托福小白可能對于托?？荚嚨脑u分有很多疑問，比如閱讀的題量和分數(shù)是如何換算的?閱讀每篇14道題，一共考3篇，如果遇到加試，可能會考4-5篇閱讀，加試題目不計入總分。跟小編一起來看看托福閱讀分數(shù)換算表和托福閱讀?？嫉念}型

托福閱讀分數(shù)換算表及閱讀?？碱}型總結(jié)

一.托福閱讀分數(shù)換算表

除重要觀點題和歸類題以外，每道題的分值都是1分，重要觀點題的分值可能是2分，歸類題為3或4分，考試所得分數(shù)范圍：0-30分。

大家在算出原始分數(shù)以后，將被轉(zhuǎn)化為0-30分的最終分數(shù)。以下是托福閱讀評分標準中原始分數(shù)與最終分數(shù)的對照表：

二.托福閱讀常考題型

托福閱讀題型共分為10種：

1. Factual Information questions(事實信息題)

2. Negative Factual Information questions(否定事實信息題)

3. Inference questions(推論題)

4. Rhetorical Purpose questions(修辭目的題)

5. Vocabulary questions(詞匯題)

6. Reference questions(指代題)

7. Sentence Simplification questions(句子簡化題)

8. Insert Text question(句子插入題)

9. Prose Summary(文章總結(jié)題)

10. Fill in a Table(表格填寫題)

托福閱讀TPO30第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

【1】In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people told time by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks. Sun clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunny climates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.

【2】Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.

【3】We do not know who invented this machine, or where. It seems to have appeared in Italy and England (perhaps simultaneous invention) between 1275 and 1300. Once known, it spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solar dials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort. These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone to breakdown.

【4】Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome, church time was nature’s time. Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal; and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons. But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning. The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about a century. From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.

【5】The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical ingenuity. Its general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, like the rising and setting of the sun. The result was relentless pressure to improve technique and design. At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy and precision; they became masters of miniaturization, detectors and correctors of error, searchers for new and better. They were thus the pioneers of mechanical engineering and served as examples and teachers to other branches of engineering.

【6】The clock brought order and control, both collective and personal. Its public display and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy: people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above. The clock provided the punctuation marks for group activity, while enabling individuals to order their own work (and that of others) so as to enhance productivity. Indeed, the very notion of productivity is a by-product of the clock: once one can relate performance to uniform time units, work is never the same. One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant (working on job after another, as time and light permit) and the time-filling busyness of the domestic servant (who always had something to do) to an effort to maximize product per unit of time.

托福閱讀TPO30試題第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

1.Why does the author provide the information that "in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night"?

A.To emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun and water clocks to tell time.

B.To illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.

C.To provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantage over sun clocks.

D.To counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe.

2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT

A.the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other.

B.the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.

C.the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day.

D.the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.

3.According to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement?

A.The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.

B.The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.

C.The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.

D.One of the church's daily rituals occurred during the night.

4.The word "authoritative" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to

A.actual.

B.important.

C.official.

D.effective.

5.The author uses the phrase "the timekeeper of last resort" to refer to

A.water clocks.

B.the sun.

C.mechanical clocks.

D.the church.

6.The word "rudimentary" in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to

A.rare.

B.small.

C.impractical.

D.basic.

7.According to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction of mechanical clocks?

A.Its used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.

B.It used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, like equinoxes.

C.It tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was different from mechanical-clock time.

D.It used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.

8.The word "installed" in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to

A.required.

B.expected by the majority of people.

C.standardized.

D.put in place.

9.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakers

A.were able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanical clocks.

B.were sometimes not well respected by other engineers.

C.sometimes made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that were not true.

D.rarely shared their expertise with other engineers.

10.Paragraph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks.

A.How did early mechanical clocks work?

B.Why did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering in general?

C.How were mechanical clocks made?

D.What influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?

11.The word "pioneers" in the passage isclosest in meaning to

A.leaders.

B.opponents.

C.employers.

D.guardians.

12.According to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?

A.It encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.

B.It enabled workers to be more task oriented.

C.It pushed workers to work more hours every day.

D.It led to a focus on productivity.

13. Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The division of time no longer reflected the organization of religious ritual.

Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature's time.■【A】Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons.■【B】But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning.■【C】The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about acentury.■【D】From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war;tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The introduction of the mechanical clock caused important changes to the society of medieval Europe.

A.The increasing complexity of social and economic activity in medieval Europe led to the need for a more dependable means of keeping time than sun and water clocks provided.

B.Because they were unreliable even in sunny climates, sun clocks and water clocks were rarely used in Europe, even before the invention of the mechanical clock.

C.Before the mechanical clock, every city wanted a large number of timekeepers because more timekeepers allowed for better organization of collective activities.

D.Soon after the invention of mechanical clocks, sun and water clocks became obsolete because mechanical clocks were far more accurate.

E.Predators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excluding others.

F.The removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they are predators, and is therefore a bad idea.

托福閱讀TPO30答案第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

1.從第一段的第二句開始，原文列舉了這兩種device各種的缺點，最后一句前半句說它們work，后面but表轉(zhuǎn)折，證明要說有些情況它們不能用。所以選擇B。A說人們在各種情況下都在使用這兩種方法，與原文表達的意思相反，C將兩種方法比較，原文沒有這層意思。D整個和劃線部分相反，原文說在northern Europe不能用。

2.雖然原文提到說城與城之間要保持一直，但其目的是organize collective activity，和ration space。 而collective activity對應了選項B，C對應set time to go to sleep,也就是結(jié)束工作的時間。D對應開頭catholic church的prayers活動。

3.對應原文的第二句話，可根據(jù)alarm arrangement定位，前文說one of which was at night，后面說to waken monk before dawn，這兩個都可以算是原因，選項中符合的只有D。

4.authoritative是權(quán)威的，A是真實的，B是重要的，C是官方的，D是有效的。因此C是正確的。文章中也說only one怎樣的time keeper，所以應該是官方準確時間。

5.前文說需要它去check 這個machines，which前面說的是solar dials所以指的是the sun。

6.rudimentary是基礎(chǔ)的。 A是稀有的，B是小的，C是不切實際的，D是基本的。所以根據(jù)詞義D正確。這里我們可以看并列的詞都是負面的，這里的rudimentary也是在強調(diào)未發(fā)展，有落后的意味。如果按照負面詞來判斷，C可能成為迷惑選項，但其詞義不符。

7.可定位至相關(guān)段落，關(guān)鍵詞為resisted，not coming over，所以證明church在拒絕新的計時方法，也就是在試著保護自己的方法。

8.installed被安裝的，A是需要的，B是被大部分人們希望的，C是標準化的，D是放置于。D最符合，并且原文中原詞的后面也跟了地點，所以用D最合適。

9.根據(jù)clockmaker定位至倒數(shù)第二句，說制表人是正確和精密的領(lǐng)路人然后就對他們各種贊揚。B，C，D選項都是在貶低制表人，所以很容易排除。B，D選項又和最后一句話明顯沖突。 A符合原文。

10.第五段主要說clockmaker引領(lǐng)了準確，精準工程的發(fā)展，他們是master，teacher等等，然后說他們是先鋒，但這些都是因為他們是制表人。所以這道題選B。 ACD原文都沒提到。

11.pioneer是先驅(qū)，A是領(lǐng)導者，B是對手，C是雇主，D是監(jiān)護人。原文單詞所在句后半句也說道他們作teacher，所以很容易理解他們是領(lǐng)導者。

12.定位到原文最后一句，說使人們從task-oriented和 time-filling busyness的模式變?yōu)閙aximize product per unit of time，從而提高了productivity，所以選擇D。A，B原文都提到了，但是是轉(zhuǎn)化前的狀態(tài)，C沒提到。

13.原句中no longer反應宗教儀式了，那么此句前后應該有對現(xiàn)在的計時制度的描寫，另外句末提到了religious ritual，所以附近也應該有對宗教組織的態(tài)度描寫，滿足這兩個條件的位置是C。

14.A對應第二段倒數(shù)第一句和倒數(shù)第二句后半句"with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock."正確。B與原文第一段矛盾。不選。C原文并沒有提到說有大量的timekeepers，而第三段還說只能有一個權(quán)威的timekeeper不選。D對應原文第三段，說應用mechanical clock之后water clock很快被棄用了，但sun clock依然留下用來對照mechanical clock的準確性，錯，不選。

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