托福閱讀的詞匯總量大概需要多少
托福閱讀詞匯的掌握對(duì)于很多人來說，都是一件比較有困難也是一個(gè)比較有爭議的事情。大多數(shù)在托福備考時(shí)都認(rèn)為，托福閱讀的詞匯當(dāng)然是多多益善，能有一些專業(yè)詞匯當(dāng)然是最好。也會(huì)有小部分人認(rèn)為，對(duì)于托福閱讀來說，也許是六級(jí)的托福詞匯量就可以了。那么，究竟孰對(duì)孰錯(cuò)呢?我們就細(xì)細(xì)研究一下吧。
托福閱讀的詞匯總量大概需要多少
托福閱讀需要六級(jí)以上詞匯量
在托福閱讀中有著這樣的一種題型——詞匯題，它的特點(diǎn)是：你認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞就肯定能做對(duì)，而且能很快地做對(duì)。你不認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞就是經(jīng)過層層推斷，耗費(fèi)了很多時(shí)間還很容易得到錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)果，所以說解決詞匯題的王道就是認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)單詞。那么詞匯題在托福閱讀中究竟有多重要呢?是占了25%以上的比例的。OG上說，每篇閱讀題有3-6個(gè)單詞題(每篇托福閱讀總共只有13個(gè)題呀)，可見詞匯題的重要性--只要把詞匯題解決了，就能輕松拿下托福閱讀中的一大塊分?jǐn)?shù)，還為做其它題節(jié)省了寶貴的時(shí)間。托福閱讀的詞匯題中考到的詞匯是什么難度呢?大概是6級(jí)的詞匯，也有稍難一些的。所以為了保險(xiǎn)起見，單詞的水平要達(dá)到6級(jí)以上，這樣就可以把閱讀中單詞題的分?jǐn)?shù)拿滿。
詞匯量提高閱讀速度
對(duì)于中國考生，托福閱讀的一大障礙在于時(shí)間不夠用，讀文章的速度太慢了。不是說認(rèn)識(shí)單詞就能快速讀懂文章，而是說單詞量太小閱讀速度必然大打折扣!托福閱讀需要知道一點(diǎn)專業(yè)詞匯這不假，但絕非很難很專的詞匯。
托福閱讀考察的詞匯是偏于專業(yè)性質(zhì)的，原因是這樣：托?？荚囀菫榱丝纯忌挠⒄Z水平能否保證其在大學(xué)中順利學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)知識(shí)，因此考察的內(nèi)容是偏重學(xué)術(shù)的方面的，而閱讀文章也多從大學(xué)課本的簡易內(nèi)容中選取。所以在背單詞的時(shí)候?qū)τ趯W(xué)術(shù)詞匯給予一定程度的重視是合理的。
專業(yè)詞匯難度有限
托福閱讀考察的專業(yè)詞匯難度有限。這點(diǎn)也是很自然的，因?yàn)橥懈．吘故且婚T英語水平考試，又不是專業(yè)考試。難度較大的專業(yè)詞匯在閱讀中確實(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)，但根本不是考察的內(nèi)容，而且其意思可以很容易地猜出來。舉個(gè)例子：It should be obvious that cetaceans--whales, porpoises, and dolphins--are mammals，這是OG閱讀題中的一個(gè)原句。這句話中的cetacean就是一個(gè)過分專業(yè)而無需背的單詞，你只要認(rèn)識(shí)了whales，dolphins，mammals就知道了cetacean是生活在水里(海里的)動(dòng)物，而且是哺乳動(dòng)物，這就相當(dāng)于知道了cetacean的意思了。需要記憶的是mammal，whale，dolphin這種比較常用的專業(yè)詞匯，而不是cetacean這種生僻的類型，把精力放在背這種艱澀的單詞上是很不值得的。
托福閱讀出題點(diǎn)的總結(jié)介紹
托福閱讀出題點(diǎn)(1) 時(shí)間和數(shù)字(number)。
一般來說，出現(xiàn)時(shí)間概念的文章(essay)或段落通常和時(shí)間順序(order)有關(guān)，作者會(huì)用不同的時(shí)間點(diǎn)串出一條時(shí)間線索(clue)。而個(gè)別數(shù)字的出現(xiàn)則意味著這個(gè)數(shù)字所闡述概念的重要性是不容忽視的(ignored)，因此，除非文章中出現(xiàn)了數(shù)據(jù)堆積的現(xiàn)象(phenomenon)，考生都需要把數(shù)字記錄(record)下來。在記錄時(shí)間和數(shù)字時(shí)需要注意兩個(gè)問題(question)，一是在記錄時(shí)間的同時(shí)要同步記錄下該時(shí)間點(diǎn)所發(fā)生事件的關(guān)鍵詞，二是無論文章中的時(shí)間和數(shù)字是什么形式(form)，考生在記錄的時(shí)候都一律記錄成阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，以便于之后做題時(shí)的查詢。
托福閱讀出題點(diǎn)(2) 主題段和主題句的關(guān)鍵詞(key words)。
TOEFL文章中的主題段和主題句都是參與搭建文章結(jié)構(gòu)的，因此記錄它們中的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞對(duì)于把握全文的結(jié)構(gòu)非常重要。同時(shí)，文章中有很多的重要信息(information)也會(huì)包含在這部分內(nèi)容中。
托福閱讀出題點(diǎn)(3) 人名、地名和專有名詞(proper noun)。
這些概念在文章中出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，一般都會(huì)出現(xiàn)大寫字母或引號(hào)等標(biāo)記(sign)，非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外，當(dāng)提到這幾個(gè)具體的概念時(shí)(concept)，文章通常是在用這些概念說明某個(gè)理論或者觀點(diǎn)(opinion)，因此記錄下這些概念對(duì)于理解相關(guān)理論和觀點(diǎn)可以起到一定的輔助作用。
托福閱讀出題點(diǎn)(4) 舉例主體。有的時(shí)候，為了說明某些理論和觀點(diǎn)，文章中會(huì)出現(xiàn)大段的舉例文字。
實(shí)際上(in fact)，TOEFL考試中考查這些例子具體內(nèi)容(specific content)的時(shí)候非常少，而更多的是考查作者使用這些例子的原因(reason)或它們所證明的觀點(diǎn)。因此，考生在快速筆記中只需要記錄下例子是什么就可以了，至于例子中所闡述的具體信息，可以適當(dāng)忽略(omit)。
托福閱讀出題點(diǎn)(5) 新概念和局部核心概念。
所謂“新概念”是指當(dāng)考生讀到文章某個(gè)位置時(shí)，之前沒有出現(xiàn)過的概念。這種新概念的出現(xiàn)(appearance)，意味著已有的概念已經(jīng)不能說明這里要闡述的問題，所以，新概念的出現(xiàn)必然也意味著一個(gè)重要信息的出現(xiàn)。而“局部核心概念”是指在連續(xù)的幾個(gè)段落中集中闡述的主題概念，對(duì)于這種概念來說，無論是作為觀點(diǎn)還是舉例大家都應(yīng)該注意(pay attention to)，因?yàn)樗@然是作為重點(diǎn)在文章中被強(qiáng)調(diào)的(emphasized)。
托福閱讀出題點(diǎn)(6) 重要的邏輯關(guān)系(relation)。
很多考生在閱讀文章的時(shí)候只注意到了文章所闡述的重要內(nèi)容，但是忽略了信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系，因而對(duì)信息關(guān)聯(lián)理解不準(zhǔn)確(incorrect)，這也是一種嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤(mistake)。因此，在閱讀過程中記錄下信息之間所產(chǎn)生的邏輯關(guān)系可以避免(avoid)考生丟失信息之間的關(guān)聯(lián)信息。
托福閱讀練習(xí)：笑有利于健康
Laughter is good for the heart because it prolongs life while depression increases the risk of an early death, according to two new studies.
據(jù)兩份最新研究表明，大笑有益心臟健康，能延年益壽; 相反，憂郁增加早死的危險(xiǎn)。
A good bout of laughter every day provides similar cardiovascular benefits as exercise because it stimulates the blood flow, said Michael Miller, who headed one research team at the University of Maryland.
其中一項(xiàng)研究的負(fù)責(zé)人、美國馬里蘭大學(xué)的邁克爾?米勒表示，堅(jiān)持每天開懷大笑，能促進(jìn)血液流動(dòng)，像鍛煉身體一樣，提高心血管健康。
On the other hand, depression -- or the lack of laughter -- is often linked to unhealthy habits such as smoking and drug addiction and increases the risk of death by 44 percent, said Wein Jiang, who led a study of 1,000 heart patients for the University of North Carolina.
另一方面，北卡羅萊納大學(xué)的Wein Jiang負(fù)責(zé)的另一項(xiàng)研究，研究了1000個(gè)心臟病患者則表明，沮喪或者少笑常常與不健康習(xí)慣聯(lián)系在一起。比如，吸煙，吸毒等。同時(shí)，死亡的危險(xiǎn)增加44%。
Miller said laughter produced a "magnitude of change ... in the endothelium ... similar to the benefit we might see with aerobic activity, but without the aches, pains and muscle tension associated with exercise"
Miller稱笑會(huì)在心內(nèi)膜內(nèi)引起很大的變化，其功效類似于我們進(jìn)行的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)，而且避免了因?yàn)殄憻挾弁椿蚣∪饩o張等不良影響。
While laughter should not replace exercise, he said, "We do recommend that you try to laugh on a regular basis. Thirty minutes of exercise three times a week, and 15 minutes of laughter on a daily basis is probably good for the vascular system."
他還表示，笑并不能代替鍛煉。我們強(qiáng)烈建議每天都笑笑。一周堅(jiān)持三次半小時(shí)以上的運(yùn)動(dòng)，每天笑15分鐘，這樣會(huì)對(duì)人們的脈管體統(tǒng)大有裨益?！?/p>
Notes:
cardiovascular [,kɑ:di u'v skjul ] adj. 心血管的
endothelium [,end u'θi:li m] n. 內(nèi)皮;內(nèi)覆組織
aerobic activity: 有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)
托福閱讀練習(xí)：馴服噩夢(mèng)
In the new movie, 'Inception,' a master thief is able to infiltrate peoples' dreams and steal their subconscious secrets -- even plant a dream idea they'll think is their own.As fantastical as that seems, an evolving area of sleep research holds that it is possible for people to direct their own dreams, in a limited way.For example, people who suffer from recurring nightmares can learn to substitute happier endings. Practitioners of lucid dreaming -- who train themselves to be aware that they are dreaming -- say they can try out fantasies like flying.
在新電影《盜夢(mèng)空間》(Inception)中，大盜能夠潛入人們的夢(mèng)中，偷走他們潛意識(shí)中的秘密──甚至還能植入夢(mèng)的構(gòu)思，讓人們以為那是自己的夢(mèng)。正如它所展現(xiàn)的奇妙想象一樣，一個(gè)發(fā)展之中的睡眠研究領(lǐng)域認(rèn)為，人們可以有限地指揮自己的夢(mèng)。例如，反復(fù)做噩夢(mèng)的人可以學(xué)會(huì)用更快樂的夢(mèng)境結(jié)局取而代之。清醒夢(mèng)境的實(shí)踐者──訓(xùn)練自己意識(shí)到在做什么夢(mèng)的人──說，他們可以在夢(mèng)中嘗試像飛行這樣的幻想。
Ordering up a dream about a nagging personal problem is difficult, but possible, says Robert Stickgold, an associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. 'As you go to bed tonight, really think about some of those emotional issues that you haven't wanted to deal with. You've got about a 10% to 20% shot.'
哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院(Harvard Medical School)的精神病學(xué)副教授羅伯特 斯蒂克戈?duì)柕?Robert Stickgold)說，控制關(guān)于煩人的個(gè)人問題的夢(mèng)很難，但卻是可能的。“如果你今晚上床時(shí)考慮過某些你不想處理的感情問題，那么你夢(mèng)到這些問題的幾率約為10%至20%?！?/p>
That fits with the current understanding of what dreams are and why we have them. Once thought to represent repressed sexual urges, or simply neurons firing randomly, dreams are now believed to be mash-ups created by the unconscious mind as it processes, sorts and stores emotions from the day.'We take our problems to sleep and we work through them during the night,' says Rosalind Cartwright, an emeritus professor of at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, who has spent nearly 50 years studying sleep and dreams.
這與目前人們對(duì)夢(mèng)是什么以及我們?yōu)楹螘?huì)做夢(mèng)的理解相符。人們?cè)?jīng)認(rèn)為夢(mèng)表示被壓抑的性沖動(dòng)，或只是隨機(jī)的神經(jīng)元放電，但現(xiàn)在人們認(rèn)為，夢(mèng)是由潛意識(shí)處理、分類和儲(chǔ)存白天的情感時(shí)產(chǎn)生的混合產(chǎn)物?！拔覀儙е鴨栴}入睡，在夜里處理這些問題，”位于芝加哥的拉什大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心(Rush University Medical Center)的神經(jīng)學(xué)榮譽(yù)退休教授羅莎琳德 卡特賴特(Rosalind Cartwright)說。她曾花了近50年的時(shí)間研究睡眠和夢(mèng)。
Her new book, 'The Twenty-Four Hour Mind,' explains that the mind latches onto some thread of unfinished emotional business from the day. Then, in REM sleep (the rapid eye movement period when most dreaming occurs), it calls up bits of older memories that are somehow related, and melds them together. 'That's why dreams look so peculiar. You have old memories and new memories Scotch-plaided into each other,' she says. 'They are emotional connections rather than logical ones.'
她的新書《24小時(shí)思維》(The Twenty-Four Hour Mind)解釋說，思想依附于某些白天未完成的情感事務(wù)的線索。然后，在快速眼動(dòng)睡眠(多數(shù)夢(mèng)產(chǎn)生時(shí)的快速眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期)中，它將喚起一些有關(guān)系的舊記憶，并將其糅合起來?！斑@就是為什么夢(mèng)看來如此奇特。你的舊記憶和新記憶相互交織著”，她說?！斑@種聯(lián)系是情感聯(lián)系，而不是邏輯聯(lián)系。”
Usually, people work through the most negative emotions first, and their dreams become more positive as the night goes on. (How do researchers know that? 'The old-fashioned way. We wake them up and ask them,' Dr. Cartwright says.)But nightmares interrupt that process; people usually wake up before the frightening emotion is resolved, so the dream keeps repeating.
通常，人們首先解決最負(fù)面的情感，當(dāng)夜?jié)u深時(shí)，夢(mèng)就會(huì)變得更積極。(研究人員是如何知道這個(gè)的?“最老套的方法。我們把他們叫醒，然后問他們，”卡特賴特說。)但是噩夢(mèng)打斷了這個(gè)過程;人們通常在恐懼情緒抒解之前醒來，因此夢(mèng)一直重復(fù)。
'Your brain seems to think that it's helping you to prepare, but you don't allow yourself to finish it so it becomes a broken record,' says Shelby Freedman Harris, director of the Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program at Montefiore Medical Center in Bronx, N.Y.Dr. Harris's program is one of a small number around the country that helps nightmare sufferers and people with post-traumatic stress disorder learn to rewrite the script of their recurring dreams using a technique called Image Rehearsal Therapy.
“大腦似乎認(rèn)為這有助于幫助你做好準(zhǔn)備，但你不允許自己做完這個(gè)夢(mèng)，因此它會(huì)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，”位于紐約州布朗克斯(Bronx)的孟特菲爾醫(yī)療中心(Montefiore Medical Center)的行為睡眠醫(yī)療項(xiàng)目總監(jiān)謝爾比 弗里德曼 哈里斯(Shelby Freedman Harris)說。哈里斯負(fù)責(zé)的項(xiàng)目是美國為數(shù)不多的項(xiàng)目之一，這些項(xiàng)目幫助噩夢(mèng)患者和創(chuàng)傷后壓力心理障礙癥患者利用被稱為“意象排演治療”的方法去改變他們反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的夢(mèng)境。
After recalling the nightmare in detail, the dreamer writes out the new script and envisions it several times a day. Dr. Harris says one of her patients had recurring nightmares of being surrounded by sharks. She imagined they were dolphins instead and rehearsed the scene during five sessions, and the nightmares vanished. A young patient having nightmares of being chased turned the pursuer into chocolate and ate him.
在回想起噩夢(mèng)的細(xì)節(jié)后，做夢(mèng)的人寫出新的劇本，并在一天中想象幾遍。哈里斯說，她的一個(gè)病人總是反復(fù)做被鯊魚包圍的噩夢(mèng)。她想像它們是海豚而不是鯊魚，并在五個(gè)療程中排演這一幕，于是噩夢(mèng)消失了。一位年輕病人做的噩夢(mèng)是被人追逐，他把追他的人想象成巧克力，一口吃掉。
'It gives the patient control over the nightmare,' says Dr. Harris. Studies have found that after several sessions practicing with a therapist, some patients dream the new ending just as they envision it, some dream another version of it, and some stop having the nightmare altogether. Can you order up a dream on a specific topic, or can somebody else influence your dreams? Numerous experiments with so-called dream incubation have tried, with mixed results.
“這讓病人可以控制噩夢(mèng)，”哈里斯說。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，由治療師治療數(shù)個(gè)療程后，有些病人夢(mèng)到了正如他們所想象的新結(jié)局，有些人做了另一個(gè)版本的夢(mèng)，有些人則完全停止做噩夢(mèng)。你能按意愿做一個(gè)特定主題的夢(mèng)嗎?或者，其他人能影響你的夢(mèng)嗎?人們嘗試過無數(shù)所謂的夢(mèng)境孵化實(shí)驗(yàn)，并得到了不同結(jié)論。
'I can control people's dreams. I can get them to dream about videogames by having them play intensely,' says Dr. Stickgold. His studies at Harvard found that when volunteers played the game Tetris for hours a day, 60% reported dreaming about it at least once as they were falling asleep.
“我能控制人們的夢(mèng)。通過讓他們密集地玩視頻游戲，我就能使他們夢(mèng)到視頻游戲，”斯蒂克戈?duì)柕抡f。他在哈佛進(jìn)行的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)志愿者一天玩數(shù)小時(shí)俄羅斯方塊時(shí)，60%的志愿者報(bào)告說他們?cè)谒鴷r(shí)至少夢(mèng)到過一次俄羅斯方塊。
In a follow-up study with the virtual-skiing game Alpine Racer, 14 of 16 students reported seeing skiing images at sleep onset (as did three people who were merely observing the experiment.)
在一項(xiàng)用虛擬滑雪游戲《高山滑雪》(Alpine Racer)進(jìn)行的后續(xù)研究中，16名學(xué)生中的14名報(bào)告說，他們?cè)趧傞_始入睡時(shí)見到了滑雪的圖像(3位只是觀察了這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的人也是如此)。
It's unclear how far into the night's dreams those images persisted. Dr. Stickgold and colleagues are now repeating the study having subjects play 'Dance, Dance Revolution' and waking them later in the night to ask about their dreams.
至于這些圖像在夜晚的夢(mèng)中持續(xù)了多久，仍然不清楚?，F(xiàn)在，斯蒂克戈?duì)柕潞退耐轮貜?fù)了這一研究，他們讓實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象玩《勁舞革命》(Dance, Dance Revolution)，然后在夜里叫醒他們，問他們關(guān)于夢(mèng)的問題。
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