托福閱讀長難句:主語從句
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托福閱讀長難句:主語從句
主語從句是托福閱讀中較常見的一種句型。什么是主語從句?簡而言之就是,用一個(gè)句子充當(dāng)主語成分時(shí),這個(gè)句子就叫做主語從句。來看幾個(gè)例句:
例句1. The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one.
分析:從句The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors在整句中做主語,為主語從句;謂語為系動(dòng)詞was;表語為far from a rich one
譯文:新生的美國從其殖民地時(shí)期的先輩那里繼承的雕塑遺產(chǎn)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)談不上豐富。
例句2. What we today call American folk art was,indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds.and especially for portraits.
分析:從句What we today call American folk art在整句中做主語,為主語從句;謂語為系動(dòng)詞was;表語為art;of, by and for為并列介詞,理解為art of, art by and art for ordinary, everyday “forks”,后面加who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
譯文:我們今天所稱的美國民間藝術(shù)確實(shí)是被普通民眾所有、所創(chuàng)和所享的藝術(shù)。隨著日漸繁榮和不斷增加的空閑,這些民眾為各種藝術(shù),尤其是肖像藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)市場。
例句3. What they do is looking at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish,harmful or affected.
分析:從句what they do在整句中做主語成分,為主語從句; 謂語為系動(dòng)詞is;表語為looking at familiar conditions from a perspective,后面加that引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
譯文:它們所做的就是從這樣一個(gè)角度來看待熟悉的環(huán)境,使這些環(huán)境看上去愚蠢、有害或做作。
托福閱讀的做題誤區(qū)
考生做舊托??荚?TOEFL)閱讀或者平時(shí)的閱讀練習(xí)時(shí),時(shí)常表現(xiàn)出一些不良的做題習(xí)慣。有些考生讀文章時(shí)喜歡在試題上劃線,似乎不做記號(hào),閱讀就無法進(jìn)行,思維就停止活動(dòng)。不過在新托福網(wǎng)絡(luò)考試中,考生面對(duì)電腦就做不了任何標(biāo)志記號(hào)。
有些考生文章根本不讀完,直接做題。這種方法相當(dāng)于瞎子摸象,對(duì)文章只有局部的感覺,整個(gè)文章的概念無法獲得。要提醒考生的是,近年考試中針對(duì)整個(gè)文章提問的題量有所增加。所以,這種不看文章直接做題的方法是極其危險(xiǎn)的。
有些考生則喜歡把文章一字不漏地細(xì)讀之后再做題。這種方法僅適合于兩種情況,其一,考生已具備相當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x水平,長期以來運(yùn)用這種方法效果甚佳;其二,某一篇具體的文章是考生所熟悉的內(nèi)容,細(xì)讀文章并不會(huì)花太多的時(shí)間。一般來說,大部分考生采用細(xì)讀文章方法,做題時(shí)間嚴(yán)重不足。考生不應(yīng)該忘記,閱讀理解測試速度和理解兩個(gè)方面。
在做詞匯題時(shí),許多考生認(rèn)為做不對(duì)題與自己的詞匯量有關(guān),認(rèn)識(shí)單詞能做對(duì),不認(rèn)識(shí)單詞就會(huì)做錯(cuò)。事實(shí)上,那些認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞經(jīng)常做錯(cuò),不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞反而能做對(duì)。原因是,做不認(rèn)識(shí)單詞時(shí),考生會(huì)仔細(xì)研讀詞匯題的上下文,力求在上下文中突破。而做認(rèn)識(shí)單詞時(shí),忽略上下文的重要性,往往是裝模作樣的看一下上下文,便匆匆做出抉擇。所以,做好詞匯題關(guān)鍵在于透徹分析上下文--詞匯題的句子以及上下一句話,有時(shí)候,個(gè)別詞匯題也許需要在文章其他段落尋找線索。
托福閱讀怎么分配好時(shí)間
很多托??忌颊f,也許在托福閱讀中,最影響人的實(shí)力發(fā)揮的恐怕就是要求55分鐘內(nèi)做完50道閱讀題。托福閱讀不同于CET4,CET6,與高考也是有區(qū)別的,因?yàn)檫@些都是大約4-5篇閱讀,20題,而且這些考試都沒有要求做完沒門考試所用的時(shí)間。因此很多同學(xué)在一開始做托福閱讀的時(shí)候,十分不適應(yīng)托福閱讀的時(shí)間限制,有的人甚至在考前都沒有克服這個(gè)問題。
這里給大家提供一種流傳了很廣的方法:
1 即先閱讀文章的首段前4行,注意這里不是前2行,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在很多文章首句通常是由專業(yè)名詞組成或者是一些習(xí)語組成,大多數(shù)中國學(xué)生只知道看完首句,然后他們就崩潰了,因?yàn)閷I(yè)詞匯和習(xí)慣用語一次性將他們打懵。因此這里建議首先讀完前4行來了解文章主題方向。
2 直接做題,然后在題中找關(guān)鍵詞回到原文進(jìn)行點(diǎn)查。不過這里點(diǎn)查也是有技巧的。第一題通常是文章的主題題,跳過不做,放到最后來做,其他的很多試題都是標(biāo)記了行號(hào)或者可以通過特殊字符來辨認(rèn),比如數(shù)字,大寫字母,拼寫十分怪異的單詞等等,當(dāng)一道題沒有這些標(biāo)示的時(shí)候要通過鄰近的其他試題來定位本題在原文中的位置。
托福閱讀的深層暗示
原文:
M: Do you know what time the train goes the city?
W: Normally it’s every 20 minutes. But it’s weekend, so I’m not sure.
選項(xiàng):
(A) Listen to the traffic report on the radio
(B) Take a later train.
(C) Ron to catch the next train.
(D) Check the weekend schedule.
很顯然這里的正確答案為D,因?yàn)樵瓎栴}到了周末時(shí)間表與周1-5不同,因此,最好的選擇方案是看一下周末的時(shí)間表,去找一下準(zhǔn)確的時(shí)間。
很顯然這里W并沒有直接的告訴我們要去查詢時(shí)間表,而是告訴我們周末的時(shí)間不確定,因此我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了她實(shí)際上是在暗示我們要Check the weekend schedule。這就是典型的另有深意。
新托福閱讀也繼承了老托福聽力的光榮傳統(tǒng):P,也開始為我們大張旗鼓的玩起了另有深意這樣的事情。這一點(diǎn)尤其在新托福TPO里面體現(xiàn)得尤為明顯。
當(dāng)然還是拿真實(shí)例子說話,首先看一下新托福真題TPO1里面的一段。
Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
題目:
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?
A It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.
B It prevents most groundwater from circulating.
C It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.
D It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.
很顯然原文At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water. 為我們提到很難想象,在如此“堅(jiān)實(shí)”的地下,會(huì)有足夠的空間來盛如此之多的水,這里就很隱晦的告訴我們其實(shí)地下并不“堅(jiān)實(shí)”,而是還有很多的空間,來盛放groundwater,因此我們得到的正確答案就是C選項(xiàng),也就是原來我們行走的這片土地之下還有足夠的能力來承載如此之多的水。
很顯然,這里也是很隱晦的告訴我們地下空間其實(shí)是很大的。
下面這道題也是一樣。
The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.
All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT
A A mountain valley
B Flat land
C A lake floor
D The seafloor
本題問的是到底哪里沒有沉積呢?
dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. 告訴我們,只有在流速緩慢的地點(diǎn)才會(huì)沉積。但是他不直接告訴我們具體在什么地點(diǎn),而是讓我們?nèi)ビ眠壿嬐评怼?/p>
因此當(dāng)我們尋找的時(shí)候,發(fā)現(xiàn)Flat land“平緩之地”毫無疑問是流速緩慢的,這樣的地方不會(huì)沉積,然后再告訴我們a river slows on entering a lake or the sea,湖和海洋,也是流速緩慢的地點(diǎn),自然也不會(huì)沉積。那么唯一會(huì)沉積的地方也就只有上游mountain valley才會(huì)沉積,因?yàn)楹恿髁鹘?jīng)的地點(diǎn)分別是from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land,以及a river slows on entering a lake or the sea。
自然當(dāng)我們排出了Flat land、a lake以及the sea之后,也就只可能剩下mountain valley了。
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