劍橋雅思閱讀6test1原文翻譯及答案解析
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劍橋雅思閱讀6原文(test1)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESS
A They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.
B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one — such as building muscle strength in golfers — to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. ‘We can’t waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don’t help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,’ says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.
C A lot of their work comes down to measurement — everything from the exact angle of a swimmer’s dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre there. No gain is too slight to bother with. It’s the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses how her spine swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Mason’s contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (Swimming Analysis) system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer’s performance into factors that can be analysed individually — stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN spits out data on each swimmer.
D ‘Take a look,’ says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam faster. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? ‘His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy,’ says Mason. ‘If he can improve on his turns, he can do much better.’ This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists’ research is bringing to a range of sports. With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete’s clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete’s ability to run. There’s more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimentation, AIS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes’ saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy.
E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model’, based on what they expect will be the winning times.’ You design the model to make that time,’ says Mason.’ A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.’ All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the world’s most successful sporting nation.
F Of course, there’s nothing to stop other countries copying — and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists’ and rowers’ times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the ‘a(chǎn)ltitude tent’, developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australia’s success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 a reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports
2 an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations
3 a reason for narrowing the scope of research activity
4 how some AIS ideas have been reproduced
5 how obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated
6 an overview of the funded support of athletes
7 how performance requirements are calculated before an event
Questions 8-11
Classify the following techniques according to whether the writer states they
A are currently exclusively used by Australians
B will be used in the future by Australians
C are currently used by both Australians and their rivals
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.
8 cameras
9 sensors
10 protein tests
11 altitude tents
Questions 12 and 13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.
12 What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in an event?
13 By how much did some cyclists’ performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games?
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
DELIVERING THE GOODS
The vast expansion in international trade owes much to a revolution in the business of moving freight
A International trade is growing at a startling pace. While the global economy has been expanding at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that. Foreign products, from meat to machinery, play a more important role in almost every economy in the world, and foreign markets now tempt businesses that never much worried about sales beyond their nation’s borders.
B What lies behind this explosion in international commerce? The general worldwide decline in trade barriers, such as customs duties and import quotas, is surely one explanation. The economic opening of countries that have traditionally been minor players is another. But one force behind the import-export boom has passed all but unnoticed: the rapidly falling cost of getting goods to market. Theoretically, in the world of trade, shipping costs do not matter. Goods, once they have been made, are assumed to move instantly and at no cost from place to place. The real world, however, is full of frictions. Cheap labour may make Chinese clothing competitive in America, but if delays in shipment tie up working capital and cause winter coats to arrive in spring, trade may lose its advantages.
C At the turn of the 20th century, agriculture and manufacturing were the two most important sectors almost everywhere, accounting for about 70% of total output in Germany, Italy and France, and 40-50% in America, Britain and Japan. International commerce was therefore dominated by raw materials, such as wheat, wood and iron ore, or processed commodities, such as meat and steel. But these sorts of products are heavy and bulky and the cost of transporting them relatively high.
D Countries still trade disproportionately with their geographic neighbours. Over time, however, world output has shifted into goods whose worth is unrelated to their size and weight. Today, it is finished manufactured products that dominate the flow of trade, and, thanks to technological advances such as lightweight components, manufactured goods themselves have tended to become lighter and less bulky. As a result, less transportation is required for every dollar’s worth of imports or exports.
E To see how this influences trade, consider the business of making disk drives for computers. Most of the world’s disk-drive manufacturing is concentrated in South-east Asia. This is possible only because disk drives, while valuable, are small and light and so cost little to ship. Computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market. Distance therefore poses no obstacle to the globalisation of the disk-drive industry.
F This is even more true of the fast-growing information industries. Films and compact discs cost little to transport, even by aeroplane. Computer software can be ‘exported’ without ever loading it onto a ship, simply by transmitting it over telephone lines from one country to another, so freight rates and cargo-handling schedules become insignificant factors in deciding where to make the product. Businesses can locate based on other considerations, such as the availability of labour, while worrying less about the cost of delivering their output.
G In many countries deregulation has helped to drive the process along. But, behind the scenes, a series of technological innovations known broadly as containerisation and inter-modal transportation has led to swift productivity improvements in cargo-handling. Forty years ago, the process of exporting or importing involved a great many stages of handling, which risked portions of the shipment being damaged or stolen along the way. The invention of the container crane made it possible to load and unload containers without capsizing the ship and the adoption of standard container sizes allowed almost any box to be transported on any ship. By 1967, dual-purpose ships, carrying loose cargo in the hold_and containers on the deck, were giving way to all-container vessels that moved thousands of boxes at a time.
H The shipping container transformed ocean shipping into a highly efficient, intensely competitive business. But getting the cargo to and from the dock was a different story. National governments, by and large, kept a much firmer hand on truck and railroad tariffs than on charges for ocean freight. This started changing, however, in the mid-1970s, when America began to deregulate its transportation industry. First airlines, then road hauliers and railways, were freed from restrictions on what they could carry, where they could haul it and what price they could charge. Big productivity gains resulted. Between 1985 and 1996, for example, America’s freight railways dramatically reduced their employment, trackage, and their fleets of locomotives — while increasing the amount of cargo they hauled. Europe’s railways have also shown marked, albeit smaller, productivity improvements.
I In America the period of huge productivity gains in transportation may be almost over, but in most countries the process still has far to go. State ownership of railways and airlines, regulation of freight rates and toleration of anti-competitive practices, such as cargo-handling monopolies, all keep the cost of shipping unnecessarily high and deter international trade. Bringing these barriers down would help the world’s economies grow even closer.
hold: ship’s storage area below beck
Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
14 a suggestion for improving trade in the future
15 the effects of the introduction of electronic delivery
16 the similar cost involved in transporting a product from abroad or from a local supplier
17 the weakening relationship between the value of goods and the cost of their delivery
Questions 18-22
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
18 International trade is increasing at a greater rate than the world economy.
19 Cheap labour guarantees effective trade conditions.
20 Japan imports more meat and steel than France.
21 Most countries continue to prefer to trade with nearby nations.
22 Small computer components are manufactured in Germany.
Questions 23-26
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-K, below.
Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
THE TRANSPORT REVOLUTION
Modern Cargo-handing methods have had a significant effect on 23............ as the business of moving freight around the world becomes increasingly streamlined.
Manufacturers of computers, for instance, are able to import 24............ from overseas, rather than having to rely on a local supplier. The introduction of 25............ has meant that bulk cargo can be safely and efficiently moved over long distances. While international shipping is now efficient, there is still a need for governments to reduce 26............: in order to free up the domestic cargo sector.
A tariffs B components C container ships
D output E employees F insurance costs
G trade H freight I fares
J software K international standards
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.
Question 27-32
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 27-32 on you answer sheet.
List of Headings
i The reaction of the Inuit community to climate change
ii Understanding of climate change remains limited
iii Alternative sources of essential supplies
iv Respect for Inuit opinion grows
v A healthier choice of food
vi A difficult landscape
vii Negative effects on well-being
viii Alarm caused by unprecedented events in the Arctic
ix The benefits of an easier existence
Example Answer
Paragraph A viii
27 Paragraph B
28 Paragraph C
29 Paragraph D
30 Paragraph E
31 Paragraph F
32 Paragraph G
Climate Change and the Inuit
The threat posed by climate change in the Arctic and the problems faced by Canada’s Inuit people
A Unusual incidents are being reported across the Arctic. Inuit families going off on snowmobiles to prepare their summer hunting camps have found themselves cut off from home by a sea of mud, following early thaws. There are reports of igloos losing their insulating properties as the snow drips and refreezes, of lakes draining into the sea as permafrost melts, and sea ice breaking up earlier than usual, carrying seals beyond the reach of hunters. Climate change may still be a rather abstract idea to most of us, but in the Arctic it is already having dramatic effects — if summertime ice continues to shrink at its present rate, the Arctic Ocean could soon become virtually ice-free in summer. The knock-on effects are likely to include more warming, cloudier skies, increased precipitation and higher sea levels. Scientists are increasingly keen to find out what’s going on because they consider the Arctic the ‘canary in the mine’ for global warming — a warning of what’s in store for the rest of the world.
B For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in precarious balance with one of the toughest environments on earth. Climate change, whatever its causes, is a direct threat to their way of life. Nobody knows the Arctic as well as the locals, which is why they are not content simply to stand back and let outside experts tell them what’s happening. In Canada, where the Inuit people are jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the country’s newest territory, Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. This is a challenge in itself.
C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that’s covered with snow for most of the year. Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today’s Inuit people.
D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometres of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It’s currently home to 2,500 people, all but a handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory’s 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing. Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around ￡7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income.
E While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has certainly been an impact on people’s health. Obesity, heart disease and diabetes are beginning to appear in a people for whom these have never before been problems. There has been a crisis of identity as the traditional skills of hunting, trapping and preparing skins have begun to disappear. In Nunavut’s ‘igloo and email’ society, where adults who were born in igloos have children who may never have been out on the land, there’s a high incidence of depression.
F With so much at stake, the Inuit are determined to play a key role in teasing out the mysteries of climate change in the Arctic. Having survived there for centuries, they believe their wealth of traditional knowledge is vital to the task. And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom, increasingly referred to as ‘Intelligence Quotient’, or IQ. ‘In the early days scientists ignored us when they came up here to study anything. They just figured these people don’t know very much so we won’t ask them,’ says John Amagoalik, an Inuit leader and politician. ‘But in recent years IQ has had much more credibility and weight.’ In fact it is now a requirement for anyone hoping to get permission to do research that they consult the communities, who are helping to set the research agenda to reflect their most important concerns. They can turn down applications from scientists they believe will work against their interests, or research projects that will impinge too much on their daily lives and traditional activities.
G Some scientists doubt the value of traditional knowledge because the occupation of the Arctic doesn’t go back far enough. Others, however, point out that the first weather stations in the far north date back just 50 years. There are still huge gaps in our environmental knowledge, and despite the scientific onslaught, many predictions are no more than best guesses. IQ could help to bridge the gap and resolve the tremendous uncertainty about how much of what we’re seeing is natural capriciousness and how much is the consequence of human activity.
Questions 33-40
Complete the summary of paragraphs C and D below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from paragraphs C and D for each answer.
Write you answers in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet.
If you visit the Canadian Arctic, you immediately appreciate the problems faced by people for whom this is home. It would clearly be impossible for the people to engage in 33............... as a means of supporting themselves. For thousands of years they have had to rely on catching 34...............and 35...............as a means of sustenance. The harsh surroundings saw many who tried to settle there pushed to their limits, although some were successful. The 36...............people were an example of the latter and for them the environment did not prove unmanageable. For the present inhabitants, life continues to be a struggle. The territory of Nunavut consists of little more than ice, rock and a few 37............... . In recent years, many of them have been obliged to give up their 38............... lifestyle, but they continue to depend mainly on 39............... for their food and clothes. 40...............produce is particularly expensive.
劍橋雅思閱讀6原文參考譯文(test1)
TEST 1 PASSAGE 1參考譯文：
AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESS
澳大利亞的體育成就
A They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.
A他們努力競爭，他們積極參與，他們參加比賽完全為了取勝。澳大利亞體育勁旅輕松擊敗對手，取得輝煌戰(zhàn)績。他們何以做到這一點(diǎn)?成功的秘密在于一個(gè)由體育學(xué)院和科研機(jī)構(gòu)組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)以科學(xué)與醫(yī)學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)，涉及面廣且耗資巨大。在澳大利亞體育學(xué)院(AIS)里，數(shù)百名青年選手與職業(yè)運(yùn)動員在教練的指導(dǎo)下共同生活和訓(xùn)練。另一家機(jī)構(gòu)——澳大利亞體育運(yùn)動委員會(ASC)，則為總計(jì)96項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動中項(xiàng)目的數(shù)千名表現(xiàn)突出的男女運(yùn)動員提供資助。上述兩家機(jī)構(gòu)均提供強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練、訓(xùn)練設(shè)備和營養(yǎng)咨詢服務(wù)。
B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one — such as building muscle strength in golfers — to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. ‘We can’t waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don’t help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,’ says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.
B 科學(xué)在體育科研機(jī)構(gòu)中的地位舉足輕重。AIS不僅雇用了上百名在體育方面深有研究的科學(xué)家和醫(yī)生，還與大學(xué)及研究中心的幾十名專家學(xué)者致力合作。AIS的科學(xué)家們同時(shí)研究多個(gè)體育項(xiàng)目，并將一個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的研究成果跨界應(yīng)用，例如將增強(qiáng)髙爾夫球運(yùn)動員肌肉力量的訓(xùn)練方法應(yīng)用于游泳和壁球中?？茖W(xué)家們也得到了那些設(shè)計(jì)專用儀器來收集運(yùn)動員資料的技術(shù)人員們的強(qiáng)大支持。他們都只關(guān)注一個(gè)目標(biāo)：勝利。AIS的科研主管彼得?弗里克說：“我們不能在不切實(shí)際的科學(xué)問題上浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，它們既無法協(xié)助教練指導(dǎo)運(yùn)動員，也無法提高運(yùn)動員本身的能力?！?/p>
C A lot of their work comes down to measurement — everything from the exact angle of a swimmer’s dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre there. No gain is too slight to bother with. It’s the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses how her spine swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Mason’s contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (Swimming Analysis) system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer’s performance into factors that can be analysed individually — stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN spits out data on each swimmer.
C 專家們的許多工作都涉及具體測量，測量內(nèi)容包括從游泳運(yùn)動員潛水的精確角度到自行車運(yùn)動員每秒功率輸出的所有數(shù)據(jù)。這些資料將有助于運(yùn)動員發(fā)揮最大的潛力來提高運(yùn)動能力。工作核心是以人為本，其目的在于促使運(yùn)動員發(fā)揮最大潛力來提高哪怕是百分之一秒的速度或者是一毫米的成績。無論多么微小的收獲都值得為之努力。正是這些跬步的積累，才使得澳大利亞取得舉世矚目的體育成就。為了說明系統(tǒng)運(yùn)作的原理，AIS的科學(xué)家布魯斯?梅森展示了為研究游泳運(yùn)動員而設(shè)計(jì)的三維分析工具模型。只見一個(gè)游泳冠軍獲得者的線框模型劃開水面，她的雙臂以慢動作的形式劃動。側(cè)面觀察，梅森可以測量每次劃動中運(yùn)動員前進(jìn)的距離。俯視觀察，他可以分析這位運(yùn)動員的脊柱是怎樣轉(zhuǎn)動的。該系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)完成后，他將能夠?yàn)榻叹殏兘⑸锪W(xué)的模型，協(xié)助培養(yǎng)游泳運(yùn)動員。梅森對體育事業(yè)的貢獻(xiàn)還包括游泳運(yùn)動分析系統(tǒng)(SWAN)的開發(fā)，該系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)在正廣泛應(yīng)用于澳大利亞各項(xiàng)全國賽事之中。系統(tǒng)采用攝影頻率為50格/秒的數(shù) 碼相機(jī)收集影像，然后將游泳運(yùn)動員的每個(gè)動作都分解成可分析的因素.例如劃距、劃頻、每個(gè)劃水動作 的平均持續(xù)時(shí)間、速率、出發(fā)時(shí)間、往返時(shí)間和結(jié)束時(shí)間等等。每次比賽結(jié)束后，SWAN都會給出每名運(yùn)動員的數(shù)據(jù)資料。
D ‘Take a look,’ says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam faster. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? ‘His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy,’ says Mason. ‘If he can improve on his turns, he can do much better.’ This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists’ research is bringing to a range of sports. With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete’s clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete’s ability to run. There’s more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimentation, AIS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes’ saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy.
D“請看，”梅森一邊說一邊抽出一張數(shù)據(jù)資料分析表。他指出獲得第二名和第三名運(yùn)動員的資料，數(shù)據(jù)證明游的最快的人其實(shí)是獲得第三名的選手。那么，為什么他會以0. 35秒之差落后呢?梅森解釋說：“他轉(zhuǎn)身所需的時(shí)間比另一名選手長0.44秒、如果能夠提高轉(zhuǎn)身的技能，他的成績將會大大提高。”AIS科學(xué)家們的研究將這種精確性帶到各種體育項(xiàng)目之中。他們正與位于墨爾本的微技術(shù)合作研究中心合作，共同開發(fā)可嵌人運(yùn)動員衣服或跑鞋里的微型傳感器，用以監(jiān)控心律、出汗情況、發(fā)熱量以及其他一切可能對運(yùn)動員賽跑能力造成影響的因素。這不僅僅是簡單地測評運(yùn)動員們的表現(xiàn)。弗里克舉了個(gè)每年都會因感冒咳嗽而病倒十一二次的運(yùn)動員的例子來說明了這一點(diǎn)。經(jīng)過多年試驗(yàn)，AIS與新南威爾士州的紐卡斯?fàn)柎髮W(xué)合作研發(fā)出一種測試，以測量運(yùn)動員唾液中免疫球蛋白A的含量如果免疫球蛋白A的含量突然降到某一水平之下，訓(xùn)練就會減弱強(qiáng)度或完全停止。不久，免疫球蛋白A水平開始回升，危險(xiǎn)也最終消除。自推行該測試以來，AIS所有體育項(xiàng)目的運(yùn)動員們都非常成功地保持著良好的健康狀態(tài)。
E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model’, based on what they expect will be the winning times.’ You design the model to make that time,’ says Mason.’ A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.’ All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the world’s most successful sporting nation.
E 數(shù)據(jù)資料的分析與應(yīng)用十分復(fù)雜。在錦標(biāo)賽開始之前，體育科學(xué)家和教練們就早早著手訓(xùn)練運(yùn)動員， 為比賽做好準(zhǔn)備。基于預(yù)期中將能奪冠的速度，他們力圖使運(yùn)動員進(jìn)入“競賽模式”。梅森說：“人們設(shè)計(jì)一種模式以達(dá)到預(yù)期的速度，該模式規(guī)定了出發(fā)時(shí)間的長短、每次劃水的速率、一定的劃頻和劃距、轉(zhuǎn)身所需的時(shí)間等等?！币虼?，無論是針對比賽整體還是其每個(gè)組成部分，所有的訓(xùn)練都是為了使運(yùn)動員達(dá)到這些目標(biāo)。諸如此類的先進(jìn)科技已使澳大利亞成為了一個(gè)當(dāng)之無愧的世界體育強(qiáng)國。
F Of course, there’s nothing to stop other countries copying — and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists’ and rowers’ times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the ‘a(chǎn)ltitude tent’, developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australia’s success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.
F 當(dāng)然，許多國家都曾嘗試著模仿，這是無法避免的。十幾年前，AIS為進(jìn)行耐力講練的運(yùn)動員設(shè)計(jì)出一款流線型散熱運(yùn)動服。在1996年舉辦的亞特蘭大奧運(yùn)會上，該運(yùn)動服為自行車運(yùn)動員和劃艇選手們減少了2%的比賽時(shí)間。現(xiàn)在，所有的選手都在使用這種新型運(yùn)動服?！案咴瓗づ瘛币彩侨绱?，這是AIS為了模仿在海平面髙度地點(diǎn)的訓(xùn)練效果而設(shè)計(jì)研發(fā)的。然而，澳大利亞的成功故事絕不僅僅是些可以機(jī)械復(fù)制的技術(shù)方案，這也是為何時(shí)至今日也沒有任何國家能夠效仿其包羅萬象的訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)。
TEST 1 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：
DELIVERING THE GOODS
The vast expansion in international trade owes much to a revolution in the business of moving freight
貨物運(yùn)輸
國際貿(mào)易規(guī)模的巨大擴(kuò)張應(yīng)當(dāng)歸功于貨運(yùn)業(yè)的變革
A International trade is growing at a startling pace. While the global economy has been expanding at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that. Foreign products, from meat to machinery, play a more important role in almost every economy in the world, and foreign markets now tempt businesses that never much worried about sales beyond their nation’s borders.
A 國際貿(mào)易正以驚人的速度不斷發(fā)展。世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的年均增長率略高于3%，而貿(mào)易額的年均復(fù)合增長率則高達(dá)此數(shù)字的近兩倍。外國產(chǎn)品幾乎在各國經(jīng)濟(jì)中都扮演著愈加重要的角色，產(chǎn)品范圍廣及肉類制品到機(jī)械設(shè)備。國外市場也正在吸引著那些從來不曾關(guān)心其商品在國外銷路的企業(yè)。
B What lies behind this explosion in international commerce? The general worldwide decline in trade barriers, such as customs duties and import quotas, is surely one explanation. The economic opening of countries that have traditionally been minor players is another. But one force behind the import-export boom has passed all but unnoticed: the rapidly falling cost of getting goods to market. Theoretically, in the world of trade, shipping costs do not matter. Goods, once they have been made, are assumed to move instantly and at no cost from place to place. The real world, however, is full of frictions. Cheap labour may make Chinese clothing competitive in America, but if delays in shipment tie up working capital and cause winter coats to arrive in spring, trade may lose its advantages.
B 國際貿(mào)易飛速發(fā)展的原因是什么呢?當(dāng)然，其原因之一是貿(mào)易壁壘在全世界范圍的普遍減少，比如關(guān)稅的減免和進(jìn)口配額的淡出。另一原因是為傳統(tǒng)意義上貿(mào)易小國的經(jīng)濟(jì)開放。然而，在進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易興旺繁榮的背后，有一種力量一直被人們所忽視，那就是將貨物運(yùn)往市場所需費(fèi)用的迅速下降。從理論上講，運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用在貿(mào)易往來中并不重要。人們認(rèn)為，貨物在制成成品之后就可以無需任何花費(fèi)運(yùn)往各地。但是，現(xiàn)實(shí)世界充滿了矛盾。廉價(jià)勞動力可能使中國的紡織品在美國市場上極具競爭力，而一旦貨運(yùn)的延遲占用了流動資金，并導(dǎo)致冬大衣直至來春天才運(yùn)達(dá)目的地，那么這筆交易將會失去其競爭優(yōu)勢。
C At the turn of the 20th century, agriculture and manufacturing were the two most important sectors almost everywhere, accounting for about 70% of total output in Germany, Italy and France, and 40-50% in America, Britain and Japan. International commerce was therefore dominated by raw materials, such as wheat, wood and iron ore, or processed commodities, such as meat and steel. But these sorts of products are heavy and bulky and the cost of transporting them relatively high.
C 在世紀(jì)之交，農(nóng)業(yè)和制造業(yè)幾乎曾是世界各地最重要的兩大行業(yè)，其比重占德國、意大利和法國總產(chǎn)量的約70%，占美國、英國和日本總產(chǎn)量的40%~50%。因此，國際貿(mào)易以小麥、木材和鐵礦石等為代表的原材料或者以肉類和鋼鐵等為代表的加工品為主。但這些商品重、體積大，從而運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用也相對較髙。
D Countries still trade disproportionately with their geographic neighbours. Over time, however, world output has shifted into goods whose worth is unrelated to their size and weight. Today, it is finished manufactured products that dominate the flow of trade, and, thanks to technological advances such as lightweight components, manufactured goods themselves have tended to become lighter and less bulky. As a result, less transportation is required for every dollar’s worth of imports or exports.
D 至今為止，各國仍然將重點(diǎn)放在與鄰國的貿(mào)易往來上。然而隨著時(shí)間的推移，全世界范圍的商品生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向其價(jià)值與其尺寸、重量并不相關(guān)的商品?，F(xiàn)今，制成品已在貿(mào)易往來中占據(jù)主體地位，而且像輕量級組件等科技進(jìn)步成果使制成品變得愈加輕便、小巧。因此，進(jìn)出口商品所需的運(yùn)費(fèi)也相應(yīng)有所降低。
E To see how this influences trade, consider the business of making disk drives for computers. Most of the world’s disk-drive manufacturing is concentrated in South-east Asia. This is possible only because disk drives, while valuable, are small and light and so cost little to ship. Computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market. Distance therefore poses no obstacle to the globalisation of the disk-drive industry.
E為了理解運(yùn)費(fèi)降低對于貿(mào)易的影響，讓我們看看計(jì)算機(jī)磁盤驅(qū)動器的生產(chǎn)制造業(yè)。全世界大多數(shù)的磁盤驅(qū)動器制造業(yè)都集中在東南亞地區(qū)。磁盤驅(qū)動器價(jià)格昂貴(價(jià)值高)。但正是由于其重量輕、體積小而運(yùn)輸花費(fèi)低，才使得制造業(yè)的集中成為可能。即使從新加坡進(jìn)口磁盤驅(qū)動器而不是在國內(nèi)市場購買，日本或美國得克薩斯州的計(jì)算機(jī)制造商們也不會面對花費(fèi)高出很多的運(yùn)費(fèi)賬單。因此，距離已不再是磁盤驅(qū)動器制造業(yè)的全球化進(jìn)程的障礙。
F This is even more true of the fast-growing information industries. Films and compact discs cost little to transport, even by aeroplane. Computer software can be ‘exported’ without ever loading it onto a ship, simply by transmitting it over telephone lines from one country to another, so freight rates and cargo-handling schedules become insignificant factors in deciding where to make the product. Businesses can locate based on other considerations, such as the availability of labour, while worrying less about the cost of delivering their output.
F在飛速發(fā)展的信息產(chǎn)業(yè)更是如此。即便用飛機(jī)運(yùn)輸，膠片和光盤也只需極低的運(yùn)費(fèi)。計(jì)算機(jī)軟件的“出口”甚至不需要裝運(yùn)，僅僅通過電話線就可以在各國之間傳輸。因此，在選定制造地點(diǎn)時(shí)，貨運(yùn)費(fèi)用和貨物裝卸表已成為無關(guān)緊要的因素。企業(yè)在選址時(shí)可以去考慮其他因素，例如勞動力的可獲得性，而不必過分擔(dān)心產(chǎn)品的運(yùn)送費(fèi)用。
G In many countries deregulation has helped to drive the process along. But, behind the scenes, a series of technological innovations known broadly as containerisation and inter-modal transportation has led to swift productivity improvements in cargo-handling. Forty years ago, the process of exporting or importing involved a great many stages of handling, which risked portions of the shipment being damaged or stolen along the way. The invention of the container crane made it possible to load and unload containers without capsizing the ship and the adoption of standard container sizes allowed almost any box to be transported on any ship. By 1967, dual-purpose ships, carrying loose cargo in the hold_and containers on the deck, were giving way to all-container vessels that moved thousands of boxes at a time.
G在許多國家，管制的解除推動了國際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。除此之外，一系列科技創(chuàng)新也間接地促進(jìn)了貨物裝卸作業(yè)中生產(chǎn)率的迅速提高，其中包括廣為人知的集裝箱運(yùn)輸和多式聯(lián)運(yùn)。四十年前，進(jìn)出口商品程序繁雜，這帶來了部分貨物在運(yùn)送過程中被損壞或偷竊的危險(xiǎn)。集裝箱起重機(jī)的發(fā)明實(shí)現(xiàn)了集裝箱的安全裝卸，又不至于傾覆貨運(yùn)船只;而采用同一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格的集裝箱則使所有船只都能夠運(yùn)載裝箱運(yùn)送的不同貨物。到1967年，貨艙中裝運(yùn)散裝貨物而甲板上裝運(yùn)集裝箱的兩用貨輪已逐漸被淘汰，取而代之的是可以一次運(yùn)載幾千個(gè)集裝箱的全集裝箱船。
H The shipping container transformed ocean shipping into a highly efficient, intensely competitive business. But getting the cargo to and from the dock was a different story. National governments, by and large, kept a much firmer hand on truck and railroad tariffs than on charges for ocean freight. This started changing, however, in the mid-1970s, when America began to deregulate its transportation industry. First airlines, then road hauliers and railways, were freed from restrictions on what they could carry, where they could haul it and what price they could charge. Big productivity gains resulted. Between 1985 and 1996, for example, America’s freight railways dramatically reduced their employment, trackage, and their fleets of locomotives — while increasing the amount of cargo they hauled. Europe’s railways have also shown marked, albeit smaller, productivity improvements.
H集裝箱已將海上運(yùn)輸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐环N效率極髙且競爭力強(qiáng)的行業(yè)，但將貨物運(yùn)往或者運(yùn)離碼頭卻絕非易 事?？傮w來說，相對于控制海上運(yùn)輸?shù)馁M(fèi)用，各國政府都更傾向于牢牢控制貨車運(yùn)輸和鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)倪\(yùn)價(jià)。然而，這種情況從二十世紀(jì)七十年代中期，即美國解除對運(yùn)輸業(yè)的管制時(shí)便開始發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。繼航運(yùn)業(yè)率先獲得管制解除之后，公路運(yùn)輸業(yè)和鐵路運(yùn)輸業(yè)也相繼擺脫了限制運(yùn)載貨物種類、裝卸地點(diǎn)和貨運(yùn)費(fèi)用規(guī)定的束縛。生產(chǎn)率的顯著提高獲得了巨大的成果。例如，1985年至1996年間，美國鐵路運(yùn)輸業(yè)以驚人的方式在提高貨運(yùn)量的同時(shí)，減少了職工人數(shù)，縮短了運(yùn)程，降低了機(jī)車隊(duì)規(guī)模。雖然不及美國成就巨大，歐洲鐵路運(yùn)輸業(yè)同樣取得了成果顯著的生產(chǎn)力的進(jìn)步和生產(chǎn)率的提高。
I In America the period of huge productivity gains in transportation may be almost over, but in most countries the process still has far to go. State ownership of railways and airlines, regulation of freight rates and toleration of anti-competitive practices, such as cargo-handling monopolies, all keep the cost of shipping unnecessarily high and deter international trade. Bringing these barriers down would help the world’s economies grow even closer.
I 在美國，運(yùn)輸業(yè)生產(chǎn)率高速增長的時(shí)代或許已近尾聲，但對于大多數(shù)國家來說，此過程依然任重而道遠(yuǎn)。許多因素導(dǎo)致了運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用不必要地持續(xù)偏高并阻礙著國際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，其中包括國家對于鐵路業(yè)和航空業(yè)的所有權(quán)，限制運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用的管理規(guī)定，以及對于反競爭行為的寬容。這些障礙的消除將有助于全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的進(jìn)程與發(fā)展。
TEST 1 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文：
Climate Change and the Inuit
The threat posed by climate change in the Arctic and the problems faced by Canada’s Inuit people
氣候變化與因紐特人
北極地區(qū)氣候變化造成的威脅和加拿大因紐特人(亦稱“愛斯基摩人”)面臨的困境
A Unusual incidents are being reported across the Arctic. Inuit families going off on snowmobiles to prepare their summer hunting camps have found themselves cut off from home by a sea of mud, following early thaws. There are reports of igloos losing their insulating properties as the snow drips and refreezes, of lakes draining into the sea as permafrost melts, and sea ice breaking up earlier than usual, carrying seals beyond the reach of hunters. Climate change may still be a rather abstract idea to most of us, but in the Arctic it is already having dramatic effects — if summertime ice continues to shrink at its present rate, the Arctic Ocean could soon become virtually ice-free in summer. The knock-on effects are likely to include more warming, cloudier skies, increased precipitation and higher sea levels. Scientists are increasingly keen to find out what’s going on because they consider the Arctic the ‘canary in the mine’ for global warming — a warning of what’s in store for the rest of the world.
A 據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)，罕見事件在北極各地不斷發(fā)生。許多因紐特家庭在乘坐雪地汽車離開居住地去為夏季狩獵露營地做準(zhǔn)備時(shí)，被大片因提早解凍而形成的泥沼隔斷了回家的路。相關(guān)報(bào)道層出不窮，圓頂冰屋的雪磚在融化滴落后又再次凍結(jié)，損壞了大量絕緣物品;凍土層融化，使湖水流入海洋;海冰比往年提前破碎，漂流的碎冰將海豹帶到了獵人們力所不及的狩獵范圍之外。對我們中的大多數(shù)人來說，氣候變化或許還是一個(gè)相當(dāng)抽象的概念，但在北極地區(qū)這已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。如果夏季海冰以現(xiàn)有的速度繼續(xù)消融，不久之后浮冰就會在夏季的北冰洋上完全消失。氣候變化的連鎖效應(yīng)還包括氣溫升高、云層增厚、降水量增加和海平面升高?？茖W(xué)家們致力于研究氣候變化的原因，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為在全球變暖的進(jìn)程中，北極是能夠警示危險(xiǎn)到來的“礦井里的金絲雀”警告著我們北極地區(qū)的現(xiàn)狀就是全世界的未來。
B For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in precarious balance with one of the toughest environments on earth. Climate change, whatever its causes, is a direct threat to their way of life. Nobody knows the Arctic as well as the locals, which is why they are not content simply to stand back and let outside experts tell them what’s happening. In Canada, where the Inuit people are jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the country’s newest territory, Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. This is a challenge in itself.
B 對因紐特人來說，形勢非常緊迫，問題亟待解決。他們生活在地球上最艱苦的地方與周圍環(huán)境保摶著不穩(wěn)定的平衡。無論造成何種影響，氣候變化都是他們生活方式的直接威脅。當(dāng)?shù)鼐用癖热魏稳硕几恿私獗睒O，因此他們不會簡單地滿足于自己袖手旁觀而讓外國專家們告知他們北極的現(xiàn)狀。努納武特地區(qū)是加拿大最新成立的特別行政區(qū)，當(dāng)?shù)氐囊蚣~特人一直努力維護(hù)來之不易的自治權(quán)。他們認(rèn)為在不斷變化的環(huán)境中，生存的最大希望在于將先人的智慧與先進(jìn)的現(xiàn)代科學(xué)相結(jié)合。但這本身就是一個(gè)巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。
C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that’s covered with snow for most of the year. Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today’s Inuit people.
C 加拿大北極區(qū)是一片廣袤荒蕪的極地荒漠，一年中多半時(shí)間都被冰雪所覆蓋。踏上這片土地，你就會明白以此為家的人們的處境有多么艱苦。農(nóng)耕種植絕不可能，而可供采摘的食物也寥寥無幾。四千五百年前，人類首次在北極地區(qū)定居，并且以捕捉海洋哺乳動物和魚類為生。環(huán)境的考驗(yàn)將他們生存的潛力逼迫到了極限：有時(shí)他們成功幸存，而有時(shí)則遭受失敗并滅亡。然而，大約一千年前出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)種族，他們以獨(dú)一無二的方式很好地適應(yīng)了北極地區(qū)的環(huán)境。這些圖勒人從阿拉斯加遷至北極，并帶來了皮艇、雪橇、狗、 陶器和鐵質(zhì)工具。他們是現(xiàn)今因紐特人的祖先。
D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometres of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It’s currently home to 2,500 people, all but a handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory’s 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing. Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around ￡7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income.
D 對圖勒人的子缽后代來說，生活依然殘酷而艱苦。努納武特地區(qū)包括一百九十萬平方公里被巖石和冰雪覆蓋的陸地，以及此極點(diǎn)附近的幾個(gè)島嶼?，F(xiàn)在，除了少數(shù)幾個(gè)人之外，該地區(qū)兩千五百名居民幾乎均為因紐特原住民。在過去的四十年中，大多數(shù)人都放棄了游牧生活而定居在該地區(qū)二十八個(gè)相互獨(dú)立的社區(qū)，但他們?nèi)耘f主要依賴于大自然來獲取食物與衣服。當(dāng)?shù)厣痰瓿鍪鄣娜粘１匦杵肥峭ㄟ^世界上運(yùn)費(fèi)最昂貴的航線之一進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸，或是通過只有在夏季不結(jié)冰的幾個(gè)星期里才能航行的供應(yīng)船運(yùn)送進(jìn)努納武特地區(qū)的。一個(gè)家庭每年大約要花費(fèi)七千英鎊才能用進(jìn)口的肉食來取代他們自己獵取的肉類。在這里，經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)遇極少，政府補(bǔ)助金是許多人唯一的收人來源。
E While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has certainly been an impact on people’s health. Obesity, heart disease and diabetes are beginning to appear in a people for whom these have never before been problems. There has been a crisis of identity as the traditional skills of hunting, trapping and preparing skins have begun to disappear. In Nunavut’s ‘igloo and email’ society, where adults who were born in igloos have children who may never have been out on the land, there’s a high incidence of depression.
E 即使氣候變化阻礙了狩獵和誘捕，因紐特人或許也不會真的挨餓受凍，但氣候變化的確影響了人們的健康。人們開始患上肥胖癥、心臟病和糖尿病，而這些疾病曾經(jīng)根本不會對因紐特人的健康構(gòu)成威脅。隨著狩獵、誘捕和剝皮等傳統(tǒng)手藝的失傳，人們面臨著嚴(yán)重的身份危機(jī)。在努納武特地區(qū)“圓頂冰星加電子郵件”的社會中，父母出生在冰屋之中，而其子女們或許從來沒有到野外狩獵的經(jīng)歷，憂郁癥頻繁發(fā)生。
F With so much at stake, the Inuit are determined to play a key role in teasing out the mysteries of climate change in the Arctic. Having survived there for centuries, they believe their wealth of traditional knowledge is vital to the task. And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom, increasingly referred to as ‘Intelligence Quotient’, or IQ. ‘In the early days scientists ignored us when they came up here to study anything. They just figured these people don’t know very much so we won’t ask them,’ says John Amagoalik, an Inuit leader and politician. ‘But in recent years IQ has had much more credibility and weight.’ In fact it is now a requirement for anyone hoping to get permission to do research that they consult the communities, who are helping to set the research agenda to reflect their most important concerns. They can turn down applications from scientists they believe will work against their interests, or research projects that will impinge too much on their daily lives and traditional activities.
F 在情況危急之下，因紐特人決定在解開北極地區(qū)氣候變化之謎的過程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。因紐特人在當(dāng)?shù)厣盍藥装倌?，他們相信傳統(tǒng)知識的財(cái)富對于這項(xiàng)任務(wù)的完成至關(guān)重要。西方的科學(xué)家們也開始逐漸吸收借鑒傳統(tǒng)知識，并將其稱為“因紐特智慧”或IQ。因紐特首領(lǐng)兼政治家約翰?阿瑪高利克說：“在科學(xué)家們來到這里展開研究工作的初期，他們忽視我們的存在。他們或許這樣認(rèn)為：反正因紐特人懂得的知識也不多，我們?yōu)槭裁匆蛩麄冋埥棠?但是近年來，IQ已經(jīng)逐漸顯示出其可信度和重要性?！笔聦?shí)上，現(xiàn)在任何人若想得到在努納武特地區(qū)開展科學(xué)研究的許可，都必須咨詢當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)，而社區(qū)則會協(xié)助安排研究日程，并在日程安排中反映出其關(guān)心的重要問題。他們可以拒絕可能損害社區(qū)利益的科研申請，或者否決可能嚴(yán)重影響當(dāng)?shù)鼐用袢粘Ｉ詈蛡鹘y(tǒng)活動的科研項(xiàng)目。
G Some scientists doubt the value of traditional knowledge because the occupation of the Arctic doesn’t go back far enough. Others, however, point out that the first weather stations in the far north date back just 50 years. There are still huge gaps in our environmental knowledge, and despite the scientific onslaught, many predictions are no more than best guesses. IQ could help to bridge the gap and resolve the tremendous uncertainty about how much of what we’re seeing is natural capriciousness and how much is the consequence of human activity.
G 某些科學(xué)家質(zhì)疑傳統(tǒng)知識的價(jià)值，認(rèn)為因紐特人在北極地區(qū)居住的時(shí)間太短。除此之外，另一些人指出北極地區(qū)第一批氣象站也僅僅是五十年前才建立的。現(xiàn)今，我們的環(huán)境知識還很匱乏，即使以科學(xué)的發(fā)展為依據(jù)，許多預(yù)測也不過是大膽的猜測而巳。IQ能夠填補(bǔ)我們現(xiàn)有環(huán)境知識的空白，并且能夠解決一個(gè)巨大的疑問，即我們所見的現(xiàn)象是自然環(huán)境的反復(fù)無常還是人類活動的必然后果。
劍橋雅思閱讀6原文解析(test1)
Test 1 Passage1
Question 1
答案：B
關(guān)鍵詞：exchange of expertise, between different sports/collaborate, across a number of sports
定位原文：B段第2、3句“...and collaborates with… a number of sports …”
解題思路: 題干中講到不同體育領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)知識交流正好跟原文中跨不同體育專家之間的合作相對應(yīng)，理解意思即可容易找到正確答案。
Question 2
答案：C
關(guān)鍵詞: visual imaging/3D, image
定位原文: C段第6句: “...shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis …”
解題思路: 通過題干中的視頻成像可以很容易找到原文中對應(yīng)的3D和成像。
Question 3
答案：B
關(guān)鍵詞: a reason for narrowing/ can’t waste time
定位原文: B段最后1句: “We can’t waste our time looking…”
解題思路: 題目中的research activity和原文中的scientific questions 屬于同義表達(dá)，定位答題區(qū)域，發(fā)現(xiàn)此句話所要表達(dá)的意思是不在一些飄渺的、不切實(shí)際的科學(xué)問題上浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，也就是說要縮小研究的范圍。
Question 4
答案：F
關(guān)鍵詞：AIS ideas reproduce/ copying
定位原文: F段第1句話 “Of course, there’s nothing…”
解題思路: 題干中的reproduce是復(fù)制的意思，之后從文章中發(fā)現(xiàn)句子有復(fù)制copying，即可以直接定位。
Question 5
答案：D
關(guān)鍵詞：Obstacle, investigated/ impact, monitor
定位原文: D段第6句“... to monitor heart rate…”
解題思路: 題干提到理想成績的障礙是如何被調(diào)查研究的，而讀到對應(yīng)句子之后看到正好是sensors(傳感器)對于運(yùn)動員跑步的impact(影響)進(jìn)行研究的儀器，而且obstacles和impact對應(yīng)。
Question 6
答案：A
關(guān)鍵詞：Overview, funded support finance
定位原文: A段倒數(shù)第2句 “...finances programmes of excellence…”
解題思路: finances是解題關(guān)鍵，意思為資助，正好跟題干中funded support表達(dá)了相同的義項(xiàng)，直接對應(yīng)。而且之后一句話提及以上項(xiàng)目所提供的服務(wù)和建議，可以確信答案。
Question 7
答案：E
關(guān)鍵詞：Calculated before an event/ using data, well before a championship
定位原文: E段第1句、第2句 “Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, ...”
解題思路: 首先通過well before a championship和文章中before an event定位到E段， 之后發(fā)現(xiàn)后面提及的“競爭模型”作用就是計(jì)算時(shí)間和速率，因此內(nèi)容對應(yīng)上calculate，此時(shí)可斷定答案的位置。
Question 8
答案：A
關(guān)鍵詞: digital cameras
定位原文: C段倒數(shù)第3句: “..SWAN system now used in Australian national…”
解題思路: 前一句已經(jīng)提到該系統(tǒng)已廣泛應(yīng)用于澳大利亞各項(xiàng)全國賽事之中，而沒有提到其他國家，因此可以判斷應(yīng)該只有澳大利亞人在使用。
Question 9
答案：B
關(guān)鍵詞：sensor
定位原文: D段第7句：“...With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro…”
解題思路: 找到相同對應(yīng)詞sensor，讀其前后的句子，發(fā)現(xiàn)有 Melbourne，斷定是澳大利亞人的發(fā)明。之后要特別留心動詞develop運(yùn)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示正在開發(fā);而且注意之后的定語從句采用了將來時(shí)，所以可以斷定此發(fā)明還沒有完成，應(yīng)該屬于將來的成果。因此選擇B。
Question 10
答案: A
關(guān)鍵詞：protein
定位原文: D段倒數(shù)第4句: “… AIS and the University of Newcastle…”
解題思路: 非常容易在前面第一句話中找到跟題目protein tests所對應(yīng)的詞語a test ...protein。之后細(xì)讀前后句，發(fā)現(xiàn)后面一句話對于此項(xiàng)科技成果的受益者文章中只提到AIS運(yùn)動員，即澳大利亞體育學(xué)院的運(yùn)動員，隸屬于澳大利亞，所以應(yīng)該選擇A。
Question 11
答案：C
關(guān)鍵詞: altitude tent
定位原文: F段倒數(shù)第2句: “The same has happened to the ‘a(chǎn)ltitude tent ’…”
解題思路: 文章中很容易找到用引號括起來的題目中的名詞短語，因此只要細(xì)心讀原句，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)開頭的‘The same has happened...’同樣的事情也發(fā)生在……根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)應(yīng)該順著文章向上追溯，發(fā)現(xiàn)跟‘a(chǎn)ltitude tent’相同情況的是1996年奧運(yùn)會上澳大利亞人受益的流線型散熱運(yùn)動服現(xiàn)在全世界都在用。因此 ‘a(chǎn)ltitude tent’也被世界各國應(yīng)用。所以答案應(yīng)該選擇C。且根據(jù)此段話大意可以了解文章只提到兩種研究成果被別國運(yùn)用，即髙原帳蓬和流線型散熱服。所以可以間接判斷前三項(xiàng)成果是由澳大利人獨(dú)享的。
Question 12
答案： (a)competition model
關(guān)鍵詞： help an athlete plan, produced / prepare the athlete by, developing
定位原文: E段第1句“Using data…”
解題思路: Help an athlete plan their performance 對應(yīng)上prepare the athlete by之后，要認(rèn)真研究題目所問的是what is produced,斷定所作答案必定要填一個(gè)名詞。因此要細(xì)讀原文發(fā)現(xiàn)有單詞developing恰與produced相對應(yīng)，中文意思是“開發(fā)”，則答案必定是開發(fā)之后的名詞。
Question 13
答案： (by)2 percent/%
關(guān)鍵詞： 19% Olympic Games, cyclists, improve
定位原文: F段第3句“At the Atlanta…”
解題思路: 分析問句是 ‘By how much... improve’，意思為“提高了多少”，可以判斷出答案需要寫一個(gè)數(shù)字。因此仔細(xì)閱讀相關(guān)語句找到 sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists ‘a(chǎn)nd rowers’ time。很快就可以找到數(shù)字百分之二。
Test 1 Passage 2
Question 14
答案：I
關(guān)鍵詞：suggestion, in the future /would help
定位原文: I 段最后1句“Bringing these barriers down would help…”
解題思路: 首先看到題干中有明確的時(shí)間詞“在未來”。根據(jù)段意，可以判定應(yīng)該是文章的最后一段。之后看題干中的定位詞suggestion表示建議，在文章結(jié)尾部分的最后一句話，可以清楚地找到它是作者對于提高貿(mào)易的一個(gè)建議，完全對應(yīng)。
Question 15
答案： F
關(guān)鍵詞：electronic delivery/transmitting...over telephone
定位原文: F段第3句“...simply by transmitting…”
解題思路: 題干中提到電子式的傳遞，很容易跟文章關(guān)于信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的F段掛鉤，之后再細(xì)讀本段第二句話就可以找到與題干相對應(yīng)的 transmitting...over telephone。因此，答案是F段。
Question 16
答案： E
關(guān)鍵詞：similar cost Abroad, local/ Singapore, domestic
定位原文: E段倒數(shù)第2句“… manufacturers in Japan or Texas…”
解題思路: 題干是說“無論是國際還是國內(nèi)的，在運(yùn)輸貨物環(huán)節(jié)的相近成本?！币簿褪钦f國內(nèi)的運(yùn)輸和國際的運(yùn)輸成本基本相同，間接表明國際運(yùn)輸成本比較低。而文章中此句話的意思是“即使從新加坡進(jìn)口磁盤驅(qū)動器而不是在國內(nèi)市場購買，日本或美國得克薩斯州的計(jì)算機(jī)制造商們也不會面對花費(fèi)高出很多的運(yùn)費(fèi)賬單”?？梢钥闯鲋圃焐虃儾挥没ㄙM(fèi)很高的運(yùn)費(fèi)，正好跟題干相應(yīng)。
Question 17
答案：D
關(guān)鍵詞：Weakening relationship, value of goods, cost of delivery/unrelated to
定位原文: D段第2句“...world output has shifted into goods…”
解題思路: 題干的weakening relationship(弱化的關(guān)系)，跟文章unrelated to (不相關(guān)的)屬于同義表達(dá)，描述的問題是商品價(jià)值和運(yùn)輸成本的關(guān)系。
Question 18
答案： TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞：international trade, world economy
定位原文: A段第2句“... global economy has been expanding…”
解題思路: 非常明顯，twice是題眼，表示trade是global economy的兩倍，所以看出國際貿(mào)易要比世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長快很多，正好對應(yīng)上定位詞和題干。
Question 19
答案： FALSE
關(guān)鍵詞：cheap labour
定位原文: B段最后1句“Cheap labour may make Chinese…”
解題思路: 此題找到對應(yīng)段落，正好cheap labour用詞一樣。之后文章盡管說廉價(jià)勞動力使得中國紡織品在美國具有競爭力，但要注意轉(zhuǎn)折詞‘but’，它使意思發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。后面的句子可以看出，如果沒有好的、及時(shí)的運(yùn)輸，那么貿(mào)易也就失去了優(yōu)勢(lose advantages)。因此正好是駁斥了題干中關(guān)于廉價(jià)勞動力對于貿(mào)易的保證關(guān)系，因此題干與文章的意思不相符。
Question 20
答案: NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞：Japan，F(xiàn)rance
定位原文: C段第1句“...agriculture and manufacturing…”
解題思路: 文章中C段正好有對應(yīng)的法國和日本。但文章原義是“農(nóng)業(yè)和制造業(yè)幾乎曾是各地最重要的兩大行業(yè)，其比重占德 國、意大利和法國總產(chǎn)量的約70%，以及美國、英國和日本總產(chǎn)量的40%~50%?！碧岬椒?國比日本多的是農(nóng)業(yè)和制造業(yè)的總產(chǎn)量，可文中并沒有提及關(guān)于肉類和鋼鐵的進(jìn)口問題。此題是典型的題不對文，因此應(yīng)該選擇NOT GIVEN。
Question 21
答案：TRUE
關(guān)鍵詞：trade with nearby nations
定位原文: D段第1句“Countries still trade disproportionately…”
解題思路: 定位句譯文是“各國仍然將重點(diǎn)放在與鄰國的貿(mào)易往來上”。其中g(shù)eographic neighbours與nearby nations對應(yīng)，still和continue也對應(yīng)。句子意思也跟題干意思完全吻合，因此此題應(yīng)該選擇TRUE。
Question 22
答案： NOT GIVEN
關(guān)鍵詞： small computer components
定位原文: E段第2句“Most of the world’s disk-drive…”
解題思路: 首先確定小的電腦零件只能在E和F段來找，而根據(jù)E段提供的信息，大部分的電腦配件之一——硬盤都在東南亞生產(chǎn)。而并沒有提到電腦零件在德國生產(chǎn)，因此文章中沒有提及，既不肯定也不否定在德國生產(chǎn)小的電腦零件。因此答案應(yīng)該是NOT GIVEN。
Question 23
答案：G
關(guān)鍵詞：significant effect on, business of moving freight, increasingly streamlined
定位原文: E段第1句“To see how this influences trade…”
解題思路: 找到E段開頭句‘To see how this influences trade’，可以知道是承接上一段貨物類型轉(zhuǎn)變與運(yùn)輸關(guān)系的。因此跟 business of moving freight becomes increasingly streamlined對應(yīng)，而且兩個(gè)詞語effect和influence表達(dá)相同意義，因此可以選擇influences后面的trade(貿(mào)易)作為答案。而題干詞庫中正好有trade一詞，可以直接選擇答案G。
Question 24
答案：B
關(guān)鍵詞：computers, for instance, / overseas, rather than, local
定位原文: E段倒數(shù)第2句: “.. in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger...”
解題思路: 根據(jù)語法，此處要求填寫一個(gè)名詞。而題干附近有一個(gè)很明顯的關(guān)鍵詞‘for instance’，典型的舉例題，而且根據(jù)之前的computers就可以定位在E段，因?yàn)镋段核心是一個(gè)例子。之后就很容易地可以填出應(yīng)該是電腦的硬盤及divers。但是答案選項(xiàng)里面卻沒有，只能選擇相關(guān)的髙一級的詞匯components。
Question 25
答案：C
關(guān)鍵詞：introduction
定位原文: G段第2句“But, behind the…”
解題思路: 根據(jù)空格前面的introduction可以推出需要填寫的是一種方法或者科研成果。而根據(jù)上下文和題目關(guān)系以及定位詞找到在G段第二句話中，有 cargo-handling與之對應(yīng)。之后看到斜體字中即為兩種方法，集裝箱運(yùn)輸和多式聯(lián)運(yùn)，那么可以判斷innovations和introduction相對應(yīng)。而且答案應(yīng)該跟container有關(guān)，答案應(yīng)該填寫C。
Question 26
答案：A
關(guān)鍵詞： governments
定位原文: H段第3句的“National governments…”
解題思路: 用government可以快速定位在H段，而且根據(jù)題干中所涉及的domestic cargo sector可以和 truck and railroad對應(yīng)，因此答案就在這句話中，通過分析，題目的空格應(yīng)該是填寫“降低”的賓語。而國家應(yīng)該降低原文句中的tariffs(關(guān)稅)。因此答案選擇A。
Test 1 Passage 3
Question 27
答案：i
關(guān)鍵詞：段落匹配題，暫無關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文: B段倒數(shù)第2句“…they believe their best hope of…”
解題思路: B段主要介紹了因紐特人不滿足于自己袖手旁觀而讓外國專家們告知他們北極的現(xiàn)狀，他們要把祖先的知識和現(xiàn)代科技進(jìn)行結(jié)合來解決環(huán)境變化問題。很明顯可以看出，這是對于環(huán)境變化的一種反應(yīng)和對策。因此答案為i。
Question 28
答案： vi
關(guān)鍵詞：段落匹配題，暫無關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文: C段第1句“The Canadian Arctic…”
解題思路: C段詳細(xì)地描述了位于加拿大北極圈里面的地貌，而且還提及了因紐特人的祖先頑強(qiáng)地適應(yīng)了下來并定居在這片土地上。因此逐個(gè)分析答案可以看到只有vi符合原段意思。
Question 29
答案： iii
關(guān)鍵詞：段落匹配題，暫無關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文: D段后半部分：food / clothing / provisions / meat
解題思路: 此段重點(diǎn)描述了過去因紐特人依靠自然提供食物和衣服，而現(xiàn)在則是更加先進(jìn)的飛機(jī)和船運(yùn)進(jìn)口必需品，所以可以看出一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變的過程?？v觀題干，不難看出答案是iii，即生活必需品的替代的來源。
Question 30
答案：vii
關(guān)鍵詞：段落匹配題，暫無關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文: E段第1句“... there has certainly been an impact on peopled health.”
解題思路: 首先E段開頭用while，則可判斷主題句應(yīng)該在后半句。意思是這些氣候變化會對人們的健康有影響。通過下一句的舉例：肥胖，心臟病和糖尿病就可以判斷出是一個(gè)負(fù)面的影響那么對應(yīng)題干negative effect，故答案是 vii。
Question 31
答案：iv
關(guān)鍵詞：段落匹配題，暫無關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文: F段第一句和引言句“... the Inuit are determined to play a key role in …in the Arctic. / ...in recent years, IQ… weight.”
解題思路: F段首句提出了因紐特人決定在應(yīng)對北極環(huán)境變化要起關(guān)鍵作用。后面第五行的一句話，說“IQ已經(jīng)逐漸顯示出其可信度和重要性?！币虼丝梢源_定與答案iv相對應(yīng)：對于因紐特人的意見和痤議越來越尊重。故答案是 iv。
Question 32
答案：ii
關(guān)鍵詞：段落匹配題，暫無關(guān)鍵詞
定位原文: G段第3句“There are still huge gaps…”
解題思路: 通過對于主題句進(jìn)行分析，前半句提出觀電，后半句給予說明。所以，作者本段的觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是“我們的環(huán)境知識還很匱乏”。gaps in knowledge很容易跟題干ii選項(xiàng)中的 understanding limited對應(yīng)，因此斷定答案選擇ii。
Question 33
答案： farming
關(guān)鍵詞：Canadian Arctic
定位原文: C段第3句“Farming is out of the question…”
解題思路: 此空格要求填一個(gè)名詞，因?yàn)閑ngage in表示“參與”的意思，后面in應(yīng)該跟名詞?？搭}目中填空的附近有一個(gè)impossible，表示否定。這樣帶著目的去閱讀C 段文章，可以找到這句話。根據(jù)分析，文章中的out of question和題目中impossible對應(yīng)，因此可以找到 out of question的主語即farming就是我們需要的答案，而且說engage in farming符合常理和語法規(guī)則。
Question 34 & Question 35
答案：sea mammals fish (in either order)
關(guān)鍵詞：catching, and
定位原文: C段第4句“..surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish.”
解題思路: 首先看到and并列連詞，所以34和35題兩個(gè)是并列關(guān)系，這可以幫助我們找到答案。另外一點(diǎn)是可以判斷出34和35題要填寫名詞，做catching的賓語。這樣到文章中去對應(yīng)可以找到這句話?？吹絜xploiting和 catching完全對應(yīng)，而且后面的兩個(gè)名詞是并列關(guān)系，所以可以說輕而易舉就找到了正確答案mammals和fish。關(guān)鍵的連詞如and等有的時(shí)候是解題的突破口。
Question 36
答案：Thule
關(guān)鍵詞：pushed limits
定位原文: C段第5句到C段結(jié)束“The environment tested … limits / ...one group emerged …the Arctic environment. / These Thule people moved in from Alaska...”
解題思路: 由于空格附近是people，因此可以斷定空格處應(yīng)該填一個(gè)形容詞。而且這類人是latter的一個(gè)example，而且是“后者的一個(gè)例子” 所以此題要通讀有空格的一句話和空格之前的一句話?？梢钥闯鲆獙懙囊活惾耸浅晒ι钤谄D難環(huán)境中的。找到pushed limits 作為定位詞，在文章中找到對應(yīng)句子。但是答案，不在這里，我們需要找到成功的人群。因此繼續(xù)往下跟蹤，看到文章提到了成功的人群，但直到最后才找到本題的正確答案。Thule人，注意要忠實(shí)原文，一定要大寫T。注意此題閱讀跨度比較大，很容易出錯，因此要細(xì)致。
Question 37
答案： islands
關(guān)鍵詞：territory of Nunavut, / ice, rock
定位原文: D段第2句“Nunavut is 1.9 million square…”
解題思路: 題干很明顯的定位詞Nunavut可以在文章的D段開頭找到。之后文章里面出現(xiàn)了‘rock and ice，and a handful of islands’，這樣答案很清晰地和題干對應(yīng)上，因此直接填上islands就可以了。特別要注意的是，題干空格前面用‘a(chǎn) few of’來修飾，因此后面空格里必須是復(fù)數(shù)。
Question 38
答案：nomadic
關(guān)鍵詞：in recent years / been obliged to give up / lifestyle
定位原文: D段第4句“Over the past 40 years, most…”
解題思路: 題干中提及被迫放棄什么生活方式，因此要求填一個(gè)形容詞來修飾生活方式lifestyle。而時(shí)間狀語in recent years是關(guān)鍵定位詞。繼續(xù)37題往下讀?？梢钥吹揭粋€(gè)時(shí)間狀語over the past 40 years正好跟我們的in recent years對應(yīng)，而abandon與give up，ways和lifestyle。相對應(yīng)，答案已經(jīng)找到，即abandon后面的賓語ways的修飾語nomadic。
Question 39
答案： nature
關(guān)鍵詞：depend on food and clothes
定位原文: D段最后一句的最后半句“...but they still rely nature to…”
解題思路: 題干很短，但已經(jīng)足夠判斷出depend on后面需要填寫一個(gè)名詞，即依靠什么東西。而后面的food and clothes是非常好的定位詞。很快在文章中就可以找到對應(yīng)depend on的rely on，而后面又有food and clothes，因此答案可以很清楚地判斷出rely on的賓語就是答案，即nature。
Question 40
答案： Imported
關(guān)鍵詞: expensive
定位原文: D段最后5句話
解題思路: 通讀這五句話，整體把握大意。其中，會看到他們的日用品都需要用costly(昂貴的)航空運(yùn)輸或者在夏天通過補(bǔ)給船運(yùn)，costly對應(yīng)expensive。后面就需要概括地去看所有這些必需品都是要進(jìn)口的，也就是imported(進(jìn)口的)，而答案就是imported。首字母要大寫。
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劍橋雅思閱讀6test1原文翻譯及答案解析
