劍橋雅思閱讀11真題及答案解析(test3)
雅思閱讀部分一直都是中國(guó)考生比較重視的題目，并且也是很有難度的題目，針對(duì)于雅思閱讀真題資料也是大家需要重點(diǎn)分析的。今天小編就給大家?guī)砹岁P(guān)于劍橋雅思閱讀11原文參考譯文以及答案(test3)的內(nèi)容，一起來分析一下吧。
劍橋雅思閱讀11原文(test3)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
THE STORY OF SILK
The history of the world’s most luxurious fabric, from ancient China to the present day
Silk is a fine, smooth material produced from the cocoons — soft protective shells — that are made by mulberry silkworms (insect larvae). Legend has it that it was Lei Tzu, wife of the Yellow Emperor, ruler of China in about 3000 BC, who discovered silkworms. One account of the story goes that as she was taking a walk in her husband’s gardens, she discovered that silkworms were responsible for the destruction of several mulberry trees. She collected a number of cocoons and sat down to have a rest. It just so happened that while she was sipping some tea, one of the cocoons that she had collected landed in the hot tea and started to unravel into a fine thread. Lei Tzu found that she could wind this thread around her fingers. Subsequently, she persuaded her husband to allow her to rear silkworms on a grove of mulberry trees. She also devised a special reel to draw the fibres from the cocoon into a single thread so that they would be strong enough to be woven into fabric. While it is unknown just how much of this is true, it is certainly known that silk cultivation has existed in China for several millennia.
Originally, silkworm farming was solely restricted to women, and it was they who were responsible for the growing, harvesting and weaving. Silk quickly grew into a symbol of status, and originally, only royalty were entitled to have clothes made of silk. The rules were gradually relaxed over the years until finally during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 AD), even peasants, the lowest caste, were also entitled to wear silk. Sometime during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), silk was so prized that it was also used as a unit of currency. Government officials were paid their salary in silk, and farmers paid their taxes in grain and silk. Silk was also used as diplomatic gifts by the emperor. Fishing lines, bowstrings, musical instruments and paper were all made using silk. The earliest indication of silk paper being used was discovered in the tomb of a noble who is estimated to have died around 168 AD.
Demand for this exotic fabric eventually created the lucrative trade route now known as the Silk Road, taking silk westward and bringing gold, silver and wool to the East. It was named the Silk Road after its most precious commodity, which was considered to be worth more than gold. The Silk Road stretched over 6,000 kilometres from Eastern China to the Mediterranean Sea, following the Great Wall of China, climbing the Pamir mountain range, crossing modern-day Afghanistan and going on to the Middle East, with a major trading market in Damascus. From there, the merchandise was shipped across the Mediterranean Sea. Few merchants travelled the entire route; goods were handled mostly by a series of middlemen.
With the mulberry silkworm being native to China, the country was the world’s sole producer of silk for many hundreds of years. The secret of silk-making eventually reached the rest of the world via the Byzantine Empire, which ruled over the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East during the period 330-1453 AD. According to another legend, monks working for the Byzantine emperor Justinian smuggled silkworm eggs to Constantinople (Istanbul in modern-day Turkey) in 550 AD, concealed inside hollow bamboo walking canes. The Byzantines were as secretive as the Chinese, however, and for many centuries the weaving and trading of silk fabric was a strict imperial monopoly. Then in the seventh century, the Arabs conquered Persia, capturing their magnificent silks in the process. Silk production thus spread through Africa, Sicily and Spain as the Arabs swept through these lands. Andalusia in southern Spain was Europe’s main silk-producing centre in the tenth century. By the thirteenth century, however, Italy had become Europe’s leader in silk production and export. Venetian merchants traded extensively in silk and encouraged silk growers to settle in Italy. Even now, silk processed in the province of Como in northern Italy enjoys an esteemed reputation.
The nineteenth century and industrialisation saw the downfall of the European silk industry. Cheaper Japanese silk, trade in which was greatly facilitated by the opening of the Suez Canal, was one of the many factors driving the trend. Then in the twentieth century, new manmade fibres, such as nylon, started to be used in what had traditionally been silk products, such as stockings and parachutes. The two world wars, which interrupted the supply of raw material from Japan, also stifled the European silk industry. After the Second World War, Japan’s silk production was restored, with improved production and quality of raw silk. Japan was to remain the world’s biggest producer of raw silk, and practically the only major exporter of raw silk, until the 1970s. However, in more recent decades, China has gradually recaptured its position as the world’s biggest producer and exporter of raw silk and silk yarn. Today, around 125,000 metric tons of silk are produced in the world, and almost two thirds of that production takes place in China.
Questions 1-9
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet.
THE STORY OF SILK
Early silk production in China
Around 3000 BC, according to legend:
- silkworm cocoon fell into emperor’s wife’s 1 __________
- emperor’s wife invented a 2 __________ to pull out silk fibres
Only 3 __________ were allowed to produce silk
Only 4 __________ were allowed to wear silk
Silk used as a form of 5 __________
- e.g. farmers’ taxes consisted partly of silk
Silk used for many purposes
- e.g. evidence found of 6 __________ made from silk around 168 AD
Silk reaches rest of world
Merchants use Silk Road to take silk westward and bring back 7 __________ and precious metals
550 AD: 8 __________ hide silkworm eggs in canes and take them to Constantinople
Silk production spreads across Middle East and Europe
20th century: 9 __________ and other manmade fibres cause decline in silk production
Questions 10-13
Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
10 Gold was the most valuable material transported along the Silk Road.
11 Most tradesmen only went along certain sections of the Silk Road.
12 The Byzantines spread the practice of silk production across the West.
13 Silk yarn makes up the majority of silk currently exported from China.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Great Migrations
Animal migration, however it is defined, is far more than just the movement of animals. It can loosely be described as travel that takes place at regular intervals ?— often in an annual cycle — that may involve many members of a species, and is rewarded only after a long journey. It suggests inherited instinct. The biologist Hugh Dingle has identified five characteristics that apply, in varying degrees and combinations, to all migrations. They are prolonged movements that carry animals outside familiar habitats; they tend to be linear, not zigzaggy; they involve special behaviours concerning preparation (such as overfeeding) and arrival; they demand special allocations of energy. And one more: migrating animals maintain an intense attentiveness to the greater mission, which keeps them undistracted by temptations and undeterred by challenges that would turn other animals aside.
An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight from the extreme south of South America to the Arctic circle, will take no notice of a nice smelly herring offered from a bird-watcher’s boat along the way. While local gulls will dive voraciously for such handouts, the tern flies on. Why? The arctic tern resists distraction because it is driven at that moment by an instinctive sense of something we humans find admirable: larger purpose. In other words, it is determined to reach its destination. The bird senses that it can eat, rest and mate later. Right now it is totally focused on the journey; its undivided intent is arrival.
Reaching some gravelly coastline in the Arctic, upon which other arctic terns have converged, will serve its larger purpose as shaped by evolution: finding a place, a time, and a set of circumstances in which it can successfully hatch and rear offspring.
But migration is a complex issue, and biologists define it differently, depending in part on what sorts of animals they study. Joe! Berger, of the University of Montana, who works on the American pronghorn and other large terrestrial mammals, prefers what he calls a simple, practical definition suited to his beasts: ‘movements from a seasonal home area away to another home area and back again’. Generally the reason for such seasonal back-and-forth movement is to seek resources that aren’t available within a single area year-round.
But daily vertical movements by zooplankton in the ocean — upward by night to seek food, downward by day to escape predators — can also be considered migration. So can the movement of aphids when, having depleted the young leaves on one food plant, their offspring then fly onward to a different host plant, with no one aphid ever returning to where it started.
Dingle is an evolutionary biologist who studies insects. His definition is more intricate than Berger’s, citing those five features that distinguish migration from other forms of movement. They allow for the fact that, for example, aphids will become sensitive to blue light (from the sky) when it’s time for takeoff on their big journey, and sensitive to yellow light (reflected from tender young leaves) when it’s appropriate to land. Birds will fatten themselves with heavy feeding in advance of a long migrational flight. The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it focuses attention on what the phenomenon of wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of the aphids, and therefore helps guide researchers towards understanding how evolution has produced them all.
Human behaviour, however, is having a detrimental impact on animal migration. The pronghorn, which resembles an antelope, though they are unrelated, is the fastest land mammal of the New World. One population, which spends the summer in the mountainous Grand Teton National Park of the western USA, follows a narrow route from its summer range in the mountains, across a river, and down onto the plains. Here they wait out the frozen months, feeding mainly on sagebrush blown clear of snow. These pronghorn are notable for the invariance of their migration route and the severity of its constriction at three bottlenecks. If they can’t pass through each of the three during their spring migration, they can’t reach their bounty of summer grazing; if they can’t pass through again in autumn, escaping south onto those windblown plains, they are likely to die trying to overwinter in the deep snow. Pronghorn, dependent on distance vision and speed to keep safe from predators, traverse high, open shoulders of land, where they can see and run. At one of the bottlenecks, forested hills rise to form a V, leaving a corridor of open ground only about 150 metres wide, filled with private homes. Increasing development is leading toward a crisis for the pronghorn, threatening to choke off their passageway.
Conservation scientists, along with some biologists and land managers within the USA’s National Park Service and other agencies, are now working to preserve migrational behaviours, not just species and habitats. A National Forest has recognised the path of the pronghorn, much of which passes across its land, as a protected migration corridor. But neither the Forest Service nor the Park Service can control what happens on private land at a bottleneck. And with certain other migrating species, the challenge is complicated further — by vastly greater distances traversed, more jurisdictions, more borders, more dangers along the way. We will require wisdom and resoluteness to ensure that migrating species can continue their journeying a while longer.
Questions 14-18
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
14 Local gulls and migrating arctic terns behave in the same way when offered food.
15 Experts’ definitions of migration tend to vary according to their area of study.
16 Very few experts agree that the movement of aphids can be considered migration.
17 Aphids’ journeys are affected by changes in the light that they perceive.
18 Dingle’s aim is to distinguish between the migratory behaviours of different species.
Questions 19-22
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
19 According to Dingle, migratory routes are likely to
20 To prepare for migration, animals are likely to
21 During migration, animals are unlikely to
22 Arctic terns illustrate migrating animals’ ability to
A be discouraged by difficulties.
B travel on open land where they can look out for predators.
C eat more than they need for immediate purposes.
D be repeated daily.
E ignore distractions.
F be governed by the availability of water.
G follow a straight line.
Questions 23-26
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
The migration of pronghorns
Pronghorns rely on their eyesight and 23 __________ to avoid predators. One particular population’s summer habitat is a national park, and their winter home is on the 24 __________, where they go to avoid the danger presented by the snow at that time of year. However, their route between these two areas contains three 25 __________. One problem is the construction of new homes in a narrow 26 __________ of land on the pronghorns’ route.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Preface to ‘How the other half thinks: Adventures in mathematical reasoning’
A Occasionally, in some difficult musical compositions, there are beautiful, but easy parts — parts so simple a beginner could play them. So it is with mathematics as well. There are some discoveries in advanced mathematics that do not depend on specialized knowledge, not even on algebra, geometry, or trigonometry. Instead they may involve, at most, a little arithmetic, such as ‘the sum of two odd numbers is even’, and common sense. Each of the eight chapters in this book illustrates this phenomenon. Anyone can understand every step in the reasoning.
The thinking in each chapter uses at most only elementary arithmetic, and sometimes not even that. Thus all readers will have the chance to participate in a mathematical experience, to appreciate the beauty of mathematics, and to become familiar with its logical, yet intuitive, style of thinking.
B One of my purposes in writing this book is to give readers who haven’t had the opportunity to see and enjoy real mathematics the chance to appreciate the mathematical way of thinking. I want to reveal not only some of the fascinating discoveries, but, more importantly, the reasoning behind them.
In that respect, this book differs from most books on mathematics written for the general public. Some present the lives of colorful mathematicians. Others describe important applications of mathematics. Yet others go into mathematical procedures, but assume that the reader is adept in using algebra.
C I hope this book will help bridge that notorious gap that separates the two cultures: the humanities and the sciences, or should I say the right brain (intuitive) and the left brain (analytical, numerical). As the chapters will illustrate, mathematics is not restricted to the analytical and numerical; intuition plays a significant role. The alleged gap can be narrowed or completely overcome by anyone, in part because each of us is far from using the full capacity of either side of the brain. To illustrate our human potential, I cite a structural engineer who is an artist, an electrical engineer who is an opera singer, an opera singer who published mathematical research, and a mathematician who publishes short stories.
D Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists, but have necessarily had to omit the mathematics, although it provides the foundation of their theories. The reader must remain a tantalized spectator rather than an involved participant, since the appropriate language for describing the details in much of science is mathematics, whether the subject is expanding universe, subatomic particles, or chromosomes. Though the broad outline of a scientific theory can be sketched intuitively, when a part of the physical universe is finally understood, its description often looks like a page in a mathematics text.
E Still, the non-mathematical reader can go far in understanding mathematical reasoning. This book presents the details that illustrate the mathematical style of thinking, which involves sustained, step-by-step analysis, experiments, and insights. You will turn these pages much more slowly than when reading a novel or a newspaper. It may help to have a pencil and paper ready to check claims and carry out experiments.
F As I wrote, I kept in mind two types of readers: those who enjoyed mathematics until they were turned off by an unpleasant episode, usually around fifth grade, and mathematics aficionados, who will find much that is new throughout the book.
This book also serves readers who simply want to sharpen their analytical skills. Many careers, such as law and medicine, require extended, precise analysis. Each chapter offers practice in following a sustained and closely argued line of thought. That mathematics can develop this skill is shown by these two testimonials:
G A physician wrote, ‘The discipline of analytical thought processes [in mathematics] prepared me extremely well for medical school. In medicine one is faced with a problem which must be thoroughly analyzed before a solution can be found. The process is similar to doing mathematics.’
A lawyer made the same point, ‘Although I had no background in law — not even one political science course — I did well at one of the best law schools. I attribute much of my success there to having learned, through the study of mathematics, and, in particular, theorems, how to analyze complicated principles. Lawyers who have studied mathematics can master the legal principles in a way that most others cannot.’
I hope you will share my delight in watching as simple, even na?ve, questions lead to remarkable solutions and purely theoretical discoveries find unanticipated applications.
Questions 27-34
Reading Passage 3 has seven sections, A-G.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
27 a reference to books that assume a lack of mathematical knowledge
28 the way in which this is not a typical book about mathematics
29 personal examples of being helped by mathematics
30 examples of people who each had abilities that seemed incompatible
31 mention of different focuses of books about mathematics
32 a contrast between reading this book and reading other kinds of publication
33 a claim that the whole of the book is accessible to everybody
34 a reference to different categories of intended readers of this book
Questions 35-40
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet.
35 Some areas of both music and mathematics are suitable for someone who is a __________.
36 It is sometimes possible to understand advanced mathematics using no more than a limited knowledge of __________.
37 The writer intends to show that mathematics requires __________ thinking, as well as analytical skills.
38 Some books written by __________ have had to leave out the mathematics that is central to their theories.
39 The writer advises non-mathematical readers to perform __________ while reading the book.
40 A lawyer found that studying __________ helped even more than other areas of mathematics in the study of law.
劍橋雅思閱讀11原文參考譯文(test3)
PASSAGE 1 參考譯文：
絲綢的故事
世上最昂貴奢華織物的歷史，從古代中國(guó)直到今天
絲綢是種細(xì)軟、光滑的布料，產(chǎn)自桑蠶(該昆蟲的幼體形態(tài))制作出的蠶繭——即其柔軟的保護(hù)性外殼。傳說中是嫘祖，即大約公元前三千年時(shí)期的中國(guó)統(tǒng)治者黃帝的妻子，發(fā)現(xiàn)了蠶。其中一個(gè)故事是這樣描述的：當(dāng)她漫步于自己丈夫的花園之中時(shí)，她發(fā)現(xiàn)幾棵桑樹之所以生長(zhǎng)遭受破壞正是由于樹上的蠶蟲。她收集了一些蠶繭并坐下來歇息。正巧在她啜飲著一杯茶時(shí)，這些蠶繭中的一粒掉進(jìn)了熱茶中并開始松散成為一根細(xì)絲。嫘祖發(fā)現(xiàn)她可以將這根絲線繞在自己的手指上。于是，她說服了丈夫允許她在一片桑樹林內(nèi)養(yǎng)蠶。她還設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)明了一種特殊的卷軸來將蠶繭中的纖維紡成絲線，這樣它們就能足夠強(qiáng)韌以編紡成織物。雖然這個(gè)故事中究竟有多少真實(shí)成分我們不得而知，但有一點(diǎn)是確定無疑的：絲綢的生產(chǎn)在中國(guó)早己存在了數(shù)千年之久。
起初，桑蠶業(yè)完全是只由女性來進(jìn)行的，她們要負(fù)責(zé)種植、收獲和紡織。絲綢很快成為了一種社會(huì)地位的象征，最早只有皇室成員才有資格穿著絲綢衣物。這些規(guī)矩在之后的年月里逐漸變得不那么嚴(yán)苛了，直到最終在清朝(公元1644~1911年)時(shí)期，即使是最低階層的農(nóng)民也有資格穿上絲綢了。在漢朝(公元前206~公元220年)的某個(gè)時(shí)期，絲綢的身價(jià)昂貴到被用作某種形式的流通貨幣。朝廷官員的俸祿是用絲綢來支付的，而農(nóng)夫則用谷物和絲綢來完稅。絲綢還被皇帝用作外交禮物。漁線、弓弦、樂器和紙皆由絲綢制作而來。人類最早使用絲質(zhì)紙的證據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)于一位貴族的墓中，據(jù)估計(jì)此人大約死于公元168年。
人們對(duì)這種異域織物的大量需求最終催生出了現(xiàn)在被稱為“絲綢之路”的這樣一條一本萬利的貿(mào)易路線，向西輸送絲綢而向東則運(yùn)來金、銀和毛料。之所以叫做“絲綢之路”，正是以其最珍貴的商品而得名，它被視為比黃金更貴重?！敖z綢之路”從中國(guó)東部一路綿亙6000多公里直達(dá)地中海，沿著中國(guó)長(zhǎng)城的路線，攀越帕米爾山脊，穿過今日的阿富汗并延伸到了中東地區(qū)，在大馬士革有一個(gè)主要交易市場(chǎng)。各種貨物從那里再由船運(yùn)跨過地中海銷往各地。很少有商人會(huì)走遍整條路線;貨物大多是由一系列的中間經(jīng)手人交接傳遞的。
由于桑蠶原產(chǎn)于中國(guó)，這個(gè)國(guó)家在許多個(gè)世紀(jì)里一直是全球唯一的絲綢產(chǎn)地。絲綢制作的秘密最終是經(jīng)由在公元330~1453年間統(tǒng)治著地跨南歐、北非和中東的地中海地區(qū)的拜占庭帝國(guó)傳到了世界上的其他國(guó)家。根據(jù)另一個(gè)傳說，為拜占庭皇帝查士丁尼(Justinian)服務(wù)的僧侶們?cè)诠?50年將蠶卵藏在空心的竹子手杖里，偷偷帶到了君士坦丁堡(即今日土耳其的伊斯坦布爾)。然而，拜占庭人和中國(guó)人一樣守秘不宣，在很多個(gè)世紀(jì)里絲綢料子的紡織和貿(mào)易都受到帝國(guó)的嚴(yán)格把控壟斷。然后在七世紀(jì)，阿拉伯人征服了波斯，在此過程中掠獲了它們的華貴絲綢。絲綢生產(chǎn)由此隨著阿拉伯人對(duì)非洲、西西里和西班牙的掃蕩而傳遍了這些地方。西班牙南部的安達(dá)盧西亞在十世紀(jì)里是歐洲的主要絲綢生產(chǎn)中心。不過到13世紀(jì)的時(shí)候，意大利則成為了歐洲絲綢生產(chǎn)和出口的領(lǐng)軍者。威尼斯商人們到處進(jìn)行絲綢貿(mào)易并鼓勵(lì)制絲者來意大利定居。甚至是到了如今，意大利北部科莫省加工的絲綢仍然享有盛譽(yù)。
19世紀(jì)和工業(yè)化目睹了歐洲絲綢產(chǎn)業(yè)的衰落。更為廉價(jià)的日本絲綢，這種貨物的貿(mào)易得到了蘇伊士運(yùn)河開通的極大推動(dòng)，是促成這ー衰落趨勢(shì)的許多因素之一。接下來在20世紀(jì)里，新型人造纖維材料，例如尼龍，開始應(yīng)用在傳統(tǒng)上一直使用絲綢的產(chǎn)品中，例如長(zhǎng)筒襪和降落傘。兩次世界大戰(zhàn)切斷了來自日本的原材料供應(yīng)，也扼殺了歐洲絲綢產(chǎn)業(yè)。二戰(zhàn)過后，日本的絲綢生產(chǎn)再度復(fù)工，生絲的制作工藝和品質(zhì)都有所提升。直到20世紀(jì)70年代之前，日本始終是世界上最大的生絲生產(chǎn)者，實(shí)際上也是唯一的大規(guī)模生絲出口者。但是，在近幾十年里，中國(guó)逐漸重拾昔日地位，成為全球最大的生絲和絲線生產(chǎn)者和出口國(guó)。今天，全世界大約生產(chǎn)125,000公噸的絲綢，其中幾乎三分之二的產(chǎn)量出自中國(guó)。
TEST 3 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：
大遷徙
動(dòng)物遷徒，無論如何下定義，都遠(yuǎn)不只是動(dòng)物群的移動(dòng)而已。它可以大致被描述為按照規(guī)律的間隔(通常是以年度為循環(huán)周期)來進(jìn)行的旅行，可能會(huì)涉及一個(gè)種群的許多成員，而且僅僅是在完成了長(zhǎng)途跋涉之后才能獲得回報(bào)。這種行為顯示出了遺傳的本能。生物學(xué)家Hugh Dingle總結(jié)出了五條在不同程度上或以不同組合方式，適用于所有遷徙行為的特點(diǎn)。遷徙是曠日持久的長(zhǎng)距離運(yùn)動(dòng)，將動(dòng)物們帶離熟悉的棲息地;它們往往是沿直線進(jìn)行，而不是曲折迂回的;它們牽涉到一些與行前準(zhǔn)備(例如超量進(jìn)食)和到達(dá)有關(guān)的特殊行為;它們需要進(jìn)行特殊的能量分配。并且還有一樣：遷徙中的動(dòng)物有著一種對(duì)更遠(yuǎn)大使命的格外專注，這使它們不會(huì)被任何誘惑轉(zhuǎn)移了注意力，也不會(huì)因?yàn)槿魏螘?huì)讓其他動(dòng)物望而卻步的挑戰(zhàn)而裹步不前。
一只北極燕鷗，在它從南美洲的最南端飛向北極圈的20,000公里途中，對(duì)于一個(gè)觀鳥者從小船上提供給它的一條散發(fā)濃烈氣味的美味鯡魚將會(huì)毫不在意。本地海鷗將會(huì)貪婪地俯沖下來爭(zhēng)食這般饋贈(zèng)，而燕鷗卻會(huì)繼續(xù)向前飛去。為什么?北極燕鷗之所以抗拒了這一分神因素，是因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)那刻它被一種本能感覺所驅(qū)動(dòng)著，我們?nèi)祟惏l(fā)現(xiàn)這種感覺十分令人欽佩：它叫做“更遠(yuǎn)大的目標(biāo)”。換言之，它下定決心一定要到達(dá)它的目的地。這只鳥感覺到它可以稍后再進(jìn)食、休息和交配。當(dāng)前它的注意力完全集中在旅程本身上;它的絕對(duì)唯一目的就是抵達(dá)目的地。去到北極的某個(gè)沙礫遍地的海岸，其他北極燕鷗都集結(jié)在了那里，這將讓它達(dá)成那個(gè)由進(jìn)化所塑造出來的更遠(yuǎn)大目標(biāo)：找到某個(gè)地點(diǎn)、某個(gè)時(shí)間和一系列環(huán)境條件，它可以在其間成功地孵化和養(yǎng)育后代。
然而遷徙是個(gè)極其復(fù)雜的事件，而生物學(xué)家們對(duì)它的定義也各有不同，在某種程度上要取決于他們研究的是何種動(dòng)物。蒙大納大學(xué)的Joel Berger研究的是美洲叉角羚和其他大型陸生哺乳動(dòng)物，他傾向于使用一個(gè)適用于他所研究動(dòng)物類型的、被他稱作簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)用的定義：“從某個(gè)季節(jié)性棲息區(qū)域去到另一個(gè)棲息區(qū)域然后再回來的往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)”。這種季節(jié)性來回移動(dòng)的原因通常是為了尋找某些在任何一個(gè)區(qū)域內(nèi)都并非全年存在的資源。
但是海洋中浮游生物的每日垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)——夜里上浮以尋找食物，白天下潛以躲避捕食者——也可以被視作遷徒。蚜蟲的活動(dòng)也可被認(rèn)為是遷徙：當(dāng)一株食用植物上的所有嫩葉都被吃光以后，它們的后代就會(huì)飛去另一株宿主植物，沒有任何一只蚜蟲會(huì)回到自己出發(fā)的地方去。
Dingle是位研究昆蟲的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家。他的定義比Berger的定義更為細(xì)致，列舉出了將遷徙行為區(qū)別于其他形式動(dòng)物活動(dòng)的五條特征。它們考慮到了存在這樣的事實(shí)情況，例如蚜蟲在應(yīng)該起身踏上它們大行程的時(shí)候會(huì)對(duì)藍(lán)光(來自天空)變得敏感，而在應(yīng)該下落的時(shí)候則對(duì)黃光(來自嫩葉的反射)敏感。鳥類在進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)途遷徙飛行之前會(huì)大量進(jìn)食來為自身增脂。(也就是說，Dingle承認(rèn)每個(gè)物種的遷徙行為都存在自身獨(dú)特之處而彼此各有差異。)Dingle認(rèn)為，他所下定義的價(jià)值在于，它集中關(guān)注了角馬遷徙與蚜蟲遷徙現(xiàn)象的共性，并以此來幫助研究者理解進(jìn)化是如何導(dǎo)致所有這些共性的產(chǎn)生的。
然而，人類活動(dòng)正在對(duì)動(dòng)物遷徙產(chǎn)生著有害影響。叉角羚雖然看起來頗似羚羊，但其實(shí)二者并無關(guān)系，它是新世界(注：New World 是英國(guó)人對(duì)美洲大陸的舊稱;相應(yīng)地，英美對(duì)傳統(tǒng)歐洲國(guó)家則稱之為Old World)里速度最快的陸生哺乳動(dòng)物。其中一個(gè)種群會(huì)在美國(guó)西部大提頓國(guó)家公園的山脈間度過夏天，然后從其山間的夏季牧場(chǎng)沿一條狹窄路徑南下，穿過一條河，最后來到平原上。它們?cè)谶@里熬過最寒冷的幾個(gè)月，主要靠吃被風(fēng)吹露出雪面以上的灌木蒿叢度日。這些叉角羚之所以引人注目，在于它們遷徙路線的年復(fù)一年從不改變，并且這條路線在三個(gè)瓶頸隘口，狹窄難行。如果它們?cè)诖杭具w徙的過程中不能通過這三個(gè)路口中的任何一個(gè)，就無法抵達(dá)它們水草豐美的夏季樂園;如果它們?cè)谇锛驹俅未┬械臅r(shí)候不能通過路口而向南躲避到這些有風(fēng)吹襲的平原上，它們就有可能在北方厚厚的雪層中試圖過冬而死亡。叉角羚依靠遠(yuǎn)視能力和奔跑速度來躲避捕食者，一般穿行于平原的開闊凸起地帶，在這樣的地方它們才能四下張望和撒蹄狂奔。在這些隘口中的一處，兩側(cè)林木覆蓋的山巒聳立構(gòu)成了一個(gè)V形，留出一條只有大約150米寬的走廊空地，其上還建滿了私人住宅。不斷的發(fā)展正在引發(fā)一場(chǎng)叉角羚的生存危機(jī)，眼看就要封住了它們的穿越通道。
物種保護(hù)科學(xué)家們，以及來自美國(guó)國(guó)家公園管理局和其他機(jī)構(gòu)的一些生物學(xué)家和土地管理者們，現(xiàn)在正致力于保護(hù)動(dòng)物的遷徙行為，而不是僅著眼于物種和棲息地的保護(hù)。己有一片國(guó)家森林將叉角羚的遷徙路徑，其中一大部分路程要穿越該森林內(nèi)部，列為一條受保護(hù)的遷徙走廊。但無論森林保護(hù)局還是公園保護(hù)局都無法操控某個(gè)狹窄口的私人土地上到底會(huì)發(fā)生什么。而且由于另一些物種也會(huì)進(jìn)行遷徙活動(dòng)，這一挑戰(zhàn)變得更加復(fù)雜，因?yàn)檫@些影響因素：動(dòng)物長(zhǎng)途跋涉走過的遙遠(yuǎn)路途、更多的土地管轄權(quán)、更多的邊境、沿途的更多危險(xiǎn)。我們將需要智慧與決心來確保這些遷徙的物種還能再將它們的長(zhǎng)途行走活動(dòng)進(jìn)行得更長(zhǎng)久一些。
TEST 3 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文：
《另外那半邊如何思考：數(shù)學(xué)推理探險(xiǎn)》前言
A 偶爾，在一些難于演繹的復(fù)雜樂章中，會(huì)有一些美妙但卻容易上手的部分——這些部分如此簡(jiǎn)單，即使一個(gè)初學(xué)者也可以演奏它們。數(shù)學(xué)里也有這樣的情況。高等數(shù)學(xué)中有一些發(fā)現(xiàn)并不仰仗專業(yè)的知識(shí)，甚至并不依賴代數(shù)、幾何或三角函數(shù)。正相反，它們可能最多只涉及一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)算術(shù)知識(shí)，比如“兩個(gè)奇數(shù)之和為偶數(shù)”，再加上常識(shí)即可。這本書八個(gè)章節(jié)中的每一章都能證明這一現(xiàn)象。任何人都能理解這種推理過程中的每一個(gè)步驟。
每一章里的思維過程都最多只用到基本算術(shù)，有時(shí)候甚至連那個(gè)也用不上。這樣一來所有的讀者都將有機(jī)會(huì)參與一場(chǎng)數(shù)學(xué)的體驗(yàn)，體會(huì)數(shù)學(xué)的美妙，并逐漸熟悉它那富有邏輯性的然而也是發(fā)乎直覺的思考風(fēng)格。
B 我寫這本書的目的之一，就是為那些到目前為止還從未有機(jī)會(huì)看到和欣賞什么才是真正數(shù)學(xué)的讀者提供一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，借此玩味數(shù)學(xué)的思考方式。我希望展示給讀者的，不僅僅是一些引人入勝的發(fā)現(xiàn)，而且更重要的還是這些發(fā)現(xiàn)背后的思考推理行為。
從以上角度來說，這本書不同于大多數(shù)為大眾寫就的關(guān)于數(shù)學(xué)的書籍。一些書描繪了某些數(shù)學(xué)家豐富多彩的人生。另一些敘述了數(shù)學(xué)的重大用途。還有一些雖則深入講解了數(shù)學(xué)推演過程，但卻假定讀者必定在代數(shù)運(yùn)用方面相當(dāng)嫻熟。
C 我希望這本書將能有助于架起一座橋梁，跨越那道臭名昭著的裂隙，從而溝通兩種文化：人文與科學(xué)，或者我也許應(yīng)該將之稱為右腦(直覺性的)與左腦(分析性的，數(shù)字性的)。正如以下書中章節(jié)將會(huì)展示的那樣，數(shù)學(xué)并不僅僅局限于分析性和數(shù)字性;直覺扮演了一個(gè)重要角色。那道所謂的鴻溝可以被任何人縮短或完全彌合，部分原因在于我們中的每個(gè)人都還遠(yuǎn)沒有充分運(yùn)用大腦任何一側(cè)的全部能力。為了說明我們?nèi)祟惖臐撃?，我列舉了若干例證：一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)工程師同時(shí)也是一位藝術(shù)家，一名電氣工程師身兼歌劇演唱家，一位歌劇演唱家發(fā)表過數(shù)學(xué)研究專著，而一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)家則出版了若干短篇小說。
D 其他科學(xué)家們也曾出書向非科學(xué)專業(yè)人員解說他們的研究領(lǐng)域，但卻都不得不省略其中的數(shù)學(xué)專業(yè)知識(shí)，即使這些知識(shí)構(gòu)成了他們理論的基石。讀者只好全程做一個(gè)躍躍欲試而不得的旁觀者，而不是加入其中的參與者，因?yàn)槊枋龃蟛糠挚茖W(xué)領(lǐng)域中細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的恰當(dāng)語言是數(shù)學(xué)語言，無論話題是膨脹宇宙、亞原子粒子，還是染色體。雖然某個(gè)科學(xué)理論的大致輪廓可以通過直覺性思維來進(jìn)行粗略描述，可一旦實(shí)體宇宙的某個(gè)組成部分最終為人們所理解，對(duì)這部分的描述往往還是看起來很像數(shù)學(xué)課本中的某一頁。
E 沒有數(shù)學(xué)專業(yè)背景的讀者仍然可以在理解數(shù)學(xué)分析方面走得很遠(yuǎn)。這本書中給出的細(xì)節(jié)展示了數(shù)學(xué)風(fēng)格的思維方式，這涉及耐心的、一步接一步的分析、實(shí)驗(yàn)和深入思考。你在翻動(dòng)本書頁碼的時(shí)候，會(huì)比閱讀一部小說或一份報(bào)紙時(shí)緩慢得多。準(zhǔn)備好一支筆和一張紙會(huì)有助于你來測(cè)試書中理論和展開各種實(shí)驗(yàn)。
F 我在寫作的時(shí)候，腦海中構(gòu)想了兩種類型的讀者：有些人本來一直挺喜歡數(shù)學(xué)的，直到他們被某個(gè)不愉快的小插曲轉(zhuǎn)變了看法，通常是在五年級(jí)左右;另外一些則是數(shù)學(xué)狂熱愛好者，他們將在整本書內(nèi)找到許多全新的東西。
這本書同時(shí)也能服務(wù)于那些僅僅只是想要鍛煉自身分析能力的讀者。許多職業(yè)，例如法律和醫(yī)藥，都需要從業(yè)者具備全面、精確的分析能力。每一章都提供了一些可供讀者沿一條持之以恒、邏輯嚴(yán)密的思路線索一路探究的練習(xí)。數(shù)學(xué)可以幫你開發(fā)這方面的技能，不信請(qǐng)看以下兩份大力推薦：
G 一位醫(yī)生寫道：“(數(shù)學(xué)中)分析性思維加工的訓(xùn)練令我為醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)做足了準(zhǔn)備。在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域，一個(gè)人在遇到問題時(shí)，必須先仔仔細(xì)細(xì)地分析清楚才能找到解決辦法。這個(gè)過程與學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)是類似的?！?/p>
一位律師也提出了同樣的觀點(diǎn)：“盡管我沒有任何法律知識(shí)背景”——甚至連一門政治科學(xué)課也不曾上過，但卻在一所頂級(jí)的法律學(xué)校里成績(jī)優(yōu)異。我將自己在那里取得成功的很大一部分歸功于通過學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)，特別是各種定理，掌握了如何分析復(fù)雜的原理。學(xué)過數(shù)學(xué)的律師們有能力以一種大多數(shù)其他律師所無法上手的方式掌握法律原則?！?/p>
我希望你能分享我的這一份喜悅，去看簡(jiǎn)單的、有時(shí)甚至是幼稚的各種問題引向非同凡響的解決之道，同時(shí)純理論的發(fā)現(xiàn)則能找到意料之外的應(yīng)用之途。
劍橋雅思閱讀11原文解析(test3)
Passage 1
Question 1
答案： tea
關(guān)鍵詞： 3000 BC, cocoon, fell into, emperor's wife
定位原文: 第1段第5句“It just so happened that... ” 這些蠶繭中的一粒掉進(jìn)了熱茶中并開始松散成為一根細(xì)絲。
解題思路: “3000BC”和“皇帝的妻子”都很好定位，在第一段的第二句中便可看到，但卻偏偏沒有“掉進(jìn)”這個(gè)信息，直到讀者看到第五句中的landed in這個(gè)同義表述才能恍然大悟，答案為tea。
Question 2
答案： reel
關(guān)鍵詞： emperor's wife, invented, pull out silk fibres
定位原文： 第1段第8句“She also devised a special reel to draw... ”她還設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)明了一種特殊的卷軸來將蠶繭中的纖維紡成絲線。
解題思路： 此題的定位距離上一道題不遠(yuǎn)，仍是皇帝妻子所做的事。題干說“皇帝的妻子發(fā)明了一個(gè) _____ 來拽出絲綢纖維”，讀者只需回到原文找到devised這個(gè)對(duì)invented進(jìn)行同義表述的單詞，即不難發(fā)現(xiàn)答案為reel。
Question 3
答案： women
關(guān)鍵詞： only, allowed to produce
定位原文： 第2段第1句“Originally, silkworm farming …” 起初，桑蠶業(yè)完全是只由女性來進(jìn)行的，她們要負(fù)責(zé)種植、收獲和紡織。
解題思路：此題基本是考査考生對(duì)于solely表示only這個(gè)意思的認(rèn)知。題干說“只有被允許生產(chǎn)絲綢”，根據(jù)語法還可推知此空格內(nèi)需填寫名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。定位到原文的solely restricted to即可得到答案women。
Question 4
答案： royalty
關(guān)鍵詞： only, allowed to wear
對(duì)應(yīng)原文： 第2段第2句“Silk quickly grew into a symbol of status, and originally, only …” 成為社會(huì)地位的象征，起先只有皇室才能穿。
解題思路： 此題結(jié)構(gòu)與上一題極其相似，題干說“只有______被允許穿著絲綢”。這次題千里的only一詞倒是原詞重現(xiàn)在文中，不過卻考査考生是否認(rèn)識(shí)be entitled to與be allowed to的同義替換，或者考生也可通過題干中wear與文中clothes的對(duì)應(yīng)確定答案為royalty。
Question 5
答案： currency
關(guān)鍵詞： used, a form of, farmers' taxes
定位原文： 第2段第4、5句“Sometime during …” 到漢朝的某個(gè)時(shí)段，珍貴到被當(dāng)做一種貨幣。
解題思路： 此題的題干本身給出信息不多，“絲綢被用作一種形式的______”;考生也可能并不熟 悉a unit of與a form of的同義替換。但好在下一句的例子提到了更多細(xì)節(jié)：例如，農(nóng)民交稅的一部分就是絲綢。利用“農(nóng)民交稅”這個(gè)信息可以更順利地進(jìn)行定位，答案為currency貨幣。
Question 6
答案: paper
關(guān)鍵詞: 168AD，made from
定位原文: 第2段最后1句“The earliest indication of … ”人類最早使用絲質(zhì)紙的證據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)于一位貴族的墓中。
解題思路： 此題中最明顯的定位詞非168AD莫屬。題干說“大約在公元168年發(fā)現(xiàn)了用絲綢制作的的證據(jù)”，因此考生需要在定位句中尋找某種以絲綢為材質(zhì)的物品。對(duì)比原文indication(此處意即證據(jù)) of silk paper可知答案為paper。
Question 7
答案： wool
關(guān)鍵詞： Silk Road, westward, precious metals
定位原文： 第3段第1句“Demand for this exotic fabric eventually …” 最終催生了“絲綢之路”的貿(mào)易路線，且向西輸送絲綢而向東則運(yùn)來金、銀和毛料。
解題思路： 此題題干說“商人們利用絲綢之路向西運(yùn)送絲綢并運(yùn)______回來和貴重金屬”。定位十分容易，對(duì)比原文可知precious metal即文中的gold 和silver，于是答案為另外的物品wool。
Question 8
答案: monks
關(guān)鍵詞: hide, canes, Constantinople
定位原文: 第4段前第3句“According to another legend, monks…” 根據(jù)另一個(gè)傳說版本，是為拜占庭皇帝工作的和尚們走私偷運(yùn)了蠶卵。
解題思路: 此題依然可以利用題干中的數(shù)字和大寫輕松定位。題干說 “在公元550年，_____把蠶卵藏在手杖里帶到了君士坦丁堡”，可以推知此題答案必然身份為人，不過考生需分辨清楚發(fā)出smuggled (走私)這個(gè)動(dòng)作的人是一些為拜占庭皇帝工作的僧侶而非在句子中離smuggled這個(gè)動(dòng)詞更近的皇帝本人，答案為monks。
Question 9
答案: nylon
關(guān)鍵詞: 20th century, manmade fibres, decline
定位原文: 第5段的第3句?！癟hen in the twentieth century, new ……” 接下來在20世紀(jì)里，新型人造纖維材料，例如尼龍，開始應(yīng)用在傳統(tǒng)上一直使用絲綢的產(chǎn)品中，例如長(zhǎng)筒襪和降落傘。
解題思路： 此題的定位需先找到“20世紀(jì)”這一信息。題干說“ _____和其他人造纖維材料造成了絲綢生產(chǎn)的衰落”，可以推知答案必然為某種具體的人造纖維材料。対比原文只有一種具體人造材料被提及，答案為nylon。
Question 10
答案: False
關(guān)鍵詞： Gold, most valuable material, Silk Road
定位原文： 第3段第2句“It was named the Silk Road after... ” 之所以命名為絲綢之路，是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)輸了最貴重的商品，比黃金價(jià)值更高的“絲綢”。
解題思路: 原文意思不難理解，絲綢之路之所以名為“絲綢”之路，是以其最有價(jià)值的貨品(即絲綢)來命名的，還有定語從句進(jìn)一步澄清“絲綢被認(rèn)為比黃金價(jià)值更高”，與題干信息相悖。
Question 11
答案: True
關(guān)鍵詞: Most tradesmen, certain sections of the Silk Road
定位原文: 第3段最后一句“Few merchants travelled …” 基本沒有商人走完全程，貨物傳遞都靠很多中間人。
解題思路: 只需認(rèn)識(shí)merchants這個(gè)可以用來替換tradesmen的詞匯即可順利定位，而原文內(nèi)容說很少有商人會(huì)走完整條路線，分號(hào)后更是換了種方式再表達(dá)一遍：商品大多是由一系列中間經(jīng)手入來傳遞交接的，與題干內(nèi)容一致。
Question 12
答案： False
關(guān)鍵詞： Byzantines, spread, across the West
定位原文： 第4段第4句“The Byzantines were as secretive…”
解題思路： 文章中說“拜占庭人和中國(guó)人一樣守秘不宣，在很多個(gè)世紀(jì)里絲綢料子的紡織和貿(mào)易都受到帝國(guó)嚴(yán)格的把控壟斷”，也就是說拜占庭人并沒有積極地把絲綢生產(chǎn)的做法傳播出去，而是保守了秘密，與題干信息相反。注意：本段第二句中曾經(jīng)提及，絲綢制作的秘密確實(shí)是經(jīng)由拜占庭帝國(guó)而傳播到世界上其他國(guó)家去的，但這句表述并不能等同于題干中的“拜占庭人將絲綢生產(chǎn)的做法傳遍西方”，因?yàn)楹笳呤窃谡f他們出于主動(dòng)的意愿去傳播這種方法，而前者則是陳述事實(shí)：無論如何，最終絲綢的生產(chǎn)方法確實(shí)是經(jīng)由拜占庭傳播到各地的。二者不能混為一談。
Question 13
答案： Not Given
關(guān)鍵詞： Silk yarn, majority, exported from China
定位原文： 第5段最后兩句“However, in more recent decades, China…”
解題思路： 原文只說中國(guó)在近幾十年成為世界最大的生絲和絲線的生產(chǎn)者和出口國(guó)，其產(chǎn)量幾乎占全球絲綢產(chǎn)量的三分之二，并沒有明確提及在這些產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)成中，絲線是否占到大多數(shù)。
Test 3 Passage 2
Question 14
答案: False
關(guān)鍵詞: local gulls, arctic terns, food
定位原文: 第2段前兩句“An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight…”
解題思路: local gulls 會(huì)為了herring 這樣的 handouts 而 voraciously 俯沖下來，然而arctic tern卻會(huì)繼續(xù)飛行，顯然二者在面對(duì)食物時(shí)表現(xiàn)得并不一樣。不考慮有可能很不多不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞，但看while這個(gè)提示詞又明確強(qiáng)化了是不一樣的，與題干信息相悖。
Question 15
答案: True
關(guān)鍵詞: expert's definitions, vary, area of study
定位原文: 第3段第1句“But migration is a complex…”遷徙是個(gè)復(fù)雜的問題，生物學(xué)家依據(jù)研究的動(dòng)物不同對(duì)定義也各不相同。
解題思路: 只需按照“專家的定義”找到原文中的相應(yīng)描述即可，答案與題目“專家們對(duì)于遷徙的定義往往會(huì)根據(jù)他們的研究領(lǐng)域而各有不同”為同義表達(dá)。
Question 16
答案： Not Given
關(guān)鍵詞： very few experts agree, movement of aphids
定位原文：第4段前兩句“But daily vertical movements by…”
解題思路: 本題具有一定的迷惑性?！把料x移動(dòng)”這個(gè)信息不難定位，原文也以事實(shí)陳述的口吻指出：浮游生物和蚜蟲的移動(dòng)確實(shí)可以被視為某種形式的遷徙。但此題是一道典型的“將事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)相混淆”思路的判斷題，題干說“基本沒有什么專家認(rèn)同這個(gè)看法”，是明確的“專家觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)”，與原文的“事實(shí)陳述”既不能說是矛盾，也不能說是一致，而是Not Given。
Question 17
答案： True
關(guān)鍵詞： aphids' journeys, affected, changes in the light
定位原文： 第5段第3句“..., aphids will become sensitive to blue light (from the sky) when it's time for takeoff on their big journey…” 對(duì)藍(lán)光和黃光敏感…….
解題思路：可能未必認(rèn)識(shí)aphids (蚜蟲)這個(gè)單詞，但它在文中作為昆蟲名并沒有被替換。閱讀定位句可知，這種生物確實(shí)會(huì)在不同的情況下分別對(duì)藍(lán)光和黃光更加敏感，也就是“會(huì)受到光色變化的影響”，答案為True。
Question 18
答案: False
關(guān)鍵詞： Dingle's aim, distinguish
定位原文： 第5段最后一句“The value of his definition, Dingle…”
解題思路: 由于有Dingle這個(gè)大寫人名，本題定位不難。Dingle的目的在于找到遷徙行為的共性，與題干所表述的“目標(biāo)在于區(qū)分不同物種遷徙行為之間的差異”是兩個(gè)不同的意思。
Question 19
答案: G
關(guān)鍵詞： Dingle, migratory routes, likely
定位原文： 第1段的第4、5句“The biologist Hugh Dingle has identified five…”
解題思路： 題干說“按照Dingle的說法，遷徙的路線往住會(huì)______” 回到原文中Dingle這個(gè)人名不難找到，route (路線)這個(gè)意思卻是通過linear和 zigzaggy這兩個(gè)用以描述“路線”是平直還是曲折的形容詞來間接表達(dá)的，需要考生認(rèn)識(shí)其中至少一個(gè)才能更準(zhǔn)確定位。而一旦定位之后確定答案則很容易，為G項(xiàng)：follow a straight line (沿著一條直線)。
Question 20
答案： C
關(guān)鍵詞： prepare for, likely to
定位原文：第1段第5句“…; they involve special behaviours concerning preparation…”
解題思路：題干說“為了給遷徙做準(zhǔn)各，動(dòng)物們往往會(huì)_____”。prepare這個(gè)題干中的定位信息在原文中僅僅改了詞性，變成了名詞preparation，很容易被找到;而括號(hào)里對(duì)于“做準(zhǔn)備”的舉例說明overfeeding也不是困難的詞匯，可以輕松得出答案為C: eat more than they need for immediate purposes (吃得比它們當(dāng)下立刻就需要的要多)。
Question 21
答案： A
關(guān)鍵詞： during migration, unlikely to
定位原文：第1段最后一句“And one more: migrating…”
解題思路：題干說“在遷徙過程中，動(dòng)物們一般不會(huì)______”，此題比較有迷惑性，原因在于原文中給出了兩個(gè)否定性信息：undistracted by temptations 和 undeterred by challenges that would turn other animals aside，分別對(duì)應(yīng)于選項(xiàng)E和選項(xiàng)A。注意：選項(xiàng)E和A所描述內(nèi)容的方向是相反的。根據(jù)題干中的unlikely，可得出答案為A: be discouraged by difficulties，即“不會(huì)被困難阻擋”，如果選E的話，則與文意相反。
Question 22
答案： E
關(guān)鍵詞： Arctic terns, illustrate, ability
定位原文： 第2段前四句 “An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight from …”
解題思路: 題干說“北極燕鷗證明了遷徙中的動(dòng)物的______能力”。Arctic ton不難定位，但考生需要具備耐心，在第一次找到定位詞的句子里沒有提供相關(guān)解題信息的時(shí)候繼續(xù)向下閱讀原文，直到看至第四句時(shí)能得出完整信息，答案為E: ignore distractions (忽視那些分散注意力的因素)。
Question 23
答案： speed
關(guān)鍵詞： pronghorns, rely on, eyesight, predators
定位原文：第6段倒數(shù)第3句“Pronghorn, dependent on distance vision…”
解題思路： pronghorn這個(gè)詞在文中出現(xiàn)在了兩個(gè)部位。第一次是在第三段中，只是在介紹Joel Berger 的研究領(lǐng)域時(shí)被簡(jiǎn)短地一帶而過，沒有展開;第二次則是在文章的后兩段中密集出現(xiàn)，此時(shí)才是真正說到了其遷徙行為的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容，是此部分summary題型對(duì)應(yīng)的正文部分。題干說“叉角羚依賴它們的視力和_____來躲避捕食者”。対比原文中與vision形成并列關(guān)系的內(nèi)容，可得答案為speed。
Question 24
答案: plains
關(guān)鍵詞: summer habitat, national park, winter home
定位原文: 第6段第3、4句“One population, which spends the summer in the mountainous…”
解題思路：題干說“某個(gè)特定種群(叉角羚)的夏季棲息地是一個(gè)國(guó)家公園，而它們的冬季家園則位于_____”?！跋募尽焙汀皣?guó)家公園”這兩個(gè)信息都不難在文中找到，但包含這兩個(gè)信息的句子里提供的地點(diǎn)“平原”卻不容易被確定為答案，原因在于本句中并沒有明確提及“冬季”這個(gè)信息?？忌枰托南蛳略匍喿x一句，找到“冬季”的同義替換frozen months，從而用here這個(gè)地點(diǎn)指代詞來確認(rèn)，答案為plains。
Question 25
答案： bottlenecks
關(guān)鍵詞： route, three
定位原文：第6段第5句“These pronghorn are notable for…”
解題思路：題干說“它們?cè)谶@兩個(gè)區(qū)域之間的遷徙路線包含三個(gè)_____”。其實(shí)只需找到文中明確提及“三”這個(gè)數(shù)目的所指對(duì)象即可，答案為bottlenecks。
Question 26
答案： corridor
關(guān)鍵詞：problem, construction of new homes, narrow
定位原文：第6段倒數(shù)第2句“At one of the bottlenecks, forested hills…”
解題思路：題干說“問題之一來自叉角羚遷徙路線上一條狹長(zhǎng)_____上的新建房屋”。本題的難度來自于使用了narrow來同義替換“只有150米寬”這一具體的細(xì)節(jié)信息，可能會(huì)給定位造成一定障礙。而一旦成功定位即可得出答條為corridor。
Test 3 Passage 3
Question 27
答案：D
關(guān)鍵詞：assume, lack of mathematical knowledge
定位原文：D段第1句“Other scientists have written books to…”
解題思路：題目：a reference to books that assume a lack of mathematical knowledge; 譯文：提到了這樣一些書，它們都設(shè)定其內(nèi)容缺失數(shù)學(xué)專業(yè)知識(shí)。books所進(jìn)行的assume是針對(duì)書的讀者而言，也就是說，它們假設(shè)的是“讀者并不具有(或者說缺乏)特別深厚的數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)”，但在英語地道表達(dá)中此句并不需要出現(xiàn)readers這個(gè)單詞，需要考生自行領(lǐng)會(huì)。回到原文中，have necessarily had to omit這個(gè)表達(dá)也清楚地表明這類書籍是“出于必要、不得不省略了”數(shù)學(xué)相關(guān)內(nèi)容。也就是說，這些書并不是故意對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)專業(yè)知識(shí)避而不談，而是考慮到了讀者群的具體情況而刻意避免了深入艱澀的數(shù)學(xué)內(nèi)容。
Question 28：
答案：B
關(guān)鍵詞：not a typical book
定位原文： B部分第2段第1句“In that respect, this book differs from…”
解題思路：題目：the way in which this is not a typical book about mathematics;譯文：本書在何種意義上并非一本典型的數(shù)學(xué)題材相關(guān)書籍。此題相対來說比較容易，只需考生看出not a typical book 與 differs from most books 的簡(jiǎn)單同義替換。
Question 29：
答案：G
關(guān)鍵詞：personal examples, helped by
定位原文：G部分
解題思路：題目：personal examples of being helped by mathematics;譯文：得到數(shù)學(xué)助益的個(gè)人案例。此題從理解題干或原文的角度來看都并不困難，文章中醫(yī)生和律師的個(gè)人案例無論讀懂哪一個(gè)都足以幫助解題。但如果考生僅僅只著眼于在文章中尋找某個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的同義替換，則無論 personal, example 還是help 都無法找到，反而會(huì)遭遇困難。
Question 30：
答案：C
關(guān)鍵詞：examples of people, abilities, incompatible
定位原文： C段最后一句 “To illustrate our human potential, I…”
解題思路：題目：examples of people who each had abilities that seemed incompatible; 譯文：舉例同時(shí)具有的各種能力看起來似乎并不協(xié)調(diào)的人物例子。需靈活理解題干中的incompatible一詞，未必一定是“不可兼容的”，也可以泛指“似乎有矛盾、不一致”這樣的狀態(tài)。言下之意，一個(gè)人可以既具備這類能力，又同時(shí)具有另外一類不同的能力，而看似這兩種能力好像不應(yīng)該同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)人的身上。原文中列舉了四人，每個(gè)人都在兩個(gè)截然不同的領(lǐng)域中有所建樹，正是為了表達(dá)這樣的意思。
Question 31：
答案：B
關(guān)鍵詞：different focuses
定位原文：B 部分第2段后3句 “Some present the lives …”
解題思路：題目：mention of different focuses of books about mathematics;譯文：提到了不同的數(shù)學(xué)類書籍的不同關(guān)注點(diǎn)。此題從理解題干意思到理解原文意思都不困難。題干屬于總結(jié)闡述型，而原文則給出細(xì)節(jié)，具體列舉有哪幾類著眼點(diǎn)各自不同的數(shù)學(xué)類書籍。
Question 32：
答案：E
關(guān)鍵詞：contrast, other kinds of publication
定位原文：E段第3句“You will turn…”
解題思路：題目：a contrast between reading this book and reading other kinds of publication; 譯文：比較閱讀此書和閱讀其他出版物的不同體驗(yàn)。此題最容易的入手點(diǎn)在于“其他出版物”這個(gè)信息，文中的novel和newspaper都能與此構(gòu)成對(duì)應(yīng)，只需按部就班讀到此處信息即可。
Question 33：
答案：A
關(guān)鍵詞：whole of the book, accessible to everybody
定位原文： A部分第1段最后一句和第2段第2句“Anyone can understand …”“Thus all readers…”
解題思路：題目：a claim that the whole of the book is accessible to everybody; 譯文：聲稱這本書的所有部分都能讓每個(gè)人看懂。此題相対比較簡(jiǎn)單，A部分中無論是看到第一段還是第二段的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，都可比較順利地得出答案。
Question 34：
答案：F
關(guān)鍵詞：different categories, intended readers
定位原文：F部分第1段“As I wrote, I kept…”
解題思路：題目：a reference to different categories of intended readers of this book; 譯文：提到這本書的目標(biāo)讀者群的不同類別。本題沒有什么難度，定位后可以比較輕松地解題。
Question 35：
答案： beginner
關(guān)鍵詞：both music and mathematics, suitable
定位原文：A部分第1段第1、2句“Occasionally, in some difficult musical…”
解題思路：題干說“音樂和數(shù)學(xué)中都有某些領(lǐng)域是適合于這樣的人的”。根據(jù)語法可以推知此處應(yīng)該尋找某種“人”，回到原文中可以迅速、輕松定位“音樂”這個(gè)信息，根據(jù)So it is...as well的信息也可認(rèn)定此處確實(shí)是音樂與數(shù)學(xué)并列被提及的答案出處，再通過閱讀定位句可得答案為beginner。
Question 36：
答案： arithmetic
關(guān)鍵詞：understand advanced mathematics, limited knowledge
定位原文：A部分第1段第3、4句“There are some discoveries… ”
解題思路：題干說“有時(shí)候要理解高等數(shù)學(xué)也只不過需要使用關(guān)于_____的一點(diǎn)有限知識(shí)就足夠了”?？忌梢暂p松用advanced mathematics回到原文中定位，也不必在看到可能不熟悉的algebra geometry, or trigonometry 擔(dān)心，根據(jù)本句上下文看出它們都是“高等數(shù)學(xué)”的具體舉例內(nèi)容即可。下一句則以instead和a little 來表明此處列舉的內(nèi)容“并不高深”，對(duì)比題干要求可知答案為arithmetic。
Question 37：
答案： intuitive
關(guān)鍵詞：as well as, analytical skills
定位原文：A部分第2段最后一句“Thus all readers will…” 或C段第一句 “I hope this book…”
解題思路：題干說“作者意在展示數(shù)學(xué)除了需要分析技巧外也需要_____思維”。其實(shí)在文中兩處都可找到答案。第一次是在A部分，雖然沒有analytical這個(gè)定位詞，但有l(wèi)ogical這個(gè)類似信息，按部就班通讀全文完全可以通過此句中的yet對(duì)比關(guān)系確定答案為intuitive;但如果更傾向于利用關(guān)鍵詞analytical skills和as well as這個(gè)并列關(guān)系來尋找答案的話，更容易的定位出現(xiàn)在C段中，可以直接找到analytical原詞，再利用and并列關(guān)系可以確定答案為intuitive。
Question 38：
答案： scientists
關(guān)鍵詞：leave out, central to their theories
定位原文：D段第1句“Other scientists have written…”
解題思路：題干說“一些由_____寫出來的書不得不省略一些對(duì)于他們的理論來說至關(guān)重要的數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)”。細(xì)讀題干可以推知空格內(nèi)必然是作者、人，此處考査考生是否認(rèn)識(shí)原文中omit一詞為leave out詞組的同義替換，如果有此詞匯基礎(chǔ)則可比較輕松地得出答案為 scientists。
Question 39：
答案： experiments
關(guān)鍵詞：perform, while reading
定位原文：E段最后兩句“You will turn these pages…”
解題思路：題干說“作者建議非數(shù)學(xué)專業(yè)出身的讀者們?cè)陂喿x此書時(shí)進(jìn)行_____”?？忌鷳?yīng)該不難看出原文中 turn these pages 與題干中 while reading 的同義替換，只是在確定具體答案的時(shí)候需要仔細(xì)辨別，因?yàn)榫渲薪o出了兩個(gè)并列信息，分別是 check claims 和 carry out experiments。 經(jīng)過對(duì)比可知，只有carry out才能與perform對(duì)應(yīng)，因此答案為experiments。
Question 40：
答案： theorems
關(guān)鍵詞：lawyer, helped, even more than, other areas
定位原文：G部分第2段第2句 “I attribute much of my success there…”
解題思路：題干說“一個(gè)律師發(fā)現(xiàn)在其學(xué)習(xí)法律的過程中學(xué)習(xí)甚至比其他數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域知識(shí)更有幫助”。根據(jù)此信息可以得知空格內(nèi)必定需要填寫某個(gè)具體的數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域。利用lawyer可以輕松定位，仔細(xì)閱讀定位部分可以知道，只有in particular這個(gè)詞組之后的內(nèi)容才有可能是具體數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域知識(shí)，由此得出答案為theorems。
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