老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE27
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老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE 27
The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles to large boulders. The most abundant particles — sand, silt, and clay — are the focus of examination in studies of soil texture. Texture is the term used to describe the composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically several representative handfuls.
To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are sorted out by size and weight. The weights of each size are then expressed as a percentage of the sample weight. In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of soil and squeezing the damp soil into three basic shapes; (1) cast, a lump formed by squeezing a sample in a clenched fist; (2) thread, a pencil shape formed by rolling soil between the palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by squeezing a small sample between the thumb and index finger. The behavioral characteristics of the soil when molded into each of these shapes, if they can be formed at all, provide the basis for a general textural classification. The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the amount of clay in the sample. Clay particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened, behave as a plastic. Therefore the higher the clay content in a sample, the more refined and durable the shapes into which it can be molded.
Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices called sediment sieves, screens built with a specified mesh size. When the soil is filtered through a group of sieves, each with a different mesh size, the particles become grouped in corresponding size categories. Each category can be weighed to make a textural determination. Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger particles, they are not appropriate for clay particles. Clay is far too small to sieve accurately; therefore, in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles are measured on the basis of their settling velocity when suspended in water. Since clays settle so slowly, they are easily segregated from sand and silt. The water can be drawn off and evaporated, leaving a residue of clay, which can be weighed.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Characteristics of high quality soil
(B) Particles typically found in most soils
(C) How a high clay content affects the texture of soil
(D) Ways to determine the texture of soil
2. The author mentions "several representative handfuls" in line 4 in order to show
(A) the range of soil samples
(B) the process by which soil is weighed
(C) the requirements for an adequate soil sample
(D) how small soil particles are weighted
3. The phrase "sorted out" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) mixed
(B) replaced
(C) carried
(D) separated
4. It can be inferred that the names of the three basic shapes mentioned in paragraph 2 reflect
(A) the way the soil is extracted
(B) the results of squeezing the soil
(C) the need to check more than one handful
(D) the difficulty of forming different shapes
5. The word "dampened" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) damaged
(B) stretched
(C) moistened
(D) examined
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a soil sample with little or no clay in it?
(A) It is not very heavy.
(B) It may not hold its shape when molded.
(C) Its shape is durable
(D) Its texture cannot be classified
7. The word "they" in line 21 refers to
(A) categories
(B) sieves
(C) larger particles
(D) clay particles
8. It can be inferred from the passage that the sediment sieve has an advantage over the hand test in determining soil texture because
(A) using the sieve takes less time
(B) the sieve can measure clay
(C) less training is required to use the sieve
(D) the sieve allows for a more exact measure
9. During the procedure described in paragraph 3, when clay particles are placed into water they
(A) stick to the sides of the water container
(B) take some time to sink to the bottom
(C) separate into different sizes
(D) dissolve quickly
10. The word "fine" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) tiny
(B) many
(C) excellent
(D) various
11. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT
(A) texture (line 3)
(B) ribbon (line 10)
(C) sediment sieves (line 18)
(D) evaporated (line 25)
正確答案：DADBC BBDBA D
托福閱讀怎么練?
有些考生則喜歡把文章一字不漏地細讀之后再做題。這種方法僅適合于兩種情況，其一，考生已具備相當?shù)拈喿x水平，長期以來運用這種方法效果甚佳;其二，某一篇具體的文章是考生所熟悉的內(nèi)容，細讀文章并不會花太多的時間。一般來說，大部分考生采用細讀文章方法，做題時間嚴重不足?？忌粦?yīng)該忘記，閱讀理解測試速度和理解兩個方面。
在做詞匯題時，許多考生認為做不對題與自己的詞匯量有關(guān)，認識單詞能做對，不認識單詞就會做錯。事實上，那些認識的單詞經(jīng)常做錯，不認識的單詞反而能做對。原因是，做不認識單詞時，考生會仔細研讀詞匯題的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。而做認識單詞時，忽略上下文的重要性，往往是看一下上下文，便匆匆做出抉擇。所以，做好詞匯題關(guān)鍵在于透徹分析詞匯題上下文的句子，有時候，個別詞匯題也許需要在文章其他段落尋找線索。
做閱讀題首先要花兩三分鐘時間掃描每篇文章頭一兩個句子，定位文章難易程度。一般來說，5篇文章中有2篇難度大一些，比方說：如果最后一篇文章難度大，且12-14道題，在這種情況下，按部就班做題就有可能因時間不夠而做錯好幾道題，帶來巨大的損失。因此首先定位文章難程度，同時目測文章的含金量(即題量分布)，有助于科學(xué)分配閱讀部分的做題時間。
托福文章均由數(shù)個自然段組成，正確的閱讀文章的方法應(yīng)該是把文章首句先吃透，文章首句經(jīng)常為文章主題。然后把首段的其他句子盡快略讀，文章其他段落采取同樣的方法閱讀。各段落其他句子一般來說都是用來說明各個段落的主題句，沒有必要每個句子理解難度大，而不涉及考題，在此句停留無疑是白白浪費時間。所以，采取"結(jié)構(gòu)掃描"法，意味著以最快捷的方式了解文章大意，從而正確引導(dǎo)下一步做具體的題，而不至于出現(xiàn)大方向的理解錯誤。
托福閱讀考試中的題材整理
一、印第安題材
1.白令海峽移民理論
2.印第安文化
3.印第安宗教觀
4.印第安建筑業(yè)：大、先進。
5.印第安手工業(yè)：好。
6.社會組織結(jié)構(gòu)：嚴密、分工細、凝聚力強。
7.農(nóng)業(yè)先進：A. irrigation; B. maize, squash, bean, pea。
二、動植物題材(必考)
1.植物學(xué)題材(不多見)
a. 地衣、苔 、真菌、蘑菇最常見。
b. 樹冠上方生物。
c. 植物在生態(tài)平衡中的作用。
2.動物學(xué)題材(90%以上)
a. 考普通動物為多。最近?？鉴B類、螞蟻、動物智能與滅絕(聯(lián)系天文學(xué)與冰河理論)。
b. 考動物進化(evolution)。
c. 考動物的分類(classification)。
phyla(單數(shù)phylum) —門 class—綱 order—目 family—科 genus—屬 species—種 carnivore/predator—食肉動物 herbivore—食草動物 omnivore—雜食動物
d. 動物的生活習(xí)性最為多見。
j群居(social animal)動物的習(xí)性
a) 螞蟻：社會組織結(jié)構(gòu)—等級制(caste)：交流方式—信息素—氣味;生活來源;外來物種的有害性。
b) 蜜蜂：群居個性; “8”字舞;蜜蜂智能;防御;天敵—大黃蜂。
c) 大猩猩：智能：猩際關(guān)系
k遷徙 (migration )
野鴨、大雁：日照長短;辨別方向。
l偽裝 (camouflage)、花擬態(tài)(mimicry )
三、考古學(xué)(archaeology)題材
1.文化(cultural ) 考古學(xué)
形態(tài)(physical)考古學(xué)(多見)
2.化石(fossil )
j 化石構(gòu)成。化石比原物更沉重 (礦物質(zhì)環(huán)境)
k 化石形成原因。 堅硬物質(zhì)，迅速掩埋。
l 化石與動物的進化關(guān)系。
3.人的左右手
j 使用工具。 證據(jù)：敲擊的劃痕;手柄的形狀。
k 牙齒上的劃痕。
l 大腦左右半球的大小差別;趾骨的粗細差別。
m 作畫時人像的方向
4.古代陶瓷的考古。
Clay, model, wheel (轉(zhuǎn)盤 )， glaze, kiln
5.古代文字的考古。
四、美國歷史題材
1.美國發(fā)展線索
j 發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲階段
哥倫布(意)，為黃金、茶葉、香料
West/East Indian
影響：世界觀變化;國家形勢變化;(愛爾蘭——土豆饑荒 )
k 英國定居階段(English settlement )
1607第一個定居點Captain John S來源：www.examda.commith影響清教徒
1620五月花號
l 殖民時期(colonial era )
m 獨立戰(zhàn)爭(American Revolution )
n 新的國家(new nation)考試大-全國最大教育類網(wǎng)站(www.Examda。com)：南北不均衡
o 南北戰(zhàn)爭(Civil War )
p 戰(zhàn)后重建。 持續(xù)近100年。
q 西進運動 (Westward movement )
r 工業(yè)化大增長
s world war I & II
End ：1960
2.“大熔爐”：地理位置;民族融合1960’s;文化融合。
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