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劍橋雅思閱讀6原文(test3)

　　READING PASSAGE 1

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

　　A The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.

　　B So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.

　　C One of the Lumiere Brothers’ earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a ‘work of genius’. ‘As the train approached,’ wrote Tarkovsky, ‘panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them.’

　　D Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted — but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audiences and transport them to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured.

　　E One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and lived. Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded — at least in film fiction — have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market. American imagery — the cars, the cities, the cowboys — became the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around the globe.

　　F And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th century more intimately than any other period. We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Greece. But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopedic detail. We shall be known better than any preceding generations.

　　G The ‘star’ was another natural consequence of cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in 1910. Film personalities have such an immediate presence that, inevitably, they become super-real. Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the world seems to know who they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves. The star as magnified human self is one of cinema’s most strange and enduring legacies.

　　H Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement. Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground attraction.

　　I Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary form. Or it might have developed like television — as a strange, noisy transfer of music, information and narrative. But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories. Originally these were conceived as short stories — early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today.

　　J And it has all happened so quickly. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again — that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than reality.

　　Questions 1-5

　　Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs, A-J.

　　Which paragraph contains the following information?

　　Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

　　1 the location of the first cinema

　　2 how cinema came to focus on stories

　　3 the speed with which cinema has changed

　　4 how cinema teaches us about other cultures

　　5 the attraction of actors in films

　　Questions 6-9

　　Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

　　In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, write

　　YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

　　NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

　　NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

　　6 It is important to understand how the first audiences reacted to the cinema.

　　7 The Lumiere Brothers’ film about the train was one of the greatest films ever made.

　　8 Cinema presents a biased view of other countries.

　　9 Storylines were important in very early cinema.

　　Questions 10-13

　　Choose the correct letter, A B, C to D.

　　Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

　　10 The writer refers to the film of the train in order to demonstrate

　　A the simplicity of early films.

　　B the impact of early films.

　　C how short early films were.

　　D how imaginative early films were.

　　11 In Tarkovsky’s opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that it

　　A aims to impress its audience.

　　B tells stories better than books.

　　C illustrates the passing of time.

　　D describes familiar events.

　　12 When cinema first began, people thought that

　　A it would always tell stories.

　　B it should be used in fairgrounds.

　　C its audiences were unappreciative.

　　D its future was uncertain.

　　13 What is the best title for this passage?

　　A The rise of the cinema star

　　B Cinema and novels compared

　　C The domination of Hollywood

　　D The power of the big screen

　　READING PASSAGE 2

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.

　　Questions 14-18

　　Reading Passage 2 contains six Key Points.

　　Choose the correct heading for Key Points TWO to SIX from the list of headings below.

　　Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

　　List of Headings

　　i Ensure the reward system is fair

　　ii Match rewards to individuals

　　iii Ensure targets are realistic

　　iv Link rewards to achievement

　　v Encourage managers to take more responsibility

　　vi Recognise changes in employees’ performance over time

　　vii Establish targets and give feedback

　　viii Ensure employees are suited to their jobs

　　Example Answer

　　Key Point One Viii

　　14 Key Point Two

　　15 Key Point Three

　　16 Key Point Four

　　17 Key Point Five

　　18 Key Point Six

　　Motivating Employees under

　　Adverse Conditions

　　THE CHALLENGE

　　It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organisation than a declining one. When organisations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organisation create feelings of optimism. Management is able to use the growth to entice and encourage employees. When an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily. Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose — those with the highest skills and experience. The minor employees remain because their job options are limited.

　　Morale also suffers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made redundant. Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs. For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be imposed. The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment conditions. The ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into six Key Points, which are outlined below.

　　KEY POINT ONE

　　There is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs. For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought. However, if the job to be filled is a managerial post in a large bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected. Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs. High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and feedback. However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility.

　　KEY POINT TWO

　　The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated. The next factor to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with the employees. The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organisation’s culture. If resistance to goals is expected, the use of participation in goal-setting should increase acceptance. If participation is inconsistent with the culture, however, goals should be assigned. If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it.

　　KEY POINT THREE

　　Regardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management’s perceptions of the employee’s ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals. For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid.

　　KEY POINT FOUR

　　Since employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for another. Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalise the rewards over which they have control. Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions, autonomy, job scope and depth, and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and decision-making.

　　KEY POINT FIVE

　　Managers need to make rewards contingent on performance. To reward factors other than performance will only reinforce those other factors. Key rewards such as pay increases and promotions or advancements should be allocated for the attainment of the employee’s specific goals. Consistent with maximising the impact of rewards, managers should look for ways to increase their visibility. Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone’s remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.

　　KEY POINT SIX

　　The way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given. On a simplistic level, experience, abilities, effort and other obvious inputs should explain differences in pay, responsibility and other obvious outcomes. The problem, however, is complicated by the existence of dozens of inputs and outcomes and by the fact that employee groups place different degrees of importance on them. For instance, a study comparing clerical and production workers identified nearly twenty inputs and outcomes. The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers’ list. Similarly, production workers thought that the most important inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the clerks. There were also important, though less dramatic, differences on the outcome side. For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list. Such findings suggest that one person’s equity is another’s inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.

　　Questions 19-24

　　Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 27?

　　In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet, write

　　YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

　　NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

　　NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

　　19 A shrinking organization tends to lose its less skilled employees rather than its more skilled employees.

　　20 It is easier to manage a small business than a large business.

　　21 High achievers are well suited to team work.

　　22 Some employees can feel manipulated when asked to participate in goal-setting.

　　23 The staff appraisal process should be designed by employees.

　　24 Employees’ earnings should be disclosed to everyone within the organization.

　　Questions 25-27

　　Look at the following groups of workers (Questions 25-27) and the list of descriptions below.

　　Match each group with the correct description, A-E.

　　Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet.

　　25 high achievers

　　26 clerical workers

　　27 production workers

　　List of Descriptions

　　A They judge promotion to be important.

　　B They have less need of external goals.

　　C They think that the quality of their work is important.

　　D They resist goals which are imposed.

　　E They have limited job options.

　　READING PASSAGE 3

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

　　The Search for the Anti-aging Pill

　　In government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the way

　　As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging — the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie_et nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.

　　Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a ‘caloric-restriction mimetic’, as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction’s benefits. No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.

　　The benefits of caloric restriction

　　The hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction’s many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a population’s average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body’s rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.

　　The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans — rhesus and squirrel monkeys — have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.

　　calorie: a measure of the energy value of food

　　The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.

　　The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum life spans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.

　　How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic works

　　The best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.

　　Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery’s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn’t) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such ‘luxuries’ as growth and reproduction.

　　Questions 28-32

　　Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

　　In boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet, write

　　YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

　　NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

　　NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

　　28 Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old.

　　29 There is scientific evidence that eating fewer calories may extend human life.

　　30 Not many people are likely to find a caloric-restricted diet attractive.

　　31 Diet-related diseases are common in older people.

　　32 In experiments, rats who ate what they wanted led shorter liver than rats on a low-calorie diet.

　　Questions 33-37

　　Classify the following descriptions as relating to

　　A caloric-restricted monkeys

　　B control monkeys

　　C neither caloric-restricted monkeys nor control monkeys

　　Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.

　　33 Monkeys were less likely to become diabetic.

　　34 Monkeys experienced more chronic disease.

　　35 Monkeys have been shown to experience a longer than average life span.

　　36 Monkeys enjoyed a reduced chance of heart disease.

　　37 Monkeys produced greater quantities of insulin.

　　Questions 38-40

　　Complete the flow-chart below.

　　Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.

　　How a caloric-restriction mimetic works

　　CR mimetic

　　Less 38..............is processed

　　Production of ATP is decreased

　　Theory 1: Theory 2:

　　Cells less damaged by disease because Cells focus on 40..............because

　　fewer 39..............are emitted food is in short supply

　　劍橋雅思閱讀6原文參考譯文(test3)

　　PASSAGE 1 參考譯文：

　　A The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.

　　A 一百多年前，在1895年12月8日，呂米埃兄弟在巴黎嘉布欣大道14號(hào)向100名買(mǎi)票人場(chǎng)的觀眾放映了他們制作的電影。在目瞪口呆、驚恐顫抖的觀眾面前，一張張照片活動(dòng)起來(lái)并在平面的銀幕上穿梭而過(guò)。

　　B So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.

　　B 看電影對(duì)于我們來(lái)說(shuō)是司空見(jiàn)慣的事，所以要理解這些活動(dòng)的畫(huà)面最初產(chǎn)生的影響，想象力非得來(lái)次巨大的飛躍不可。然而這值得一試，因?yàn)槔斫饬诉@些影像最初帶來(lái)的震撼，就可以理解電影非同尋常的力量和魔力，理解為什么電影具有獨(dú)特而迷人的品質(zhì)。正是這種品質(zhì)，使電影成為20世紀(jì)最具有活力和感染力的藝術(shù)形式。

　　C One of the Lumiere Brothers’ earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a ‘work of genius’. ‘As the train approached,’ wrote Tarkovsky, ‘panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them.’

　　C 呂米埃兄弟的早期電影作品之一是一部30秒長(zhǎng)的短片，表現(xiàn)了一段沐浴在陽(yáng)光下的火車(chē)月臺(tái)的場(chǎng)景。一輛火車(chē)出現(xiàn)了，并且直沖鏡頭開(kāi)來(lái)。這就是電影的全部。然而，杰出的電影藝術(shù)家俄羅斯導(dǎo)演安德列·塔科夫斯基卻稱(chēng)其為“天才之作”。他寫(xiě)道：“隨著火車(chē)不斷駛近，影院里呈現(xiàn)出一片慌恐的景象：人們跳離座位，四散而逃。就在這一刻，電影宣告誕生?？謶值挠^眾無(wú)法相信他們看到的僅僅是一幅圖畫(huà)。圖畫(huà)是靜止的，只有現(xiàn)實(shí)中的事物才會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng);因此，這一定是現(xiàn)實(shí)。在疑惑迷茫之中，觀眾擔(dān)心一列真正的火車(chē)將會(huì)把他們軋得粉身碎骨?！?/p>

　　D Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted — but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audiences and transport them to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured.

　　D 早期的電影觀眾們經(jīng)常會(huì)有同樣的迷茫。隨著時(shí)間的推移，電影這一概念為人們所熟知，電影的魔力也廣為人們接受，但電影的魔力并沒(méi)有因此而消失。電影不斷地以其獨(dú)特的力量去感染觀眾并將他們帶人一個(gè)不同尋常的世界。對(duì)塔科夫斯基而言，魔力的關(guān)鍵在于電影所創(chuàng)造的表現(xiàn)方式是以動(dòng)態(tài)的影像來(lái)反映真實(shí)事件的進(jìn)展。靜止的圖畫(huà)僅僅暗示了時(shí)間的存在，而小說(shuō)中的時(shí)間則在讀者的幻想中不斷延伸。然而， 電影卻捕捉了真實(shí)而客觀的時(shí)間流動(dòng)。

　　E One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and lived. Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded — at least in film fiction — have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market. American imagery — the cars, the cities, the cowboys — became the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around the globe.

　　E 這種現(xiàn)實(shí)性的作用之一是使世界去了解自身。因?yàn)殡娪皩⑹澜缈s小。早在人們到美國(guó)或其他地方旅行之前，他們就已經(jīng)欣賞過(guò)目的地的風(fēng)光，也領(lǐng)略過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)厝说墓ぷ髋c生活方式。至少在虛構(gòu)的電影世界中，記錄的絕大多數(shù)是美國(guó)人的生活。從電影業(yè)發(fā)展初期至今，好萊塢一直占據(jù)著世界電影市場(chǎng)的統(tǒng)治地位。汽車(chē)、城市和牛仔這些美國(guó)形象已經(jīng)成為電影中的主要形象。電影將美國(guó)人的生活方式和價(jià)值觀念傳播到了全世界。

　　F And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th century more intimately than any other period. We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Greece. But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopedic detail. We shall be known better than any preceding generations.

　　F同時(shí)，正是由于電影的幫助，相對(duì)于其他時(shí)代，我們的后代將對(duì)20世紀(jì)了解得更為清楚。對(duì)于14世紀(jì)或者古希臘的生活狀況，我們只能想象。但現(xiàn)代世界的生活方式已經(jīng)被電影事無(wú)巨細(xì)地大量記錄下來(lái)。后人對(duì)我們這一代的了解將會(huì)比對(duì)任何前人的了解更加透徹。

　　G The ‘star’ was another natural consequence of cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in 1910. Film personalities have such an immediate presence that, inevitably, they become super-real. Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the world seems to know who they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves. The star as magnified human self is one of cinema’s most strange and enduring legacies.

　　G“影星”是電影帶來(lái)的另一個(gè)產(chǎn)物。實(shí)際上，影星這一概念出現(xiàn)于1910年。電影人物觸手可及，這使他們必然顯得無(wú)比真實(shí)。對(duì)于我們而言，影星們似乎比我們自身更為真實(shí)，因此我們可以如此近距離地觀察他們，而縣好像世界上的每個(gè)人都認(rèn)識(shí)他們。作為人類(lèi)自身的放大，影星是電影留下的最不可思議而又最持久的影響。

　　H Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement. Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground attraction.

　　H 電影也賦予小說(shuō)故事新的生命。當(dāng)呂米埃兄弟和其他先驅(qū)者初次展示電影這項(xiàng)新發(fā)明時(shí)，他們根本不淸楚該怎樣應(yīng)用它。最初重要的只是影像能活動(dòng)。的確，有些人就斷言，一旦新奇感消失，電影就會(huì)逐漸淡出人們的視線。它只不過(guò)是一種暫時(shí)流行的小玩意兒，或是露天市場(chǎng)上的“雜?！倍?。

　　I Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary form. Or it might have developed like television — as a strange, noisy transfer of music, information and narrative. But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories. Originally these were conceived as short stories — early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today.

　　I 例如，電影原本可能變成一種以紀(jì)錄片為主的形式，或者可能像電視那樣發(fā)展，成為傳輸音樂(lè)、信息和故事的怪異而喧鬧的工具。然而，事實(shí)是，電影已經(jīng)成為一種敘事的主要媒介。最初講述的都是短小的故事，因?yàn)樵缙谥谱髡邆儜岩捎^眾頂多只能集中精力去看完一卷膠片。后來(lái)，一部長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩個(gè)小時(shí)的意大利電影在1912年獲得了巨大的成功，從此好萊塢電影就開(kāi)始采用這種新的敘事長(zhǎng)度。至今，這一形式依然在電影界保持著慣例式的統(tǒng)治地位。

　　J And it has all happened so quickly. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again — that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than reality.

　　J 而這一切都發(fā)生得如此迅速。令人幾乎難以置信的是，距離那輛火車(chē)到站時(shí)，觀眾們認(rèn)為所看到的是危險(xiǎn)的現(xiàn)實(shí)而尖叫不止、四散奔逃的景象，只不過(guò)一百年的時(shí)間?；蛟S，人們意識(shí)到世界已經(jīng)發(fā)生了徹底的改變，而且可能會(huì)變得比現(xiàn)實(shí)更加美好、光明、驚人和真實(shí)。

　　TEST 3 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：

　　Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions

　　在逆境中激勵(lì)員工挑戰(zhàn)

　　THE CHALLENGE

　　It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organisation than a declining one. When organisations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organisation create feelings of optimism. Management is able to use the growth to entice and encourage employees. When an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily. Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose — those with the highest skills and experience. The minor employees remain because their job options are limited.

　　挑戰(zhàn)

　　在不斷壯大的企業(yè)中激勵(lì)員工要比在日益衰落的企業(yè)中容易得多。當(dāng)企業(yè)擴(kuò)大經(jīng)營(yíng)和增加員工人數(shù)時(shí)，晉升機(jī)會(huì)增多，薪酬提高，而且加人一家充滿活力的企業(yè)所帶來(lái)的振奮感也會(huì)產(chǎn)生樂(lè)觀向上的情緒。 管理層能夠利用企業(yè)的發(fā)展來(lái)吸引和鼓舞員工。當(dāng)企業(yè)衰退時(shí)，流動(dòng)性最強(qiáng)的優(yōu)秀員工就會(huì)主動(dòng)離開(kāi)。不幸的是，這些才能出眾、經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的員工正是企業(yè)最不能失去的人才。表現(xiàn)平庸的員工堅(jiān)持留下，因?yàn)榭晒┧麄冞x擇的職位有限。

　　Morale also suffers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made redundant. Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs. For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be imposed. The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment conditions. The ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into six Key Points, which are outlined below.

　　員工的士氣在企業(yè)衰退期也會(huì)下降。人們擔(dān)心自己或許就是下一個(gè)被解雇的人。生產(chǎn)率通常有所下降，因?yàn)閱T工寧愿將時(shí)間花費(fèi)在傳播謠言和相互提供精神支持上，也不愿意專(zhuān)注于工作。對(duì)工作穩(wěn)定的人而言，加薪幾乎是不可能的。在企業(yè)發(fā)展時(shí)期聞所未聞的減薪，此時(shí)甚至也會(huì)強(qiáng)制實(shí)施。管理層所面對(duì)的挑戰(zhàn)是如何在企業(yè)衰退期激勵(lì)員工。迎接這一挑戰(zhàn)的方法可以大致分為下列六個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。

　　KEY POINT ONE

　　There is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs. For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought. However, if the job to be filled is a managerial post in a large bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected. Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs. High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and feedback. However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility.

　　關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)一

　　大量證據(jù)表明，切實(shí)做到人盡其才能夠激發(fā)工作動(dòng)力。例如，小型企業(yè)或大型企業(yè)中自主單位的經(jīng)營(yíng)者，應(yīng)當(dāng)由業(yè)績(jī)杰出者擔(dān)任。但是，如果空缺的是大型官僚機(jī)構(gòu)的管理職位，則應(yīng)當(dāng)選擇對(duì)權(quán)力需求髙而對(duì)關(guān)系需求低的人選。相應(yīng)地，不能為業(yè)績(jī)杰出者安排與其需求不一致的工作。只有當(dāng)職位能夠提供具有一定挑戰(zhàn)性的目標(biāo)，具有獨(dú)立性，并提供反饋時(shí)，他們才會(huì)全力以赴地工作。然而，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)牢記并不是每個(gè)人都會(huì)被獨(dú)立性強(qiáng)、形式多樣和責(zé)任要求高的工作所激勵(lì)。

　　KEY POINT TWO

　　The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated. The next factor to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with the employees. The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organisation’s culture. If resistance to goals is expected, the use of participation in goal-setting should increase acceptance. If participation is inconsistent with the culture, however, goals should be assigned. If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it.

　　關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)二

　　目標(biāo)設(shè)定理論的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)提出，管理者們必須確保所有的員工都有明確的目標(biāo)并且能夠在實(shí)現(xiàn)該目標(biāo)的過(guò)程中獲得評(píng)價(jià)。追求卓越成就的人是所有企業(yè)中具有代表性的少數(shù)群體，對(duì)于他們而言，外部目標(biāo)的存在并不十分重要，因?yàn)闃I(yè)績(jī)杰出者已具有極強(qiáng)的內(nèi)在動(dòng)機(jī)。下一個(gè)要決定的因素是目標(biāo)應(yīng)由管理者指定，還是應(yīng)由全體員工共同設(shè)定。答案取決于人們對(duì)目標(biāo)的接受程度和企業(yè)文化。如果有可能出現(xiàn)對(duì)目標(biāo)的抵制，在設(shè)定S標(biāo)時(shí)鼓勵(lì)員工參與就會(huì)提高接受的程度。然而，如果這種參與和企業(yè)文化相矛盾，則應(yīng)當(dāng)指定目標(biāo)。如果參與和企業(yè)文化不一致，員工則有可能認(rèn)為自己在參與過(guò)程中被操縱，并且受到負(fù)面影響。

　　KEY POINT THREE

　　Regardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management’s perceptions of the employee’s ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals. For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid.

　　關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)三

　　無(wú)論目標(biāo)是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，也無(wú)論目標(biāo)是否在管理層認(rèn)定的員工能力范圍之內(nèi)，只要員工們認(rèn)為無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)，他們就不會(huì)那么努力。因此，管理者必須確保員工相信他們的努力會(huì)使績(jī)效目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)。對(duì)于管理者而言，這意味著員工必須能夠勝任工作，而且必須承認(rèn)(績(jī)效)評(píng)估流程的有效性。

　　KEY POINT FOUR

　　Since employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for another. Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalise the rewards over which they have control. Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions, autonomy, job scope and depth, and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and decision-making.

　　關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)四

　　由于員工們有不同的需求，所以對(duì)一個(gè)人產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)化效果的事物對(duì)于另一個(gè)人而言未必適用。在其控制范圍內(nèi)，管理者可以根據(jù)對(duì)不同員工的了解給予他們相應(yīng)的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。管理者們可給予員工的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)主要包括薪酬、晉升、自主權(quán)、業(yè)務(wù)范圍和深度，以及參與目標(biāo)設(shè)定和決策的機(jī)會(huì)。

　　KEY POINT FIVE

　　Managers need to make rewards contingent on performance. To reward factors other than performance will only reinforce those other factors. Key rewards such as pay increases and promotions or advancements should be allocated for the attainment of the employee’s specific goals. Consistent with maximising the impact of rewards, managers should look for ways to increase their visibility. Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone’s remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.

　　關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)五

　　管理者需要將獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)與績(jī)效掛鉤。除工作表現(xiàn)之外，對(duì)于其他方面的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)只會(huì)使這些方面得到加強(qiáng)。諸如加薪和晉升這樣的主要獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)應(yīng)在員工實(shí)現(xiàn)特定目標(biāo)后給予。與最大化獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)效果相一致，管理者應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)法增加獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的公開(kāi)性。例如，通過(guò)公示員工工資數(shù)目來(lái)消除薪酬的保密狀態(tài);公布績(jī)效獎(jiǎng)金數(shù)額;一次性支付年薪的增加額，而不是將其在全年中分別發(fā)放;這些方法可以增加獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的公開(kāi)性和潛在激勵(lì)性。

　　KEY POINT SIX

　　The way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given. On a simplistic level, experience, abilities, effort and other obvious inputs should explain differences in pay, responsibility and other obvious outcomes. The problem, however, is complicated by the existence of dozens of inputs and outcomes and by the fact that employee groups place different degrees of importance on them. For instance, a study comparing clerical and production workers identified nearly twenty inputs and outcomes. The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers’ list. Similarly, production workers thought that the most important inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the clerks. There were also important, though less dramatic, differences on the outcome side. For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list. Such findings suggest that one person’s equity is another’s inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.

　　關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)六

　　獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的分配方式必須透明，使員工認(rèn)識(shí)到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)或成果是公平并且與特定投人相對(duì)等的。簡(jiǎn)而言之，經(jīng)驗(yàn)、才能，努力及其他主要的投人應(yīng)當(dāng)體現(xiàn)在薪酬、職責(zé)和其他主要產(chǎn)出的差異方面。然而，問(wèn)題之所以復(fù)雜，不僅是因?yàn)橥度伺c產(chǎn)出有多種形式，而且還因?yàn)楦鲉T工群體對(duì)它們的重視程度不同。比如，一項(xiàng)究在比較行政工作人員和生產(chǎn)工人之后，確定了近二十種投人與產(chǎn)出的形式。行政工作人員基本上最重視所做工作的質(zhì)量和業(yè)務(wù)知識(shí)等因素，但這正是生產(chǎn)工人們最不重視的。同樣，生產(chǎn)工人們認(rèn)為最重要的投人是才智和任務(wù)完成過(guò)程中的個(gè)人參與，而這兩個(gè)因素在行政工作人員的重要性等級(jí)排名中則十分靠后。產(chǎn)出方面也有一些同樣重要但不很明顯的差異。例如，生產(chǎn)工人認(rèn)為晉升非常重要，但行政工作人員卻將晉升排到了重要性列表中的后三位。上述發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，一個(gè)人認(rèn)為是公平的事物對(duì)于另一個(gè)人而言可能是不公平的。因此，理想的方式或許應(yīng)當(dāng)針對(duì)不同員工群體權(quán)衡不同的投人與產(chǎn)出。

　　TEST 3 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文：

　　The Search for the Anti-aging Pill

　　In government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the way

　　尋找抗衰老藥

　　在政府實(shí)驗(yàn)室等地，科學(xué)家們正在尋找能夠延長(zhǎng)生命和保持青春活力的藥物。有關(guān)熱量限制的研究為我們指明了出路。

　　As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging — the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie_et nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.

　　衰老問(wèn)題的研究者們最近指出，目前市面上還沒(méi)有任何療法證明可以延緩人類(lèi)衰老。衰老是一種隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)，人體內(nèi)分子與細(xì)胞損傷的累積導(dǎo)致人越來(lái)越虛弱的現(xiàn)象。然而，有一種干預(yù)措施對(duì)許多動(dòng)物都十分有效，那就是低熱量且營(yíng)養(yǎng)均衡的飲食，它會(huì)延長(zhǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的壽命并維系健康。這些研究結(jié)果表明，限制熱量的攝取可能也會(huì)延緩衰老，延長(zhǎng)人類(lèi)的壽命。

　　Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a ‘caloric-restriction mimetic’, as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction’s benefits. No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.

　　不幸的是，若想達(dá)到最佳效果，人們大概需要減少約30%卡路里的攝人量，相當(dāng)于從每天2500大卡降低到1750大卡。很少有人能夠堅(jiān)持這樣嚴(yán)格的養(yǎng)生之道，尤其是年復(fù)一年這樣做。但能不能制造出一種藥來(lái)模擬限食的生理效應(yīng)，而又不需要強(qiáng)迫人們少吃東西呢?這種被我們稱(chēng)為“限食擬藥”的藥片是否能讓人們長(zhǎng)久保持健康，延緩老年疾病(比如糖尿病、動(dòng)脈硬化癥、心臟病及癌癥)的發(fā)生，直到更老的時(shí)候?科學(xué)家們?cè)缭?0世紀(jì)90年代中期就提出了這個(gè)問(wèn)題，此前研究者們偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種化學(xué)藥劑，該藥劑似乎可以在嚙齒動(dòng)物身上產(chǎn)生限制熱量攝取的許多好處。至今我們還沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)能夠安全應(yīng)用到人類(lèi)身上并達(dá)到同樣功效的藥物，但研究經(jīng)驗(yàn)助燃了希望之火，令我們相信，限食擬藥終究會(huì)研制出來(lái)的。

　　The benefits of caloric restriction

　　The hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction’s many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a population’s average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body’s rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.

　　限制能量攝入的好處

　　尋找限食擬藥的動(dòng)機(jī)是我們想更多地了解限制熱量攝取對(duì)身體的影響?？茖W(xué)家們?cè)缭?0多年前就已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到限制熱量攝人的益處。當(dāng)時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)被喂食低熱量食物的鼠類(lèi)平均壽命長(zhǎng)于自由攝取食物的鼠類(lèi)，而且也更少患鼠類(lèi)衰老時(shí)的常見(jiàn)病。除此之外，食用低熱食物的鼠類(lèi)活得比對(duì)照組中最老的鼠類(lèi)還要長(zhǎng)，這表明不僅是平均壽命，連最大壽命(可活的最大年齡)也增加了。盡管抗感染藥物等各種干預(yù)方法也可以增加種群的平均壽命，但只有通過(guò)降低身體衰老速率才能增加最大壽命。

　　The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans — rhesus and squirrel monkeys — have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.

　　鼠類(lèi)的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果已經(jīng)重復(fù)過(guò)多次，而且對(duì)酵母菌、果蠅、蠕蟲(chóng)、魚(yú)、蜘蛛、小鼠及倉(cāng)鼠的實(shí)驗(yàn)也都有同樣的結(jié)果。迄今，這類(lèi)研究針對(duì)的都只是與人類(lèi)基因相去甚遠(yuǎn)的短命生物，然而，正在進(jìn)行中的研究采用了恒河猴與松鼠猴這兩種更接近人類(lèi)的物種做實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象，這使科學(xué)家們樂(lè)觀地相信限食擬藥可以幫助人類(lèi)。

　　The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.

　　對(duì)這些猴類(lèi)的研究證實(shí)，比起正常飲食的對(duì)照組動(dòng)物，限制熱量攝人組猴子的體溫和胰島素濃度都較低，而且某些隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而降低的荷爾蒙在他們體內(nèi)仍維持在年輕時(shí)的水平。

　　The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum life spans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.

　　在與衰老有關(guān)的疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)方面，這些熱量攝人受限的動(dòng)物看起來(lái)也更加健康。例如，它們的血壓與甘油三酸酷含量都比較低(表示得心臟病的可能性較小)，血糖濃度也比較正常(表示得糖尿病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低，糖尿病的特征是高于常規(guī)的血糖濃度)。此外，有關(guān)研究最近指出，長(zhǎng)期限制熱量攝人(將近15年)的恒河猴患慢性病的幾率也較低。但想要知道限制熱量攝人是否會(huì)延長(zhǎng)猴類(lèi)的平均壽命和最長(zhǎng)壽命，我們還必須對(duì)這些恒河猴以及其他猴類(lèi)做更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的跟蹤研究。與眾多被吹捧為最新抗衰老療法的長(zhǎng)生不老藥不同，限食擬藥會(huì)改變衰老的基本進(jìn)程。我們的目標(biāo)是研制出能夠欺騙細(xì)胞進(jìn)人保養(yǎng)與修復(fù)狀態(tài)的藥物。

　　How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic works

　　The best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.

　　限食擬藥如何完成任務(wù)

　　研究得最多、也是最有可能的限食擬藥是2DG(2-去氧-D-葡萄糖)，它是通過(guò)影響細(xì)胞中葡萄糖的代謝過(guò)程而發(fā)揮作用的。實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，達(dá)到某一劑量時(shí)，2DG會(huì)對(duì)動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生毒性，所以無(wú)法應(yīng)用到人類(lèi)身上。盡管如此，這表明有些化學(xué)藥物的確可以模擬熱量攝人受限的效果;關(guān)鍵在于如何找到合適的藥物。

　　Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery’s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn’t) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such ‘luxuries’ as growth and reproduction.

　　細(xì)胞利用食物中的葡萄糖制造ATP(三磷酸腺苷)，該分子為身體的許多活動(dòng)提供能量。通過(guò)限制食物的攝取量，可使進(jìn)人細(xì)胞的葡萄糖降到最低，因此減少ATP的生成量。當(dāng)食量正常的實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物服用2DG時(shí)，葡萄糖大量進(jìn)人細(xì)胞，但2DG會(huì)阻止大部分葡萄糖的代謝，因而降低ATP的合成量。研究人員提出了幾種說(shuō)法，解釋為什么妨礙葡萄糖代謝與ATP合成可以延級(jí)衰老。其中一種說(shuō)法與ATP生成過(guò)程中自由基的釋放有關(guān)，人們認(rèn)為自由基會(huì)損傷細(xì)胞，因此導(dǎo)致衰老以及像癌癥這類(lèi)與衰老有關(guān)的疾病。減少ATP生成機(jī)制的運(yùn)作次數(shù)可以限制自由基的數(shù)量，從而減少細(xì)胞受到的傷害。另一種假設(shè)認(rèn)為，葡萄糖代謝的降低讓細(xì)胞以為食物不足(即使事實(shí)并非如此)，而促使細(xì)胞進(jìn)人抗衰老的狀態(tài)，這種狀態(tài)著重的是機(jī)體本身的維持，而不是生長(zhǎng)或繁殖這類(lèi)“奢侈活動(dòng)”。

　　劍橋雅思閱讀6原文解析(test3)

　　Passage 1

　　Question 1

　　答案： A

　　關(guān)鍵詞：location/ first cinema

　　定位原文: A段第1句“The Lumière Brothers opened…”

　　解題思路: 呂米埃兄弟在巴黎嘉布欣大道14號(hào)放映了他們制作的電影……，正確答案為A。

　　Question 2

　　答案：I

　　關(guān)鍵詞：focus on stories

　　定位原文: I段第3句“But what happened…”

　　解題思路: 然而，事實(shí)上，電影已經(jīng)成為一種敘事的媒介。正確答案是I。

　　Question 3

　　答案： J

　　關(guān)鍵詞：speed…h(huán)as changed

　　定位原文: J段第1句“And it has…”

　　解題思路: 電影的發(fā)展是如此迅速。對(duì)應(yīng)J選項(xiàng)。

　　Question 4

　　答案：E

　　關(guān)鍵詞：teaches…other cultures

　　定位原文: E段第3句“Long before people…”

　　解題思路: 早在人們到美國(guó)或其他地方旅行之前，他們就已經(jīng)欣賞過(guò)目的地的風(fēng)光，也領(lǐng)略過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)厝说墓ぷ髋c生活方式，答案是E。

　　Question 5

　　答案：G

　　關(guān)鍵詞：attraction of actors

　　定位原文: G段第1句“The ‘star’ was…”

　　解題思路: 明星是電影隨之帶來(lái)的另一個(gè)自然產(chǎn)物。這句話和題干表達(dá)的意思一致。

　　Question 6

　　答案：YES

　　關(guān)鍵詞：first audiences reacted to the cinema

　　定位原文: B段第2句“But it is worth trying…”

　　解題思路: worth 與 important 屬于同義表達(dá)。

　　Question 7

　　答案： NOT GIVEN

　　關(guān)鍵詞：train, the greatest films

　　定位原文: C段第3句“…described the film…”

　　解題思路: 相關(guān)定位處只是說(shuō)到俄羅斯導(dǎo)演形容電影是天才的作品，并沒(méi)有評(píng)價(jià)呂米埃兄弟的作品如何，這個(gè)屬于未知信息。

　　Question 8

　　答案： NOT GIVEN

　　關(guān)鍵詞：other countries

　　定位原文: D段第3句“Film has never…” E段第2句“For cinema makes the world smaller…”

　　解題思路: 定位區(qū)域只是說(shuō)電影把人們帶到了不同的世界，讓世界變得更小。題干說(shuō)展現(xiàn)了偏見(jiàn)，完全與之沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。題干信息在文中并沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)。

　　Question 9

　　答案：NO

　　關(guān)鍵詞：very early cinema

　　定位原文: I 段的第1、2、3句“Cinema might, for example…”

　　解題思路: 定位句的意思是：例如，電影原本可能變成一種以紀(jì)錄片為主的形式，或者可能像電視那樣發(fā)展，成為傳輸音樂(lè)、信息和故事的怪異而喧鬧的工具。然而，事實(shí)是，電影已經(jīng)成為一種敘事的主要媒介。題目卻說(shuō)電影的故事情節(jié)在早期的電影里非常重要。原文強(qiáng)調(diào)其工具手段的意義，題目強(qiáng)調(diào)情節(jié)的重要性，顯然不一致。

　　Question 10

　　答案：B

　　關(guān)鍵詞：film of the train

　　定位原文: C段第4句“As the train…”

　　解題思路: 塔科夫斯基寫(xiě)道：“隨著火車(chē)不斷駛近，影院里呈現(xiàn)出一片慌恐的景象：人們驚慌失措，四散而逃。就在這一刻，電影宣告誕生。驚恐的觀眾們無(wú)法相信他們看到的僅僅是一部電影……”這就是早起電影制造的效果。

　　Question 11

　　答案：C

　　關(guān)鍵詞：Tarkovsky/ the attraction of the cinema

　　定位原文: D段最后1句“But in cinema…”

　　解題思路: 然而，電影卻能夠捕捉真實(shí)而客觀的時(shí)間流動(dòng);C選項(xiàng)與其表達(dá)一致。

　　Question 12

　　答案： D

　　關(guān)鍵詞：first began

　　定位原文: H段第2到4句“When the…”

　　解題思路: 當(dāng)呂米埃兄弟和其他先驅(qū)者首先展示電影這項(xiàng)新發(fā)明時(shí)，他們根本不清楚應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣應(yīng)用它。最初，重要的只是活動(dòng)的影像。的確，有些人就斷言，一旦新奇感消失，電影就會(huì)逐漸淡出人們的視線。由此可見(jiàn)，起初人們對(duì)電影發(fā)展的未來(lái)并不明確。

　　Question 13

　　答案： D

　　關(guān)鍵詞：cinema/ flat screen

　　定位原文: 全篇主旨

　　解題思路：縱觀全文，都在大篇幅講電影，big screen代指電影。

　　Test 3 Passage 2

　　Question 14

　　答案：vii

　　關(guān)鍵詞：篇章匹配，無(wú)題干定位詞

　　定位原文: KEY POINT TWO 第1句“The literature on…”

　　解題思路: 定位句有兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞：specific goals和comments on...，分別與vii中的targets和feedback為同義表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換。

　　Question 15

　　答案：iii

　　關(guān)鍵詞：篇章匹配，無(wú)題干定位詞

　　定位原文：KEY POINT THREE 第1句“Regardless of whether…”

　　解題思路: 本段第一句強(qiáng)調(diào)必須讓員工認(rèn)為目標(biāo)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的就是現(xiàn)實(shí)的，iii的ensure targets are realistic 就是這個(gè)意思。

　　Question 16

　　答案：ii

　　關(guān)鍵詞：篇章匹配，無(wú)題干定位詞

　　定位原文: KEY POINT FOUR第2句“Managers could use…”

　　解題思路: 在其控制范圍內(nèi)，管理者可以根據(jù)對(duì)不同員工的了解來(lái)給予他們相應(yīng)的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。這里關(guān)鍵是personalise the rewards (將獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)個(gè)性化)，即針對(duì)不同人給予不同獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。也就是選項(xiàng)ii所說(shuō)的 match rewards to individuals (將獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)與個(gè)人掛鉤)。因此答案是ii。

　　Question 17

　　答案：iv

　　關(guān)鍵詞：篇章匹配，無(wú)題干定位詞

　　定位原文: KEY POINT FIVE 第1句“Managers need to make rewards…”

　　解題思路: 管理者需要獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)與績(jī)效掛鉤; make...contingent on 就是將……聯(lián)系起來(lái)，achievement與performance屬于同義表達(dá)。

　　Question 18

　　答案： i

　　關(guān)鍵詞：篇章匹配，無(wú)題干定位詞

　　定位原文: KEY POINT SIX 第1句“The way rewards…” 獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的分配方式必須透明，使員工認(rèn)識(shí)到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)或成果是公平并且與特定投人相對(duì)等的。

　　解題思路: reward system就是有關(guān)reward問(wèn)題的集合，包括reward的分配方式，也就是原文中的The way rewards are distributed，而且 fair和 equitable 是同義詞，都是“公平”的意思。所以答案是i。

　　Question 19

　　答案：NO

　　關(guān)鍵詞：shrinking organization

　　定位原文: CHALLENGE部分的第4句“When an organisation is shrinking…”

　　解題思路: 當(dāng)企業(yè)衰退時(shí)，流動(dòng)性最強(qiáng)的優(yōu)秀員工就會(huì)主動(dòng)離開(kāi)。不幸的是，這些才能出眾、經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的員工正是企業(yè)最不能失去的人才?！庇纱丝芍髽I(yè)衰退時(shí)容易流失的是技能熟練的員工。

　　Question 20

　　答案： NOT GIVEN

　　關(guān)鍵詞：small business/ large business

　　定位原文: KEY POINT ONE 的第2和3句“For example, if the job…”

　　解題思路: 全文只在這兩句話中提到了small business和large business，由原文意思可見(jiàn)，作者并沒(méi)有比較二者管理的難易度，所以對(duì)該題干句，應(yīng)填NOT GIVEN。

　　Question 21

　　答案： NO

　　關(guān)鍵詞：high achievers

　　定位原文: KEY POINT ONE 的最后兩句“High achievers will…”

　　解題思路: 只有其職業(yè)能夠帶來(lái)具有一定挑戰(zhàn)性的目標(biāo)、獨(dú)立性和反饋時(shí)，業(yè)績(jī)杰出者才會(huì)全力以赴地工作。這里“獨(dú)立性”是關(guān)鍵詞。而團(tuán)隊(duì)工作往往意味著團(tuán)隊(duì)內(nèi)各個(gè)成員間相互依賴(lài)，所以題干意思與原文意思截然相反。

　　Question 22

　　答案：YES

　　關(guān)鍵詞：participate / goal-setting

　　定位原文: KEY POINT TWO 的最后1句“If participation and…”

　　解題思路: 如果參與機(jī)制與企業(yè)文化不一致，員工則有可能認(rèn)為自己在參與過(guò)程中被操縱，并且受到負(fù)面影響。雖然題干沒(méi)有寫(xiě)出這個(gè)“如果”的條件，但是用了some，相當(dāng)于限定了范圍。feel manipulated與perceive ...as manipulative是同一個(gè)意思。所以此題干與原文意思一致。

　　Question 23

　　答案： NOT GIVEN

　　關(guān)鍵詞：appraisal process

　　定位原文: KEY POINT THREE 的最后1句“For managers…”

　　解題思路: 對(duì)于管理者而言，這意味著員工必須能夠勝任工作，而且必須承認(rèn)(績(jī)效)評(píng)估流程的有效性。是全文唯一提及appraisal process的句子，可以看出并沒(méi)有題干所表述的意思，所以答案是 NOT GIVEN。

　　Question 24

　　答案： YES

　　關(guān)鍵詞：employees’ earnings

　　定位原文: KEY POINT FIVE 的最后1句“...by openly communicating everyone's remuneration, publicizing performance bonuses...”

　　解題思路: openly communicating, publicise和disclose是同義表達(dá)，所以題干的說(shuō)法是正確的。

　　Question 25

　　答案： B

　　關(guān)鍵詞：high achievers

　　定位原文: KEY POINT TWO 的第2句“… the existence of external goals…”

　　解題思路: 因?yàn)橥獠磕繕?biāo)對(duì)業(yè)績(jī)杰出者并不十分重要，所以他們不大需要外部目標(biāo)。所以正確答案為B。

　　Question 26

　　答案： C

　　關(guān)鍵詞：clerical workers

　　定位原文: KEY POINT SIX 的第5句“The clerical workers…”

　　解題思路: 行政工作人員將工作表現(xiàn)質(zhì)量和業(yè)務(wù)知識(shí)等因素排在名單前列。既然把quality of work排在前列，肯定認(rèn)為這點(diǎn)很重要，所以正確答案是C。

　　Question 27

　　答案：A

　　關(guān)鍵詞：production workers

　　定位原文：KEY POINT SIX 的倒數(shù)第2句“For example, production…”

　　解題思路：例如，生產(chǎn)工人認(rèn)為晉升非常重要。advancement 與 promotion 是同義表達(dá)，生產(chǎn)工人把這點(diǎn)排在很髙的位置，說(shuō)明他們認(rèn)為這點(diǎn)很重要。

　　Test 3 Passage 3

　　Question 28

　　答案： NO

　　關(guān)鍵詞：drugs available today/ growing old

　　定位原文: 第1段第1句“As researchers on aging…”

　　解題思路: 衰老問(wèn)題的研究者們最近指出，目前市面上還沒(méi)有任何療法證明可以延緩人類(lèi)衰老?！叭魏委煼ā卑幬?，所以“目前沒(méi)有療法能延緩衰老”就意味著目前沒(méi)有藥物可以延緩衰老。

　　Question 29

　　答案：YES

　　關(guān)鍵詞： eating fewer calories/ extend human life

　　定位原文: 第1段最后1句“Those findings suggest…”

　　解題思路: 這些研究結(jié)果表明，限制熱量的攝取可能也會(huì)延緩衰老，延長(zhǎng)人類(lèi)壽命。” scientific evidence與findings是近義詞，所以符合題干。

　　Question 30

　　答案：YES

　　關(guān)鍵詞： caloric-restricted

　　定位原文: 第2段第2句“Few mortals could…”

　　解題思路: 很少有人能夠堅(jiān)持這樣嚴(yán)格的養(yǎng)生之道，喜歡的才能堅(jiān)持，既然不能堅(jiān)持，肯定是覺(jué)得不夠attractive。

　　Question 31

　　答案：NOT GIVEN

　　關(guān)鍵詞：diet-related diseases

　　定位原文: 無(wú)定位原文

　　解題思路: 原文沒(méi)有提到這個(gè)信息，所以是NOT GIVEN。

　　Question 32

　　答案：YES

　　關(guān)鍵詞：rats

　　定位原文: 第3段第2句“… rats fed a low-calorie diet lived…”

　　解題思路: 被喂食低熱量食物的鼠類(lèi)平均壽命長(zhǎng)于自由攝取食物的鼠類(lèi)”，這里關(guān)鍵是知道free-feeding與ate what they wanted是同義表達(dá)。

　　Question 33

　　答案：A

　　關(guān)鍵詞： less likely / diabetic

　　定位原文: 第6段第2句“...they have more normal blood…( pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes)” 血糖濃度也比較正常(表示得糖尿病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低)。

　　解題思路: 這句話闡述的是calorie-restricted animal的情況，也就是calorie- restricted monkeys的情況，所以正確答案是A。

　　Question 34

　　答案：B

　　關(guān)鍵詞：more chronic disease

　　定位原文: 第6段第3句“Further, it has recently…”

　　解題思路: 此外，有關(guān)研究最近指出，長(zhǎng)期限制熱量攝人(將近15年)的恒河猴患慢性病的幾率也較低。rhesus monkeys與control monkeys 比較，前者患慢性病幾率低，也就是說(shuō)后者患慢性病幾率高。正確答案是B。

　　Question 35

　　答案： C

　　關(guān)鍵詞：a longer than average lifespan

　　定位原文: 第6段第4句: “They and other monkeys…” 但想要知道限制熱量攝人是否會(huì)延長(zhǎng)猴類(lèi)的平均壽命和最大壽命，我們還必須對(duì)這些恒河猴以及其他猴類(lèi)做更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的跟蹤研究。

　　解題思路: They 指的是calorie-restricted mon?keys s other monkeys指的就是 control monkeys，原文既然說(shuō)還需更多研究才能知道它們的壽命是否得到延長(zhǎng)，也就是說(shuō)兩類(lèi)猴都還沒(méi)有表明壽命得到延長(zhǎng)。正確答案是C。

　　Question 36

　　答案： A

　　關(guān)鍵詞：reduced chance of heart disease

　　定位原文: 第6段第2句“For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease )…” 例如，它們的血壓與甘油三酸酯含量都比較低(表示得心臟病的可能性較小)。

　　解題思路: 這句話闡述的是calorie-restricted animal的情況，也就是calorie- restricted monkeys的情況，所以正確答案是A。

　　Question 37

　　答案： B

　　關(guān)鍵詞：greater quantities of insulin

　　定位原文: 第5段(就1句話)“..compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin.”比起正常飲食的對(duì)照組動(dòng)物，限制熱量攝人組猴子的體溫和胰島素濃度都較低。

　　解題思路: 限制熱量攝入組的猴子比對(duì)照組猴子的胰島素濃度低，說(shuō)明其胰島素分泌量少，故對(duì)照組的胰島素分泌較多。正確答案是B。

　　Question 38

　　答案：glucose

　　關(guān)鍵詞：production of ATP is decreased

　　定位原文: 第8段第2句“By limiting food intake, caloric restriction…” 通過(guò)限制食物的攝取量，可使進(jìn)入細(xì)胞的葡萄糖降到最低，因此減少ATP的生成量。

　　解題思路: 通過(guò) minimizes the amount of glucose 和 less … is processed 的同義轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系很快選出答案應(yīng)該是glucose。

　　Question 39

　　答案： free radicals

　　關(guān)鍵詞：one possibility

　　定位原文: 第8段第5句“One possibility relates to the ATP-making…” 其中一種說(shuō)法與ATP生成過(guò)程中自由基的釋放有關(guān)，人們認(rèn)為自由基會(huì)損傷細(xì)胞，因此引起衰老以及像癌癥這類(lèi)與衰老有關(guān)的疾病。

　　解題思路: 根據(jù)原文，free radicals促進(jìn) cancer之類(lèi)的disease破壞細(xì)胞，所以free radicals越少，被疾病破壞的細(xì)胞就越少。即題目中給出的部分：cells less damaged by disease，所以答案為free radicals。

　　Question 40

　　答案： preservation

　　關(guān)鍵詞： focus on

　　定位原文: 第8段最后1句“Another hypothesis suggests…” 另一種假設(shè)認(rèn)為，葡萄糖代謝的降低讓細(xì)胞以為食物不足(即使事實(shí)并非如此)，而促使細(xì)胞進(jìn)人抗衰老的狀態(tài)，這種狀態(tài)著重的是維持……

　　解題思路: emphasize與focus on屬于同義表達(dá)，scarce與in short supply屬于同義表達(dá)，所以對(duì)應(yīng)答案為preservation。

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