到rhinoceros hornbill的叫聲cries和gibbons的喊聲calls，那么把插入句放到第二個(gè)位置，起到了進(jìn)一步舉例說(shuō)明的作用，滿足了also的關(guān)系，前后邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。
例題2
題目出現(xiàn)however，表示本句為轉(zhuǎn)折句。轉(zhuǎn)折句出現(xiàn)表示前后文應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)論述重點(diǎn)的不同，較多出現(xiàn)的情況為后文反駁前文，較少出現(xiàn)的情況也會(huì)表示后文開(kāi)始論述與前文不完全相同的另一個(gè)內(nèi)容。
根據(jù)插入句的句意“然而，為了更好理解睡眠中的呼吸，先搞清楚平時(shí)是如何呼吸是很有幫助的”，可以推斷出本句具有明顯的承上啟下的作用，承接上文論述的“睡眠中的呼吸”，引起下文所述的“平時(shí)是如何呼吸的”。根據(jù)推斷尋找后，發(fā)現(xiàn)C位置符合承上啟下的關(guān)系，即為正確答案。
3)信息的重復(fù)
還有一些插入句，既不包含指代詞，也不包含邏輯詞。但這類插入句的難度其實(shí)并不大。
和所有插入句相同，不包含信息詞的插入句也和正確位置的前句或后句存在語(yǔ)義上的聯(lián)系，這個(gè)聯(lián)系就是信息的重復(fù)。當(dāng)我們找到原文某一個(gè)句子，所述內(nèi)容與插入句內(nèi)容相關(guān)時(shí)，再來(lái)判斷應(yīng)該把插入句放在這個(gè)句子的前面還是后面，就能得到答案了。
看一道例題會(huì)更清楚。
插入句并沒(méi)有指代詞和邏輯詞出現(xiàn)，只表達(dá)了句意“城市里有著多種多樣的生活和工作”。這個(gè)時(shí)候，我們直接回原文，尋找哪個(gè)句子提到或圍繞“城市里的生活和工作”進(jìn)行論述。發(fā)現(xiàn)原文第二句話“Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants.”，其實(shí)就是具體的闡述city里的工作都有什么，人們都干嘛，與插入句句意是重復(fù)的。且前面一句話最后提到了secular，暗指的其實(shí)就是日常生活和工作。所以A是最合適的位置。
前一句話先表達(dá)出“除了政治經(jīng)濟(jì)和宗教活動(dòng)，cities還有很多日?；顒?dòng)”，緊接著后兩句話先總述“城市中的(日常)生活和工作是多種多樣的”，之后再非常具體的舉例描述都存在什么樣的工作和生活，前后邏輯非常吻合，語(yǔ)意流暢。
4)綜合
本句既出現(xiàn)代詞“this”也出現(xiàn)邏輯詞“however”，不過(guò)this指代內(nèi)容比較模糊?？梢酝茰y(cè)出，前面提到的句意，在插入句中得到了否定(not the case)。其次，根據(jù)however存在的轉(zhuǎn)折和承上啟下的關(guān)系，后文非常有可能展開(kāi)論述this指代內(nèi)容為何不是真實(shí)情況(not the case)。結(jié)合推測(cè)，找到C位置的前后，符合這個(gè)關(guān)系。前一句話說(shuō)“如果理論正確，則呼吸二氧化碳多會(huì)導(dǎo)致打哈欠增多，呼吸氧氣多會(huì)減少打哈欠”，后一句話表示“真實(shí)情況是(in fact)，不管是二氧化碳還是氧氣，打哈欠的頻率都是相同的”，所以后一句話就是通過(guò)描述真實(shí)情況，而對(duì)前一句理論所推測(cè)和估計(jì)的情況起到反駁的作用。
記得帶進(jìn)去檢驗(yàn)
檢驗(yàn)指的是前文做題步驟中的第四步：將句子放入，講插入句及前后兩句話連起來(lái)通讀一遍，檢驗(yàn)是否流暢邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、語(yǔ)意流暢。
這個(gè)步驟必不可少，來(lái)看一道例題。
本句出現(xiàn)“moreover”，表示插入句和前文是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，表示進(jìn)一步的論述。后面出現(xiàn)“other evidence”，指出前面應(yīng)該有某些evidence。句中出現(xiàn)even if的讓步關(guān)系，再結(jié)合句意“此外，其他證據(jù)表明，即使無(wú)冰走廊確實(shí)存在，它也會(huì)缺乏人類居住所必須的資源”，可以推測(cè)出，前文的evidence應(yīng)該是在論證“ice-free corridor”不存在，這里才會(huì)遞進(jìn)+讓步，表示“即使存在，也…”的句意。根據(jù)這個(gè)推測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)C位置前面一句話指出：Glen Macdonald證明支持“ice-free corridor”存在的信息其實(shí)是錯(cuò)誤的。也就是在暗示“ice-free corridor”不存在，能夠和插入句緊密連接。
但萬(wàn)萬(wàn)沒(méi)有想到的是，C位置后面依舊在論述這種corridor不存在：他非常有力地指出，這種無(wú)冰走廊直到之后的時(shí)期才出現(xiàn)。并且此句中開(kāi)頭第一個(gè)單詞就是“he”，指代的是前句所論述的Glen Macdonald，而插入句卻并沒(méi)有能夠滿足he這個(gè)指代的內(nèi)容。所以，插入句應(yīng)該放在D位置，待本段最后兩句話把corridor不存在的事情講完，再出現(xiàn)“moreover”進(jìn)行遞進(jìn)。
這個(gè)題目告訴我們，不僅需要確認(rèn)某個(gè)位置的前文與插入句緊密連接，還要往后看一句，確保萬(wàn)無(wú)一失。
托福閱讀真題1
From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor for clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith for metalwork. Where stone was the local building material, a mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for goods in kind from the customer's field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer; wove cloth of yarn spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood cut in the customer's own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm.
Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy scene, by one historian, as an orchestra conducted by nature. Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials. While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality — and few in rural areas were. Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.
1. What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Farming practices
(B) The work of artisans
(C) The character of rural neighborhoods
(D) Types of furniture that were popular
2. The word inception in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) investigation
(B) location
(C) beginning
(D) records
3. The word fabricating in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) constructing
(B) altering
(C) selecting
(D) demonstrating
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of artificial light in colonial times was
(A) especially helpful to woodworkers
(B) popular in rural areas
(C) continuous in winter
(D) expensive
5. Why did colonial artisans want to regularize their schedules and methods (line 18)?
(A) to enable them to produce high quality products
(B) to enable them to duplicate an item many times
(C) to impress their customers
(D) to keep expenses low
6. The phrase resort to in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) protecting with
(B) moving toward
(C) manufacturing
(D) using
7. The word few' in lines 23 refers to
(A) woodworkers
(B) finished pieces
(C) customers
(D) chests
8. It can be inferred that the artisans referred to in the passage usually produced products that
were
(A) simple
(B) delicate
(C) beautifully decorated
(D) exceptionally long-lasting
PASSAGE 61 BCADD DCA
托福閱讀真題2
Molting is one of the most involved processes of a bird's annual life cycle. Notwithstanding preening and constant care, the marvelously intricate structure of a bird's feather inevitably wears out. All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that are nearing the end of their useful life. Two distinct processes are involved in molting. The first step is when the old, worn feather is dropped, or shed. The second is when a new feather grows in its place. When each feather has been shed and replaced, then the molt can be said to be complete. This, however, is an abstraction that often does not happen: incomplete, overlapping, and arrested molts are quite common.
Molt requires that a bird find and process enough protein to rebuild approximately one-third of its body weight. It is not surprising that a bird in heavy molt often seems listless and unwell. But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration. Generally, molt occurs at the time of least stress on the bird. Many songbirds, for instance, molt in late summer, when the hard work of breeding is done but the weather is still warm and food still plentiful. This is why the woods in late summer often seem so quiet, when compared with the exuberant choruses of spring.
Molt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.
1. The passage mainly discusses how
(A) birds prepare for breeding
(B) bird feathers differ from species
(C) birds shed and replace their feathers
(D) birds are affected by seasonal changes
2. The word Notwithstanding in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) despite
(B) because of
(C) instead of
(D) regarding
3. The word intricate in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) regular
(B) complex
(C) interesting
(D) important
4. The word random in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) unfortunate
(B) unusual
(C) unobservable
(D) unpredictable
5. The word optimal in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) slow
(B) frequent
(C) best
(D) early
6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason that songbirds molt in the late summer?
(A) Fewer predators are in the woods.
(B) The weathers are still warm.
(C) The songbirds have finished breeding.
(D) Food is still available.
7. Some birds that are molting maintain balance during flight by
(A) constantly preening and caring for their remaining feathers
(B) dropping flight feathers on both sides at the same time
(C) adjusting the angle of their flight to compensate for lost feathers
(D) only losing one-third of their feathers
8. The word Others in line 21 refers to
(A) ducks
(B) sides
(C) species
(D) flight feathers
9. The author discusses ducks in order to provide an example of birds that
(A) grow replacement feathers that are very long
(B) shed all their wing feathers at one time
(C) keep their innermost feathers
(D) shed their outermost feathers first
10. It can be inferred from the discussion about ducks that the molting of their flight feathers
takes
(A) a year
(B) a season
(C) several months
(D) a few weeks
PASSAGE 62 CABDC ABCBD
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