老托福閱讀真題附答案passage19
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老托福閱讀真題附答案passage19
The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.
In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.
This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway.
When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.
(B) The evolution of cities in North America
(C) Trade between North American and European cities
(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in New England.
2. The word "they" in line 4 refers to
(A) North American colonies
(B) cities
(C) centuries
(D) town economies
3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the following?
(A) Their economic success
(B) The type of merchandise they exported
(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements
(D) The pace of their development
4. The word "accordingly" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) as usual
(B) in contrast
(C) to some degree
(D) for that reason
5. According to the passage,early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to
(A) an abundance of natural resources
(B) financial support from colonial governments
(C) proximity to parts of Europe
(D) a favorable climate
6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe?
(A) Manufacturing equipment
(B) Capital goods
(C) Consumer goods
(D) Raw materials
7. According to the passage,all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the
(A) location of the plantations
(B) access of plantation owners to shipping
(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents
(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations
8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern cities were
(A) more prosperous
(B) smaller
(C) less economically self-sufficient
(D) tied less closely to England than to France
9. The word "recorded" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) imagined
(B) discovered
(C) documented
(D) planned
10. The word "drawing" in line 28 is closest in meaning to
(A) attracting
(B) employing
(C) instructing
(D) representing
11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of
(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth
(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade
(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms
(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states
正確答案:BBDDC DCBCA C
托福閱讀常見的問題
托福閱讀必須要讀懂每字每句?
托福閱讀考試中許多考生認(rèn)為閱讀文章時(shí)必須要讀懂每字每句，事實(shí)上，這是不必要的。托福閱讀考試中，即使遇到陌生的詞，但是根據(jù)上下文的意思以及自己的一些常識(shí)判斷，也不太會(huì)影響對(duì)文章的理解。特別是托福閱讀這種題目涉及面廣，信息量大的形式，掌握閱讀和答題的技巧，對(duì)在托福閱讀考試中是會(huì)有很大幫助的。
在托福閱讀中，甚至可以擴(kuò)展到ETS所有考試的閱讀題目中，如果要用一個(gè)詞來概括的話，那就是paraphrase，意譯。無論是題干還是正確選項(xiàng)，大都能在原文中找出一句話來與之相對(duì)應(yīng)。即題目是原文的意譯。這種意譯是通過同義詞來完成的。即題干中多用近義詞來對(duì)原文中的句子進(jìn)行替換，來達(dá)到提出問題或者提出正確答案的意思。準(zhǔn)確把握意譯，是多數(shù)題目中準(zhǔn)確在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑選項(xiàng)中選出正確的那個(gè)，都有著重要的作用。在后面的文章里我會(huì)結(jié)合實(shí)例解釋這一點(diǎn)。
托福閱讀先看題目還是先看文章?
關(guān)于先看題目還是先看文章的問題。也就是做題時(shí)間安排的問題。在此問題上我與有的朋友也有過爭(zhēng)執(zhí)。我個(gè)人習(xí)慣是先用5—7分鐘的時(shí)間通讀全文，然后平均每個(gè)問題有1分鐘的時(shí)間來回答。由于對(duì)問題的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基礎(chǔ)上，每個(gè)問題又有足夠的時(shí)間返回全文，每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都一一進(jìn)行斟酌。我認(rèn)為這樣準(zhǔn)確率比較高。但有的朋友本著居家過日子的心，認(rèn)為1000多字的文章只出十幾個(gè)題，必然有一些信息是沒用的。這樣通讀全文就會(huì)浪費(fèi)掉一些時(shí)間，不如先看題再回去找來的痛快。對(duì)此我不好妄加評(píng)論。每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該通過考前大量的練習(xí)來制定出最為適合自己的方法。
托福閱讀復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)間安排
關(guān)于復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)間安排。我認(rèn)為，弄完詞匯以后，就應(yīng)該著手突擊一下閱讀了。如今各種各樣的模擬題猶如英語輔導(dǎo)班一樣大量涌現(xiàn)。不會(huì)出現(xiàn)我們?cè)缙诳忌蓄}舍不得做的情況了。但也不能太急功近利，單詞沒弄好就硬上閱讀，有時(shí)候會(huì)適得其反。用1周的時(shí)間大量的突擊，也是對(duì)單詞的一個(gè)鞏固。找到感覺以后就可以開始下面的復(fù)習(xí)了。復(fù)習(xí)聽力口語作文的日子里，每天一定要最少做3篇文章的題量，按照考試的時(shí)間要求，千萬不可放松。做得多了，就可以把閱讀當(dāng)作一種放松了。ETS的閱讀文章能教給我們各種學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。(這與GRE有區(qū)別。托福的專業(yè)性文章還都處于一個(gè)啟蒙的專業(yè)水平上，不像G那么變)閱讀還可以教給我們一些老美的思路，老美看待問題的方式。閱讀不會(huì)像你想象的那樣痛苦的。
無論是OG還是Delta，都把閱讀的題目分成十類，即：Understanding Facts and Details， Identifying Negative Facts， Locating Referents， Understanding Vocabulary in Context， Making Inferences， Determining Purposes， Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences)， Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting)， Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information. 我將按順序一一解釋。
托福閱讀難句中英文互譯
1.Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.
戴著面具身著盛裝的人們，經(jīng)常扮演各種其他人物、動(dòng)物或超自然生靈，并且作為一個(gè)扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一個(gè)在狩獵或戰(zhàn)役中獲勝、降雨的來臨，陽光的重現(xiàn)的結(jié)果。
2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
但是這些事實(shí)不能解釋這個(gè)令人感興趣的問題，就是為什么在一個(gè)特殊的靠近他們出生的地方如此的集中了這么多懷孕的魚龍。
3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.
十九世紀(jì)一系列持續(xù)的機(jī)械進(jìn)步，包括踏板的傳入、金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的完善和鋼絲最完美的質(zhì)量，最后產(chǎn)生了一種能容納無數(shù)音調(diào)-從最精致的和弦到一個(gè)成熟管弦的聲音或從一個(gè)清澈的歌聲到輝煌的敲擊樂的效果-的樂器。
4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.
雖然我們習(xí)慣于談到1972年以前的電影是無聲的，但用一句完全感性的話來說電影從來就不是沒有聲音的。
5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.
多年以來電影音樂的選擇程序完全掌握在導(dǎo)演和音樂督導(dǎo)手中，通常擁有這些權(quán)力的主要資格并非是自身的技藝和品味而更多的是因?yàn)閾碛写罅康膫€(gè)人音樂素材庫(kù)。
6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.
更進(jìn)一步，他們是由一個(gè)頂層是毛紡或光滑的精紡羊毛織物制作，包含光滑，緊湊的紗線來自長(zhǎng)羊毛的纖維染成蘭黑色、綠色、或褐色底層含有粗糙天然的和暗黃色的毛紡材料。
7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.
在春季和夏季，要精確量度干旱、熱量、冰雹、蝗蟲和其他損失可能是一件疲勞的事情。
8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.
,M8m @ F+Xn9H 我們今天所謂的美國(guó)民間藝術(shù)，實(shí)際上是普通老百姓的藝術(shù)、被普通老百姓創(chuàng)造的藝術(shù)和為普通老百姓和日常提到的“民間人士”的藝術(shù)，是一個(gè)他們?cè)谏鐣?huì)日漸繁榮和休閑情況下創(chuàng)建的一個(gè)包含各種各樣尤其是肖像畫種類的藝術(shù)的市場(chǎng)。
9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.
他們沒有農(nóng)業(yè)，但是經(jīng)過幾千年，已經(jīng)發(fā)展了探索自身環(huán)境的技術(shù)和設(shè)備。他們是基于大量出現(xiàn)鮭魚、大比目魚和其他多種魚類的自身流域和水岸捕魚的經(jīng)濟(jì);基于從落基山水岸聚集了鮑魚、蚌類、蛤和其他貝殼動(dòng)物的經(jīng)濟(jì);基于捕獵地域和海洋哺乳動(dòng)物的經(jīng)濟(jì);以及基于收集野生植物的食物的經(jīng)濟(jì)。
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老托福閱讀真題附答案passage19
