托福閱讀容易忽視的詞匯內(nèi)容
為了幫助大家備考托福。提高閱讀成績(jī)，打有準(zhǔn)備的仗，下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福閱讀容易忽視的詞匯內(nèi)容，希望大家喜歡。
托福閱讀容易忽視的詞匯內(nèi)容
1、似曾相識(shí)，卻不知其確切含義
2、一詞多義，只知其一不知其二
3、熟詞僻義，熟者過(guò)熟僻者極僻
perspective 透視畫法;觀點(diǎn)，方法;前景，遠(yuǎn)景
prospect 前景，景色;前途;勘探，尋找
appreciate 理解，認(rèn)識(shí)，意識(shí)到;欣賞;感激
elaborate v. &adj. 精心制作，詳細(xì)描述;精心制作的
address v.從事，忙于;n. 演講
appropriate v. 撥給(資金)， 盜用/ adj.合適的
strain n. 血統(tǒng)，品系，菌株;緊張，張力;v.扭傷，拉緊
article n. 物品，商品
intrigue v. &n 激發(fā)興趣;密謀;陰謀
intriguing adj. 激發(fā)興趣的
assume v. 承擔(dān)，擔(dān)任;假裝;假設(shè)
bark n. 樹皮; 犬吠
bill n.議案，法案; .鳥嘴;賬單
champion vt. 支持，擁護(hù);n.冠軍
aging n.老化，陳釀
complex n. 綜合體 adj.復(fù)雜的
concern n. 公司(壟斷組織“康采恩”就是它的音譯)
attribute v. &n 歸因于;特征，屬性
default n. &v. 不履行;違約;拖欠;默認(rèn)(值)
drill vt. 鉆(孔);訓(xùn)練，操練
exploit v. 開發(fā)，利用n. 功績(jī)
fair n. 集市，交易會(huì);adj.公平的，美麗的 adv.公平地，直接地
fairly adv. 相當(dāng)?shù)兀降?/p>
game n. 獵物，野味;
fashion vt. 形成，塑造 n.時(shí)尚，方式
inviting adj. 引人注目的，吸引人的
alternate v. &adj. 交替，輪流; 交替的
alternating adj.交互的，交替的
alternative n. &adj. 可供選擇的方案(option);
選擇性的(optional)
figure n. 人物;體形
hit n. 轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的人物或作品vt. 偶然碰見
find n. 發(fā)現(xiàn)(物)
spring v. &n 躍出，觸發(fā);彈簧，彈性;泉水
humor n.體液
import v. &n 重要;進(jìn)口
preserve v. &n. 禁獵區(qū);蜜餞;保護(hù)
quality adj. &n 1.優(yōu)質(zhì)的;性質(zhì)，品質(zhì)
issue v. &n. 流出; 出版，發(fā)行;問(wèn)題
jar v. &n 震動(dòng);壇子
envision v.想象，預(yù)想
literature n. 文獻(xiàn);文學(xué)
lot n. 一塊地;命運(yùn)，簽
fine adj. 細(xì)小的，美好的;v.罰款
minute adj. 微小的，細(xì)小的
novel adj. 新穎的
casual 偶然的，隨便的
causal 原因的，因果關(guān)系的
pound v. 猛擊;亂敲
rear v. &n飼養(yǎng)，栽培;后面的
produce n. 產(chǎn)品(尤指農(nóng)產(chǎn)品)
project v. &n使突出，伸出;放映，投射;方案，工程
relief n. 凸起,浮雕;(痛苦)減輕，安慰
provided conj. 倘若，在…條件下。
save conj. 除了
rent 斷口，裂縫
rift 裂縫, 「地質(zhì)」斷裂
pronounced adj. 斷然的，顯著的
scale v. &n 攀登; 天平,刻度; 鱗; 規(guī)模，范圍;「音」音階
school n. (魚)群;學(xué)派，流派
genre n. 類型，流派
score n. 「音樂(lè)」樂(lè)譜;刻痕;得分
screen v. &n 篩，過(guò)濾(器);掩蔽，屏風(fēng);屏幕
secure v. &adj. 得到;使安全;安全的
acquire 獲得
season v. 調(diào)味
spot v. &n發(fā)現(xiàn)，認(rèn)出，定位;斑點(diǎn);場(chǎng)所
stand v. 經(jīng)受，忍受
wind v. 繞纏
weather 風(fēng)化，侵蝕
wear v.磨損，銷蝕
stem v. &n 滋生，起源于; 莖
temper n. 增效劑;(灰泥的)稠度;脾氣，性情
wage v. 實(shí)行，發(fā)動(dòng)(戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等) n.工資
托福閱讀材料：第一次世界大戰(zhàn)前的內(nèi)外政策
1889年美國(guó)召開泛美會(huì)議，1898年美西戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)，美國(guó)擊敗了西班牙，奪取了加勒比海的古巴和波多黎各、太平洋的關(guān)島及菲律賓群島，接著合并了夏威夷群島。1903年美國(guó)奪取了巴拿馬運(yùn)河區(qū)。在遠(yuǎn)東，1899年美國(guó)提出對(duì)華“門戶開放”政策。美國(guó)在1904-1905年日俄戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中支持日本。在日俄戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后，美日雙方經(jīng)過(guò)談判，于1908年簽訂了羅脫—高平協(xié)定。在1912年總統(tǒng)選舉中，民主黨總統(tǒng)候選人T.W.威爾遜上臺(tái)。威爾遜以“新自由”作為號(hào)召進(jìn)行改革，降低關(guān)稅，建立聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備銀行制度，通過(guò)克萊頓反托拉斯法(1914)，征收累進(jìn)所得稅。該時(shí)期美國(guó)在對(duì)外政策上，對(duì)西半球墨西哥、尼加拉瓜等國(guó)進(jìn)行了武裝干涉。
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)至20世紀(jì)20年代末的美國(guó)
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)開始后，美國(guó)宣布中立，向交戰(zhàn)雙方提供軍火，不久又對(duì)協(xié)約國(guó)進(jìn)行貸款。1916年，威爾遜當(dāng)選連任。1917年，美國(guó)在德國(guó)潛艇擊沉美國(guó)船只后，于4月6日對(duì)德宣戰(zhàn)。大戰(zhàn)期間由于國(guó)外移民中斷，黑人大量北移，并人伍出國(guó)作戰(zhàn)，開拓了視野。1918年11月，威爾遜簽署對(duì)德停戰(zhàn)協(xié)定。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)促進(jìn)了美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮。戰(zhàn)后，美國(guó)由欠60億美元的債務(wù)國(guó)而成為貸出100億美元的債權(quán)國(guó)，美國(guó)成為最富有的國(guó)家。1921年共和黨W.G.哈定執(zhí)政，正值美國(guó)陷入全面經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條。他提出“工業(yè)正?；焙汀睋尵荣Y本主義”政策;1923-1929年世界資本主義進(jìn)人相對(duì)穩(wěn)定時(shí)期。美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)由于固定資本更新，建筑業(yè)興起，汽車和鋼鐵工業(yè)等擴(kuò)大以及商品和資本輸出激增，1923年美國(guó)工商業(yè)出現(xiàn)了新高漲。與此同時(shí)，美國(guó)第2次企業(yè)“合并浪潮”(即進(jìn)一步托拉斯化)，遍及銀行業(yè)、工業(yè)部門，特別是水、電、煤氣公用事業(yè)，甚至擴(kuò)展到零售商業(yè)部門。共和黨人C，柯立芝執(zhí)政時(shí)期是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮時(shí)期。私人壟斷資本大為發(fā)展。但由于國(guó)內(nèi)新興工業(yè)畸形發(fā)展與生產(chǎn)過(guò)剩，使國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門比例嚴(yán)重失調(diào)，生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)脫節(jié)，農(nóng)業(yè)長(zhǎng)期陷于慢性危機(jī)，1929年10月美國(guó)首先爆發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)，隨后資本主義各國(guó)陸續(xù)陷入1929-1933年世界性經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)。
大蕭條 (Great Depression)
=====================
20世紀(jì)30年代的美國(guó)
民主黨人F.D.羅斯福1933年就任第32屆總統(tǒng)。羅斯福政府實(shí)行了由國(guó)家對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)行廣泛干預(yù)、調(diào)節(jié)的“新政”，整頓金融，復(fù)興工農(nóng)業(yè)，舉辦救濟(jì)事業(yè)等，挽救了美國(guó)的嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)，并加強(qiáng)了國(guó)家壟斷資本主義。1933年11月，美國(guó)與蘇聯(lián)建交，對(duì)拉丁美洲采取“睦鄰政策”。1937年新的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)再度出現(xiàn)。次年，羅斯福采用擴(kuò)大赤字開支的辦法，使這次危機(jī)有所緩解;第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后，美國(guó)重振軍備，才使經(jīng)濟(jì)得到恢復(fù)，走向繁榮。
新政(New Deal)
睦鄰政策 (Good Neighbor Policy)
托福閱讀材料：隕石與人類起源研究
A meteorite found in Antarctica could lend weight to the argument that life on Earth might have been kick-started from space, scientists are claiming.
Chemical analysis of the meteorite shows it to be rich in the gas ammonia.
It contains the element nitrogen, found in the proteins and DNA that form the basis of life as we know it.
The researchers say meteorites like this could have showered the early Earth, providing the missing ingredients for life.
Details of the study by researchers at Arizona State University and the University of California, Santa Cruz, are published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Life story
The new study is based on analysis of just under 4g of powder extracted from a meteorite called Grave Nunataks 95229 (named after its place of discovery in Antarctica), discovered in 1995.
On treatment, the powder sample was shown to contain abundant amounts of ammonia as well as hydrocarbons.
Professor Sandra Pizzarello, who led the research, says the study "shows that there are asteroids out there that when fragmented and become meteorites, could have showered the Earth with an attractive mix of components, including a large amount of ammonia".
Meteorites like this could have supplied the early Earth with enough nitrogen in the right form for primitive life forms to emerge, she says.
Previous studies have focused on the "Murchison" meteorite, which hit Australia in 1969, which was found to be rich in organic compounds.
The professor says Murchison is "too much of a good thing" and contains hydrocarbon molecules which you would expect to find at the end rather than the start of the life story.
She believes the composition of these compounds are too complex and too random in their molecular shape to have played a role in life on Earth.
Asteroid belt
The theory that our planet may have been seeded by a comet or asteroid arises partly from the belief the formative Earth might not have been able to provide the full inventory of simple molecules needed for the processes which led to primitive life.
The suggestions is that the Asteroid Belt, between Mars and Jupiter, away from the heat and pressure of the forming planets, could have been a better place for such processes.
Collisions between asteroids within the belt produce meteoroids which shoot off around the Solar System and which can carry materials to the Earth.
Dr Caroline Smith, a meteorite expert at London's Natural History Museum agrees the important element in the new study is the nitrogen, even though she would like to see similar results repeated in other meteorites.
"One of the problems with early biology on the early Earth is you need abundant nitrogen for all these prebiological processes to happen - and of course nitrogen is in ammonia.
"A lot of the evidence shows that ammonia was not present in much abundance in the early Earth, so where did it come from?"
What specifically caused life to begin on Earth remains a mystery. Professor Pizzarello hypothesises material from a meteorite may have interacted with environments on Earth such as volcanoes or tidal pools, but says all remains a matter of guess work.
"You find these extraterrestrial materials (in meteorites) which have what you need," she says, "but on the how and when, in which environments and by what means - really, we don't know."
"You can only say that yes, it seems that the extraterrestrial environments could have had the good stuff."
托福閱讀材料：童年幸福長(zhǎng)大更容易離婚
常規(guī)想來(lái)，都會(huì)覺得童年幸福的人性格更加的活躍開朗，未來(lái)的人生道路也能順利坦然，然而一個(gè)驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)雷倒眾人：童年幸福長(zhǎng)大更容易離婚。
Those who enjoyed an idyllic childhood could find that life has a nasty trick in store because, it seems, they are more likely to divorce.
那些享受過(guò)幸福童年的人們或許在將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，兒時(shí)的快樂(lè)在不經(jīng)意間卻埋下了日后導(dǎo)致婚姻破裂的禍根。
Researchers found that men and women with a stable upbringing could have more confidence and so be more ready to leave a failing relationship.
研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程一帆風(fēng)順的人群們對(duì)于個(gè)人也有更多的自信，對(duì)于一段發(fā)展不順的感情關(guān)系也傾向于抽身離開。
For the long-term project at Cambridge University, thousands of Britons born in one week in 1946 were studied.
有一項(xiàng)英國(guó)劍橋大學(xué)的長(zhǎng)期調(diào)查，研究了在1946年同一周所出生的英國(guó)人。
When they were in their teens, teachers rated them for happiness, friendliness and energy. Problems such as restlessness, disobedience and anxiety were noted.
他們?cè)谏倌陼r(shí)期被認(rèn)為是幸福、有愛并充滿活力的孩子，不過(guò)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)按燥不安、忤逆不順與焦躁心煩等情況。
Decades later, information about their lives was also collected and analysed. Professor Felicia Huppert, director of the university’s Well-being Institute, commented on the findings on marriage break-up.
數(shù)十載后，研究者們?cè)俣葘?duì)這批人的生活信息進(jìn)行了收集與分析。該項(xiàng)目的主要負(fù)責(zé)人指出了造成該批人群婚姻破裂的緣由。
‘One factor might be that positive children have higher self-esteem than their peers and are more willing to leave a marriage if it is not meeting their needs,’ she said.
“其中的一個(gè)因素是這些積極的孩子通常都有更高的自尊，以至于當(dāng)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)婚禮以無(wú)法滿足他們的需求時(shí)便更加遠(yuǎn)離結(jié)束這段關(guān)系。”
Other findings were more predictable.
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