托福寫作段落銜接的五種方法
具有邏輯清晰的托福寫作結(jié)構(gòu)是托福作文高分的第一步，托福寫作框架的搭建、段落的銜接有很多形式，包括例證、因果等等。下面就介紹一下托福寫作段落銜接的五種結(jié)構(gòu)，希望能教給大家一些托福寫作技巧。
托福寫作段落銜接的五種方法
段落的實(shí)現(xiàn)
⑴例證法 每個(gè)理由后面必須同時(shí)有例子 每篇文章至少兩個(gè)例子
提出論點(diǎn)-列舉事例-分析事例-得出結(jié)論-(重述論點(diǎn))我認(rèn)為-因?yàn)槲矣X得-比如說-你看
舉例之后 一定要強(qiáng)調(diào)這樣的例子不勝枚舉。。。
Abraham Lincoln
?、埔蚬?提出論點(diǎn)-原因-分析條件(如果這樣會(huì)有什么好處/壞處，而這正是我們所需要/擔(dān)心的)-得出結(jié)果
Lead to/result in
result from
Because of/due to/thanks to/owing to/by reason of/on account of
For 表示“因?yàn)椤睍r(shí)不能放在句首
Because/for/since/as
As a result/outcome/consequence of
In consequence/in the end/consequently
Therefore/thereby/hence/thus(副詞)
So(連詞)
?、?比較對照法(整體、分項(xiàng)比較)
整體比較的好處：寫起來容易 整體印象完整 缺點(diǎn)：兩者對比不鮮明
分項(xiàng)比較的好處：兩者對比特別鮮明 缺點(diǎn)：零碎的印象，大量的重復(fù)
Interweave 交織
?、?分類法/并列法
總論點(diǎn)
分論點(diǎn)一 在A方面 在B方面 在C方面
分論點(diǎn)二
分論點(diǎn)三
⑸定義法
銜接手段
使用連接詞和短語(表示并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)、因果、比較、對照、舉例)
使用代詞
使用語意粘連
舉例：同意建工廠
常用詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)
表示第一項(xiàng)
Firstly, to begin/start with, first of all, in the first place, on the one hand, the most important reason is, first and foremost
另一項(xiàng) secondly, in the second place, on the other hand, besides, further more, additionally, in addition, moreover, equally important is, also, too, another
最后一項(xiàng) last but not the least, most important of all, finally, thirdly, another point/reason
題型分類：
⑴觀點(diǎn)選擇 給出兩個(gè)對立觀點(diǎn)或者一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的對立兩個(gè)方面，要求支持其中一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或者觀點(diǎn)的一個(gè)方面。
Do you agree or disagree with the statements: parents are the best teachers 帶有絕對性的題目，駁論更好寫
?、票容^對比類 給出兩個(gè)對立觀點(diǎn)或者一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的對立兩個(gè)方面，要求進(jìn)行比較論述，并給出個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)
It has been said,” Not everything that is learned is contained in books” compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?
?、亲远x類 考試頻率最低、難度最大
You have the opportunity to visit a foreign country for two weeks. Which country would you like to visit? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.
給出一個(gè)范圍或論題 要求自己確定觀點(diǎn)并論述、正面反面都可以寫
托福寫作中需要注意的四點(diǎn)問題是什么
一：持一立場
針對某一個(gè)論題，每一種觀點(diǎn)都有它的理由。同樣，在托福作文中也不存在著唯一的觀點(diǎn)和內(nèi)容。這時(shí)，你可以從兩個(gè)完全相反的觀點(diǎn)中選擇一個(gè)立場。關(guān)鍵在于你如何說服讀者：盡管存在著相反的立場，你的觀點(diǎn)從總體上來說仍然是最具說服力的。
一般說來，應(yīng)該選擇那個(gè)政治上正確的或者大多數(shù)考生會(huì)選擇的觀點(diǎn)。當(dāng)然，如果你不擅長寫這種文章，你可以適當(dāng)?shù)卣{(diào)整一下內(nèi)容以適應(yīng)你較習(xí)慣的舒服的表達(dá)方式。但總的說來，文章要均衡，不要包含高度爭議性的論述。不要把這里當(dāng)成思想家的論壇。寫一篇高度爭議性的文章只會(huì)讓讀者對你產(chǎn)生偏見，同時(shí)也會(huì)使電腦評分器費(fèi)解，因?yàn)檫@種文章和其數(shù)據(jù)庫里所儲(chǔ)存的文章差別太大。所以，針對問題時(shí)盡量使用較冷靜平和的語氣。盡管如此，你也不能不選擇一個(gè)立場。你必須選擇一個(gè)將要“出現(xiàn)”在開頭段落和結(jié)論段落里的觀點(diǎn)。當(dāng)然，考試時(shí)，題目會(huì)讓你選擇一種觀點(diǎn)，但你必須明確地表述出來。
二：文章的深度
托福 寫作每篇文章你只有30分鐘，這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)你不可能覆蓋每一個(gè)推理，反駁和例子。當(dāng)你開始考試時(shí)，抽出幾分鐘的時(shí)間確定要寫的論點(diǎn)和例子。你不必包含每個(gè)論題和概念。大部分學(xué)生都沒有足夠的時(shí)間覆蓋他想覆蓋的內(nèi)容。所以，只要選擇其中最具說服力的點(diǎn)和例子。其實(shí)，判分者也不期望你對每個(gè)論題都作深入的探討。
這里最重要的是你的作文不要離題，抓住要點(diǎn)。不要扯遠(yuǎn)了也不要過分集中在某個(gè)例子上。
三：例子從何而來
托福寫作題目會(huì)告訴你可以利用自己的經(jīng)歷來展開你的論點(diǎn)，得出結(jié)論。這種方法是可以的，但不要過分。你的推理依據(jù)應(yīng)該更偏向于所學(xué)到的知識(shí)而非個(gè)人經(jīng)歷。你所舉的例子或者知識(shí)可能很吸引人，但不要試圖深入。因?yàn)橥懈Ｗ魑臏y試的是你基本寫作能力，而非你的專業(yè)知識(shí)。留學(xué)生：盡量多讀一些美國雜志，以適應(yīng)美國人寫作的習(xí)慣和跟上時(shí)代的潮流。
四：保持簡潔
試著將自己放在評分者的位置上，他們整天在為作文判分。你希望看到一篇包含5段每段4句的簡潔的有效的文章還是4段每段10句的散漫的文章呢?簡而言之：確保你的作文干脆，簡潔能取悅評分者。在Issue部分這尤其重要，因?yàn)樵谶@里你表達(dá)的是你自己的觀點(diǎn)。
以上就是托福寫作考試的注意事項(xiàng)，考生們要記牢這些，盡量避免問題的發(fā)生，一些考生為了增加單詞量在句子中添加一些無用詞，是整段內(nèi)容顯得冗雜繁瑣，這類情形要減少發(fā)生，只要在生活中多積累經(jīng)典語句，在托福寫作中自然不會(huì)發(fā)生湊詞湊句的情況發(fā)生，平時(shí)多積累些名人名言，優(yōu)美句子，用在都是簡單句的作文中，會(huì)使得你的作文更有深度。
托福寫作之三招搞定完美開篇
1). 追根溯源法
即從托福寫作題目給出的話題中找出這個(gè)現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因來擴(kuò)展背景句。這種方法適合大多數(shù)的話題，考生要盡量在考前做托福作文練習(xí)，這樣在考試就可以得心應(yīng)手了。
請看下面的例子：
There are social, medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. What forms do they take? Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones?
這個(gè)題目中給出的話題是mobile phone，所以考生可以從它產(chǎn)生的原因來考慮，就是科技的繁榮，而科技的繁榮，手機(jī)的廣泛使用是在20世紀(jì)末，這樣背景句就有內(nèi)容可寫了。當(dāng)然要通過相應(yīng)的句型來寫了。如
… (time) witnessed …
這個(gè)背景句就可以寫成： The late 20th century witnessed the boom of science and technology, which gave rise to a series of technological innovations, including the mobile phone.
再看一例：
Nowadays, some universities offer students skills that assist them to find employment, but some people believe that the main function of a university should be to provide students with access to knowledge for its sake. What is your opinion?
這題要求大家討論大學(xué)是提供職業(yè)技能還是傳授知識(shí)。那從傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)來看，大學(xué)是傳授知識(shí)的地方，為什么會(huì)提出要傳授技能呢，所以這里考生也可以用追根溯源法思考下，大家肯定可以想到是由于找工作已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)今教育的目的之一了，所以很多大學(xué)就轉(zhuǎn)移到以傳授技能為主了。那當(dāng)然還是要結(jié)合句型，這里可以用as 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。
參考：As job-hunting has become one of the main purposes of university education, the majority of the universities tend to offer vocational trainings to prepare the students for their future career.
2). 重述法。
即對關(guān)于這個(gè)話題的當(dāng)前現(xiàn)狀的重述。
請看一例：
Nowadays, people are facing more and more work-related stress. State the possible reasons for this phenomenon and make some recommendations about how to combat it。
本題的話題關(guān)于壓力，那考生可從當(dāng)前社會(huì)現(xiàn)象來考慮這個(gè)問題，考生不難想出當(dāng)下對壓力這一現(xiàn)象的情況，即很多人都在承受著或多或少的壓力?？捎胕t is generally believed that … 形式主語的句型。
參考: It is generally believed that white-collar as well as blue-collars workers are suffering from psychological and physical stress stemming from work.
再看一例：
Environmental problem is too big for individual countries and individual people to address. In other words, we have reached the stage where the only way to protect the environment is at an international level. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
本題話題為環(huán)境問題，考生也可用重述法對當(dāng)前環(huán)境問題進(jìn)行重述，這時(shí)，可以用In modern society/ At present, 等表時(shí)間的介詞短語來引導(dǎo)一個(gè)敘述句型。
參考：In modern society, environment related issues have confronted ecological scientists, government agencies and the general public.
3). 定義法。
即通過對話題詞的定義的介紹，這種方法在新托福開頭寫作中有一定難度，考生需要有淵博的知識(shí)，才能做到對名詞的解釋，但對特別明顯的詞語，考生可借鑒這種方法。
請看一例：
The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
本題中的話題詞為圖書館，可以解釋的詞也是圖書館比較方便容易。那么到底如何解釋呢，比如說圖書館在傳統(tǒng)意義上來看，是收藏書的地方，而現(xiàn)在因?yàn)榭萍及l(fā)展，使得圖書館的意義發(fā)生改變，從而引出話題。這里同樣可以用形式主語：
It is generally believed that public libraries are places with a large collection of books; however, the digital time has given it a new means of storing and retrieving information.
托福寫作范文：二十年之內(nèi)，人們會(huì)減少烹飪時(shí)間
寫作題目:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: People will spend less time on cooking food in twenty years. 人們在20年之內(nèi)，會(huì)減少在烹飪食物上的時(shí)間，是否認(rèn)同?
寫作范文
Food is typically one of the most important parts of a person’s day. “When, what, and where will I eat?” are questions people all over the world ask themselves every day. In twenty years, these questions will remain, but people will not spend less time cooking their own food for several reasons.
To begin, food is obviously important to people. People enjoy food that tastes good to them and relish a home-cooked meal. As technology advances and tasks at work are completed more efficiently, people find they have more leisure time. During the extra leisure time, families might begin to cook meals together as an activity to connect with one another. Preparing home-cooked meals is a timeless activity that families participate in and enjoy. For example, families gather for large home-cooked meals on Thanksgiving and Christmas in the United States. These family gatherings are a way for families to reconnect and catch up over a meal.
Secondly, it is economical for someone to cook their own meal. Instead of going out to lunch to buy food, people will continue to pack their lunches and eat leftovers. Packing lunches and finishing left overs is not only a great way to save money, but will reduce excess and unnecessary environmental waste, especially if the person is using reusable containers to carry his food. Cooking your own food will not only be important in twenty years; it’s important now! With populations skyrocketing all around the world, it has never been more important to reduce unnecessary environmental waste to sustain our world for future generations.
Finally, as rates of obesity continue to rise, fast food and eating out is beginning to get a ‘bad rap.’ Health is a high priority. When someone cooks themselves a meal, he is completely aware of what is being added, as well as the hygiene of the food because he purchased it. In other words, he is familiar with the food before he eats it. Being conscious of what you are consuming is extremely important, especially in order to stay healthy. Cooking your own food is the best way to maintain your weight and this will certainly not go out of style in twenty years.
In twenty years, people will continue to cook their own food. Cooking your own food allows you to spend time with family doing something meaningful for everyone involved, it helps maintain optimal health, and it is economical in many aspects.
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